passes and no longer running. we switched off all electric appliances at home. the new guidelines have to be taken very seriously. so far we've not used the heating ukraine says russia has destroyed over 30 percent of its power stations in just a week. if that continues ukrainians are going to be in for a very cold, dark winter. still watching d. w. new size from berlin to ground up next is doubtful our season, but i imagine so many portion of lunch us heard out in the world climate change pickering honda stores. this is my pleasure, the way from just one week. how much worth going to really get

we still have time to work. i'm going all with what 1st? ah, german peggy to protest is french yellow vests british breaks a t is for years now. anger has been brewing and spilling out in protest, united by a common question. where does my tax money go? most people don't understand taxation mon about it. think it needs to be lower. have no idea what proportion is spent on lot in many ways. i think taxation is one of the most extreme actions by a government, but it's also the definition of government because without taxation, there's no government. oh, people's does trust in government is growing at the central, the conflict taxes in france, carbon taxes have provoked the most controversy for months it tro,

thousands of people to the streets many who feel abandoned to protesting and discovering a strength in numbers. communities because you will not crush us, the people will not put up with this most treatment. for ela, you know, all around france, the yellow vests a sparking a democratic debate. me taking up the symbols of tax revolts from history. they lose their grievances in writing, outlining the demands and complaints, like the french revolution. in 400000 pages entitled, address to let, to the officials, all the friends. these people are afraid to call it a revolution. but i think it's just the beginning of the revolution. no taxation without representation with the basic principle of democracy,

the yellow vocal tradition going back to the middle ages when citizens all at the europe revolt against texas and duties. ah, ah, well way back in 1215, that was a very unpopular king king john. and he wanted to raise money to fund his army for various expeditions, and he turned to his aristocrats as nobleman and he had given me the money. and they said, really for the 1st time in english history, no, we will only give you the money if you in future consult us all things and we are involved in your decision making. and that was a very small beginning of democracy in britain with the magna carta or the great charter, the british were the 1st in europe to lay the foundations of a parliamentary democracy in france, kings secured their budget in other ways,

drisco or get them until the 13th 14th century, the french kingdom did not finance itself primarily through taxes on dominion. the french kings had real estate and agricultural land that brought an income of new revenue from royal land holdings was the main source of income for the state budget . a little therapy, no new moon, however, this was no longer enough to cover state expenditures with people, especially because of the very high cost of warfare. that again, it was use of the king's therefore, used to their power to impose duties on their subjects. in order to balance the state budget material her lobby, this was a specific strategy of philip the fair known as one of the curse at kings. of course, the financial motivation was at the time apparent if the more quickly zone was that the book with the 100 years war, leaving francis coffers nearly empty. charles, the 7th claimed the royal prerogative to impose taxes,

wielding absolute power. he bypassed taxing the clergy and nobility instead targeted the peasants and craftsmen these commoners, known as the 3rd estate, found themselves suddenly squeezed by foil taxes. that exec to melissa to book it. it was at this time that the god bella was created in france on the pool, the tax on salt, which was an indirect tax, which was extraordinarily unpopular at the time at text. salt was a basic necessity. and as such, the tax was a heavier burden for the poor. then for the wealthy window of new preserve, the king sent out tenant farmers to collect the taxes in the pool of the poor. people work constantly, all that remains of their labour is sweat and abject poverty, so everything goes to paying his majesty's taxes and do majesty the salt tax

provoked a great many revolts as to the tie, a direct tax based on land and income. we are calling for the extermination of these leeches, death to the profiteers and collectors of land tax, who are ruining the provinces all over the empire, peasants rose up to revolt against their rulers. they had nothing to lose and clashed head on with the king's soldiers. hm . the revolt was violently suppressed when louis the 14th didn't hesitate to demand new taxes to finance his conquests and build the chateau de versailles old. while the french people fell into extreme poverty. ah

no, early 18th century france, the royal taxes, were no longer enough to cover the state's expenses. having squeezed the people for all they had, the state was forced to bora. by the end of the century, the debt amounted to a 110000000 louis door, the french currency at the time to repay the dis, louis the 16th had to agree to reform. he summoned the estates general, made up of the clergy, nobility and representatives of the 3rd estate. but in doing so, he opened a pandora's box consent to taxation in exchange for political representation left also. and the book is dumpy key to become a rance. at that time was a country that a bit like today was passionate about the idea of reform, but couldn't bring it about capacity. it was this inability to bring about tax and

