love has no limits, no love, as for every body. love is live, no love matter. and that's my new part cause i'm evelyn sharma. and i really think we need to talk about all the topics that north divides and in idaho. and this i have invited many deer and well known guests, and i would like to invite you to an end they rule the skies. there are about 50000000000 birds around the world. nowadays, they are the only animals with feathers. about 300000000 years ago, the family, 3 of birds and mammals separated and their brains developed differently. so it was long thought that birds were less intelligent than mammals. but they really

are more clever than we thought. ah, thus, and more on tomorrow to day dw sign show, these magpies can dispose of bottle caps better than some humans, for every kept very warded with a treat. as you can see, we're pretty clever. unless despite the fact that bird brains don't have a cerebral cortex, the so called neocortex. the set of layers of the mammalian brain that controls higher mental performance. despite this verse display amazing cognitive abilities. what's the explanation for this researchers out rule university bolcom are looking for answers. the scientists you work with ravens.

yes, this is athena gibson. i'm taking her for her daily training and that i lean cloud works with athena a you region cro, a song bird from the raven family. ravens are thought to be especially intelligent . and then but athena is rather shy. it's better if we keep our distance. strange people are objects like our camera can distract the bird. you know? tens right here. look in a one very good there. athena, another one, a member of the kind of unknown faces me. it's ok. cancel. just like always honestly alive. she brings athena into the testing area. here. the

berg will peck at a monitor with its beak memorizing specific patterns and sequences in the process of plasma can we can watch athena from above other, the other that she's working now the most on do you think she's to pack the point on these 3 monitors? a pick a black point to pass and she must walk over and respond. athena must also memorize the sequence in which she picks the point so that she can enter the exact same pattern into a 4th monitor. the flies clarify. so she got that raleigh. let's see, the monitors briefly turned black to signal that you have it as a size. let's see if she gets it right, this time, micro flops. if, if the fisma each location corresponds to an abstract symbol which doesn't appear there. the monitor above stands for camping. the monitor on the right stands for toilet and left is port. a black point is the only thing shown on the screen. athena must confirm the sequences on the control monitor using the correct symbols,

camping toilet port. she got it right here once again because it went so fast camping toilet port and her reward the by see if the if she else is correctly, she gets feed on the for the feed pallets come out of this automatic dispenser, but i gave them the next task begins, which i love little is known about how birds brings function neuroscience just eunice, woes, i and his team. hope such experiments will help them figure out how ravens retrieve info from short term memory, which could be a key to understanding byrd's intelligence. this is against this to his team, but it's an important system. as it forms the foundation of degrees of higher cognition and its characteristics make it attractive to study its capacity is

limited and we can't recall endless numbers of things and it's fragile. info gets lost when we're distracted from actually follow on. this gives us a chance to see how it performs compared to other species. and this is how good is a cro compared to a monkey. for example, home life, how much can they recall if you, how flexibly can they work with these kinds of subjects again, on cuba? in this experiment, a cro is learning that only the tube on the right will help it raise the water level in the middle. and bring the food closer when it throws in stones on the left and nothing happens with the amazing thing. it's learning from experience alone and even employing tools that points to complex thought patterns or besides ravens,

owls and parents are also of interest to brain researchers. even pigeons, weight pigeons, of course says bio psychologist, own, or going to tune one of the world's foremost pigeon researchers. he also works in bozeman and has been examining the birds cognitive abilities for years is marked as little as he up isn't. i really like these animals does it and they're not the superstars of learning. that's the crows and parents. but they have something really great, a kind of meticulous persistence in carrying out a given task like men should they work on it for hours. and that's ideal for scientists as the mistakes they might provide incredible insight into how the thought process functions. v dusting from tenure to measurement. that's why they great research animals in it. i love them, he busy i. in mammals, the brains cortex is responsible for complex problem solving. it was assumed birds