justice reform and insure efficiency as well which led to the french revolution. lever law have also can it bertrand? it wasn't only a tax revolt but was born to a large extent out of the anger at the end. justice of the taxes don't do understood through system fisco. and for the 1st time in europe, the people finally had to say, and they didn't wait to be heard of grievances in the thousands was sent to representatives in the estates general. mm goodies, i'll present it, present and future taxes shall be shared by all citizens of every order, according to their ability hold it without distinction of rank, birth or privilege. it the privilege is in the inhabitants of a good holland. demand the abolition of the compulsory tax with they paid $1300.00 leave ushered roads far away while all the roads around their town are awful and impassable. we'll put each other in

a common complaint found in the letters of grievances, both in 17892019 unfair taxation tax equality for every one. every citizen mustn't contribute even a small sum. we want the protection for the commoner, the end of the privilege, dignity to present our tax hikes and social hardships for some that politics is our mission and social needs. you linda, raise awareness about tax revenues and government spending. about we discussed everything, the economy, politics, money, unemployment, oil, it follows on oh, on the body shop. people are not being listened to. and that drives them crazy with

at the close of the estates general assembly and $1799.00 revolution broke out. the king was beheaded in the 1st republic was born. ah, let him go to shuffle, says way it's fed used to move what you go. the french revolution was about taking the power to impose taxes from the kings and giving it to an elected chamber. so the taxation system goes hand in hand with democracy. lou, democracy was established so the citizens could work on taxes. we are key vote lamp, citron vargas shaw voting our taxes. it's an essential task of parliamentary til ample articles. 13 and 14 of the declaration of the rights of man as it got to find that all quite wonderful. millions on don't off to grow close article 13 justifies taxation as indispensable to fund the administration and the army gibberish. montgomery newton tional. so it says it should be shared by all citizens

pull. yeah. a gun. this refers to the uniformity of taxation didn't. and as it says, according to each person's ability to lock the group, got those who and article 14 says that it's the citizens themselves or their representatives who must disgust the necessity, the amount of the duration, and the exact terms and conditions of taxes. you'll do more than the boise fair taxation. a wonderful idea, but what exactly would be taxed ah, mercy, florida. she's scheduled to claim and i go to sure, since she's going to take you put the tax system created at the time of the revolution was based on the property. yeah. what we today call property tax was created at that time. the dominant theorists were the physio crafts, who believed that the conditions for the creation of wealth came from land and

agricultural asked them to custom, lucia. mm. mm. but this theory would face a position in the form of another revelation. the industrial revolution, which began in england with the invention of furnaces and steam engines, now wealth was being created from investing in this new machinery and through exploiting the newly created working class. with throughout europe, tech systems were adapting to this new economy. in addition to property taxes, revenue was raised from consumption taxes on products such as wine matches and tobacco. this tax applied to every one, no matter their income, which is why to the working class,

the hardest. me. but these taxes alone couldn't cover the cost of capitalism. aah! states had to borrow to invest in roads and railways. urban sanitation and colonial conquests. the interest on the growing kid made the rich credit, his even richer debt became an obsession. and the industrial revolution opened a new chapter in the history of taxation. in the 19th century, the ruling conservatives in britain were asking the same question, is the french revolutionaries of 1789. how can it be paid back in the government needed to raise revenue? now an easy way of doing, sorry, i would be to raise taxes on consumption. but also there was a sense that perhaps excise taxes were not particularly fair. and

the idea of fairness was important. but the shares mainly by popular movements in britain, in a $900.00 century, which really tried to bring forward the idea that income taxes were more fair than the excise taxes. and they should be implemented and, and right on the large number of people, because income tax supposedly at least has the potential to be progressive, right? so in the sense that those that have a higher income for example, will be charged a higher marginal rate. but the u. k. government defined the demands of the labor movement while they didn't raise consumption taxes, they refused to create a fair tax system. ah,

the newly introduced income tax did nothing to change. wilson equality as it was not progressive. it became law in 1848, for before any european neighbours adopted the system. the 2nd country to implement such attacks was germany, o, b, at 20 years later, just after having been unified into the rise, my auto form. bismark, bismark had 2 objectives to consolidate the new german stays, and to keep in check the demands of the working class, who were now leading. the struggle for social justice ah hated debate was held in the newly elected parliament of francis 3rd republic. on the one side with the defenders of the status quo, who feared to redistribute of tax system that reduced an equality. but on the other

side, with those who increasingly wanted the nation's state to play a protective role. not only militarily, but socially, between 18701906, no less than 210 taxation bills were put before the low house j u. luke over k u, they're great reform or french public finances and the tax system came up with and tried to push for 3 taxes through parliament, through the senate. oh, and the lower house until it broke income tax law. well, taxes new and inheritance. tax electric says he proposed the gross income tax bill in 19 i $1.00 and $4.00 very hard for it. leave us. in 1987, he introduced the idea of a progressive scale via and with the 1st world war. in august 1914 for the income tax was finally introduced because they had to finance the war, russia so they can provide them a hard good um push obisky full financially folder. gail because of the 1st world

war and income tax was established in france in the summer of 1914. it was based on both the british and prussian taxation systems. but it was more symbolic than anything bringing in very little money, especially because declaring income was voluntary and high, earnest weren't taxed at high rates. and as the expensive war churned on, government once again had to fall back on loans. appealing to patriotism, governments convinced the citizens of france, germany, and britain to finance the 1st world war the highest price was paid by indian soldiers with their lives. but on top of that, it was the vos debt, that, of course, the people would have to pay back later. ah, for the defeated germans, the bill was even steeper,

since the victors forced them to pay war reparations. harling debt on top of debt meant the german people was stripped of all they owned . in addition to all they had lost in the trenches, one could hear the rumble of revolution. germany in ruins teetered towards bolshevism. the state was quick to react, 1st with brutal repression. then with the weimar constitution, the 1st democratic constitution in german history adopted on the 11th of august 1919. and finally, with a large scale tax reform designed by mathias s. bega. is a, stella form devotion i'm shock. this tax reform was a shock of a food, especially for the higher classes and those with high incomes and asset life. yet, because now they suddenly had to pay significantly more taxes. somebody in prussia

for example, the top tax rate was 4 percent off. 1900. not often. 1919, it was 60 percent. so for those with high incomes that was definitely noticed thrown us grew about can yeah, the different s mega him or i. so i know of a speech by asked baccha in the right stock. indeed in which he shouted at those in parliament who represented the side of a wealthy love. you haven't shed any blood up. your son's didn't fight this war. the young you didn't pay with your blood and it was the little people who did. we brought us up the woods, bizarre, left the glide. so now it's time for you to help us recover from the consequences of a war. evade, for which you were response and voting up. this didn't make him popular with everyone during the troubled years of the weimar republic. and in fact, he once told his wife is the bullet that will kill me who has already been forged device for there had already been several attempts on his life. nissan dish meet it

before he got to see the results of his tax reform. but he is if it was assassinated on the 26 of august 1921. by a far right militant on top of that, the allies presented germany with a new bill. 133000000000 german marks. germany said it couldn't pay into 1923 french troops moved in and occupied part of western germany. the german mark collapsed and hyperinflation and shoot basic staples became affordable. with just fine differences, the french and germans agreed on one thing. those who survived the war must pay. it was the only way of keeping the dish in check. the left wanted to use taxation to reduce in a corner seat and as a means of redistribution. and many agreed with the idea right after the war. in

the interest of national unity, the tax reform adopted in france in 1920 rubber stamped the principle of progressive taxation. the wealthiest would have to contribute more than those with modest incomes. across the channel in britain, he opposite happened. ah, soldiers returning from the war had been promised home financed with public money. but these homes fit for heroes through the eye of the establishment, which didn't want to pay. the owner of the populace daily man, lord rosamille, launched a vicious press campaign, attacking what he saw was government waste. he created this, this outfit. so this organization called the anti waste league. and the anti waste leaks, or rather than talk about homes of homes for heroes,

the anti waste league seems to have said that we, we can't afford homes the heroes because the government waste a lot of money. and he started his campaign against against the government. the government of the day apiece him and they set up something called a committee on national expenditure. and this committee was headed by sir eric, get his the transport minister. so eric did ease implemented a series of deep spending cuts, which became known as the get his ax mm . the getty starts was kind of the most severe piece time cutting of government spending on record. so. so over 2 years, i think 1921 to 1923 government spending was caught by about a 3rd, which is savage. and, you know, and instantly they cut government spending the crash, the economy, they cause deflation. it procedure a decade of unemployment,