lacked such a cortex. but with the help of a laser scientists found cortex like structures visible in the cross section of a birds brain. the typical horizontal and vertical strands that make complex thought possible. human, he that he kinds the vertical strands enable an extremely detailed analysis of everything they perceive the horizontal help them connected altogether. alice me down under a microscope, it becomes clear with the vertical and horizontal structures are capable of but is ins in ice. in what we see are individual dark and nerve cells with the technology we've applied here, we can see when the dark and cells communicate with other nerve cells. and so in a way we're seeing who's communicating with whom he did to me to him. it's an astonishing discovery. no one expected a bird's brain could be as complex as

a mammals. then yes, blad 1st glance, the brain seems so different that you'd be at the further in you go and the more carefully you look, the more you find the same basic principles. the closer you look in, the more similar they are, levine shown. in other words, brain structure is a decisive factor in determining an animal's cognitive buildings. ah, beds are relatives of dinosaurs. and in fact, a unique find of a fossilized dinosaur. brain shows that some dinosaurs had brains, very similar to crocodiles and bags. the primeval bird, ocoee of tricks, is considered the link between dinosaurs and primeval beds. it already had a large brain for its body size, which probably allowed it to fly. so this i actually

descendants from dinosaurs. but are they still some species that live during the era of dinosaurs? our view of david burgers from columbia sent us the following question. are animal species present today that survived the age of the dinosaurs? some 66000000 years ago of 14 kilometer wide asteroids slammed into the earth, triggering a mass extinction. within seconds, the space rock vaporized across the earth. fires raged, and volcanoes erupted. within a few days, the earth was blanketed in darkness. the deadly ice age that followed lasted for years. acid rain transformed the ocean's vegetation died. 3 quarters of all species were white doubt. today's reptiles may resemble many dinosaurs,

but in most cases they have little in common with, therefore bears. unlike crocodiles, a prehistoric relative of the crocodile emerged 250000000 years ago. and crocodiles are ultimate survivors. they eat almost anything and can go for long periods without food. turtles are also one of the oldest living reptile groups. the earliest known turtles swam the world's oceans 225000000 years ago. and look remarkably similar to those solitary, ancient creatures that exist to day. sting rays have roamed the oceans for even longer. these primordial creatures belong to the cartilage in this fish family. as to sharks, they were already among the top predators of the oceans in the age of the dinosaurs, the catastrophic consequences of the asteroid had little impact on shark biodiversity. horseshoe crabs haven't changed much in

150000000 years. that's because these living fossils can survive in water of varying salting us and warmth. birds evolved from a group of dinosaurs that survived thanks to their feathers. chickens and ostriches, are the closest living relatives up to run a sonorous racks. sounds improbable. just compare how they walk ah, even inside their eggs, the dinosaurs behaved similar to today's birds. missus suggested by the fossilized egg of an over i wrapped her soros in this compute animation. the embryos cold up called to tucking posture, which was previously known only to birds. in fact, many dinosaurs had down feathers not for flying, but to keep him warm and to charm of the dinosaurs. even the tie ran his sorres' rex is believed to have hat down feathers. unfortunately,

only traces of the plumage have been preserved. much of what we know about dinosaurs comes from analyzing their bones. they show who lived here more than 66000000 years ago. special delivery from the us sent by a wealthy collector. the contents of this crate are technically worth several 1000000 euros. but actually they're priceless rail fossilized bones of a dinosaur. king the toronto source rex. it would have 100 it's prey in what is now north america. we have folk and his team will try to reassemble the complete skeleton as get out on the citizens. so we want to restore this beautiful animal to its former glory. it will say it's 66000000 years old. we need to rebuild the dinosaur according to how we think it would have moved. it's fascinating to handle an original skeleton and to think of all the places where it's said it's for him

and it if what a bit it's g sent to. right. what it 8 and haunted as and good this longest take was i think if guess, and you had like a yacht. oh, the dinosaur museum. i'd moved her in se germany boasts numerous fossil exhibits and treats them for preservation. the star of the show is a chill ran a source rex, the only such juvenile skeleton in the world. it's a good 9 meters long, and it's 3 meters high. it chew is 66000000 years old. experts believe this animal could eat up to 400 kilos of meat in one go. but exactly which bones are in the delivery. the scientists 1st taken inventory, it's rare to get anything more than a few bones or bone fragments of any given animal. frederick sprinkler uses the museums, juvenile dinosaur, to determine what belongs, where a rib, for example, is one meter 20 long. such long bones are easy to locate. but smaller fragments

have to be studied closely, just to see which way round they go is see, i'm canada. i can see which side of the bone faces outwards and which inwards the outside is smooth. it may even be shiny, while this sponge like surface, with lots of holes faces inwards. how's the transition? i mean, how thick is the shell facing outside around the edge? it's just one or 2 millimeters thick, so it could be a vertebra. and that's how i get an idea for where the fragment could belong, whence income. 3 months later, another crate from the u. s. another skeleton, but this time it's a plastic mold of a different t rex. now the scientists can replace the missing pieces and they're dinosaurs skeleton with plastic replicas. their inventory showed they have over 20 percent of the original skeleton. that's actually not bad compared to other similar fines.

all of the original fossils, even the smallest fragments will be used. frederic spin blood locates the right place and the plastic bones then cuts out the exact size hole and sticks the original fragment to the plastic section. the team needs more than 9 weeks to complete this task. the larger sections are more complicated. here, part of the pelvis is made of plastic. while the section being placed on top is an original fossil wing 20 kilos. excel from passes in the bone doesn't completely match the plastic section. so we have to see how we can position at best. there are always inconsistencies. i'm type, you never get a 100 percent match from a we make a plan of what we need to correct later. so that we can align all the elements to find their best positions. we spent best deposits of infants. they use polyester resin to attach the sections. it's a very powerful adhesive that works well,

both on stone and plastic. that's essential, given the weight of the stone sections. yeah, this is good. a few weeks later, a local metal working company is brought in on the project. the family business normally produces steps and balcony railings, as if this is the 1st time father and son have had a dyno in their workshop. my numbers on this now for something completely different . most little realty thing. you have to be a little creative and fulton you the sham up with an idea, the movie the more but then it works on la rafael young. the have to be a bit courageous to take on a job like this alonso name. they're working on a precise metal structure that will provide the framework, while clips and iron pipes hold the bones in place. but getting everything in exactly the right position takes a lot of patience. dismiss, no, that'll need correcting. now that the section 5 needs to come a bit forward,

the dinosaurs starting to take shape. this specimen was over 11 meters in length o. b i forgot also pays regular visits to the metal workshop. after 6 weeks, the time has finally come to add the head. putting it together was more complicated than expected. oh, this is alana. it took longer than planned as things always come up. but you go the extra mile to make sure you achieve the high quality that we have here. and the effort has definitely paid off with dell sometimes with the huge ribcage alone is impressive. after millions of years, the toronto stores wrecked is now slowly being restored to its original form dinosaur bones and everything else that lived millions of years ago are not covered

by earth. it's all part of his so called carbon cycle plants and entire forests that died and turned into coal carbon in the form of carbon dioxide circulates to put it simply, it comes from animals and is taken up by plans through photosynthesis. but ever since humans intervened in the cycle, it's been thrown out of balance. coal mining and burning releases more c o 2 than can be stored again. if we can, so plants in such a way that their carbon remains in them and doesn't enter the atmosphere. it could not only help the climate this is bio chon, some 20 tons of air to mixed with bio guzman. you're in this poll to optimize the fertilizer. next to it is another pool of bio gas fat eliza without bio

chon. there's a difference in color between the 2 slurries. the left beaker contains bio chon, the right one, doesn't the contents of both pools that to be tested on the field and monitored by scientists. this project was initiated by soil scientist, macos stephens underground. mr. bernard kong, that goal is to optimize the potential of bio char and agriculture because people expect great things from this charcoal. the hoffman is the famous. the hope is that we can use bio charter, achieved stable yields, especially during dry spells that i saw have green fields and good yields, even during times of drought, a tech else than as well as performing another task for agriculture doorbell store in carbon in the soil through cold and still thin bolton, that's because each tone of bio chairman you will mixture compensates for $2.00

tons of c o 2. with climate change, accelerating solutions for sequestering carbon are sorely needed. whether an agriculture, animal feed or plant breeding. the use of fire char is booming ah, producing high quality bio char requires a special process called pyrolysis. the controlled thermal decomposition of bio mass. the process starts with would leaves branches or cut grass after they've been finely chopped. they land in the pyro electric oven. here that heated sometimes for hours to as much as $800.00 degrees celsius since no oxygen is present, the wood chips char, rather than bon. so the carbon is fixed in the wood. should the wood lay to burn or rot?

the carbon would be released during the charging, harmful ph gases are produced that burned in a 2nd chamber. otherwise, the bio child would absorb these toxic gases during the colonization process. such high quality bio char can also be used to breathe and grow plants. at this nursery, each sack of potting compassed is enriched with 10 percent charcoal. though he was skeptical at 1st production manager, pascall office is now a fan of bio chow, damita spahn, and it saves us water. the call, the charcoal stores the water engine, adrian lashed off so they don't get washed away. north of gay washer. charcoal is also effective against fungal diseases. zoe, save on fungicide on kate. done it and,

and said your side to formed it said we have far fewer insect ticketed the alpha. now feel vinegar, for example. we hardly any more. dark, winked fungus, nat i windy for. i don't know why that is, but we've noticed in always sneaked vices. nish arbor the american, thus, not only do they use a 3rd less water and less passed aside, the bio char also has a noticeable effect on the seedlings development. the harbor 9 best to her aunt that gives you the root formation is better and healthier. and what, and when the root formation is good and dig is on, the whole plant does better. these shoots are 3 weeks old, is thick and we can see that the rude formation is already quite good. the roots are very healthy on long and wise fit as a fiddle, grizzled. the plants growing faster to. this saves the nursery 2 to 3 weeks of

cultivation time, letting them produce more seedlings. all these advantages are due to fire charles unique characteristics. top quality bio channel has a very porous structure and therefore huge amount of surface area. a single graham can boast a surface area of up to 300 square meters. this allows by a child to function like a sponge and absorb up to 5 times its own weight in water, as well as the nutrients dissolved in it. these abilities have been proven to better the soil quality. the benefits of bio child were confirmed in a recent study. it showed that on average by a child had a positive effect, ensuring more water storage and better provision of nutrients as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. there's just one problem. almost all the findings are based on experiments conducted in labs and in pots. so this is where soil scientist,

mawkish. stephens, as long term trial comes in over a 7 year period, he'll spread $42.00 tons of bio chaw over 6. hacked has a field. the results should help scientists provide clear recommendations for farmers. this is on the random experiment. what special about this experiment is we apply large amounts of charcoal, so we can measure this effect in addition, so practical field terms of on the it follows normal farming practices with tractors carrying normal loads and amounts of manure. the harvest and processing is typically 2 would off to push ground through the bob i've only one farmers know how to get the maximum benefit from bio char will many be willing to use it as the cost is high. around $1300.00 per ton. even if they're increasingly environmentally conscious farming is still a business as company that soon,

it's still, it's one of the few sensible measures because the charcoal stays in the ground. god is wendy of proof, that charcoal remains stable in the soil and it doesn't break down. so the amount of carbon you apply to the soil should be the amount that remained, which he records applied to high. oh, that's a big advantage. over of the carbon sinks like forests, the human in soil and marshlands, where fires, ploughing or drainage could cause the carbon to be released again. bio char alone won't save the climate. not enough of it can be produced or spread to do that. but there's a lot of potential and bio chon, not using it would be a wasted opportunity for agriculture and the climate if our blood is red, why i gave you a do you also have a science question? i send it in by a video text or voice message. if we answer it on the show,

you'll get a little surprise from us as a thank you. go on just off for more from the world of signs, visit our website or twitter. that's it for now. join us again next week for another glimpse into the world of science on a new episode of tomorrow to day until then take care and stay curious about with

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