of about 10 percent. during the 1920s in britain, many came to believe that the state should have a little role as possible. what came to be known as the minimum state. contrary to britain, the french tax system was experiencing its childhood growing pains, rich and poor alike, struggle to accept income tax, which they called the suckers tax. the wealthiest discovered the benefits of tax evasion and found safe havens for their fortunes. ah, is known as an evil gurley bunk streets of commerce. and the 1920 says the producer swiss banks started advertising in the french prices. also the bruins for selling the wealthiest people in france, you can put your money in a swiss bank to wish. but of course, in order to avoid the newly introduced income tax and wanted more lampoon i goodness. so you can see that tax evasion underwent a resurgent memo,

wants the wealthiest started to be taxed more newly presented. rich germans used switzerland as a hub to avoid high sack sation and inflation. soon the amount of equity managed by swiss banks was equivalent to the german debt, which in the early 19th thirty's was the largest in the world by allowing such huge sums to be hidden away in swiss volts. these countries were betraying the principle of tax equality. the little people had no choice but to obey the rules, while the wealthy felt entitled to evade them. less and less money found its way into state coffers and resentment grew among the middle class. then in 1929, the stock market crashed. following

the wall street trash, europe was left really soon. the great depression plunged millions into unemployment. western nations devalued their currencies as a form of debt relief. once again, it was the people who picked up the tab in france, a policy to reduce the public deficit, increased unemployment hurting the middle class. this social crisis was followed by a political one as anti parliamentarian isn't became more popular. ah, the french national federation of tax pies, fueled to brewing rebellion, opposing workers unions lambaste in civil servants, and threatening members of parliament who opposed them

with the vehement demands of these techs protests played into the hands of far rash organizations. parties on the left came together in the front populace to fight for fair a text distribution and social justice. decades later, the 2019 jello vest protest is a fighting for the same thing. well known plan dupel ford in the little guys are always getting rod. it really is also the rich pay. nothing and are always protected. looking pretty good or any dickie solidarity is incredible. inquires yellow bass is white, cold pink vasily, kindergarten teachers. yellow. every one is united to non violently in the street. didn't budget. um we won't back down ashley i am going to you. oh, for months the yellow vist hoped alliance as could be made with other social

movements. like the kind that made the election of the 4 popular possible back in 1936. it wanted to find a solution to the economic crisis. after being voted in from popular decided on higher taxes for the upper middle class, the party became a force to be reckoned when finally pushing through legislation on some of its most important issues. workers were happy with their brief success. i at the same time in june need was much less cause celebration, chancellor bruning strict auster, she policies brought the country to its needs and provided the nazis put the route to power. me

not to use taxation as a weapon in 2 opposite ways, lowering taxes for some while ruthlessly raising taxes to choose in the united will tell his team, the national socialists then use the taxes and the criminal agenda. and i just successive expropriation of the jewish population took place 1st of all via the flight tax. this had already been introduced under cleanings and before the nazi regime floor in order to discourage people from playing abroad to immigration. walton was if people wanted to immigrate, they had to handle the 25 percent of their asset. this then in 1938 after the violent riots, especially taxes levied on the jewish population. another $25.00 or 30 percent in

the notes. and then during the deportations assets were taken away. the moment of the assets were basically confiscated by the state or sometimes by party. organizations or party bigwig provides a lot of economic. despite the threat of war, the united kingdom still continue dreaming of a minimal stage. the briefcase contain details of britons. draft budget in a ritual known as budget de the chancellor of the exchequer, displays it in front of their official residence. in 1938, like everywhere else in europe. load time, and had to call for investments in the war. tax is only popular with people who haven't got to pay them. contributions them making to the country's defense are the contributions of a free people determined to maintain its freedom and ready to pay it,

but in promoting peace, by making britain safe and strong. the final consequence of the great depression. the 2nd world war in 1942 as bombs fell on london. william henry beverage presented a report bearing his name is advocated for full employment with the states intervention. he turned on its head the economic concepts from the great depression and proposed a model at complete odds with the get his acts. with this report, the united kingdom would put the minimal stays on hold. the people having survived war were about to be on the receiving end of previously unimaginable generosity. at the same time, they've reached, also introduced another new revolution. social security

the idea of a welfare state didn't come out of the place, but it did receive a decisive boost after the 2nd world war. in the united kingdom, germany and france, the fledgling social security systems that had been coupled together since the industrial revolution were being consolidated. but i knew was this about reducing inequality, but also about rebuilding the economy with a labor force less reluctant to work with. only the potential there are 2 ways of financing a welfare state. there is a german model based on social security contribution level. and there is the british model which is based on tax stations and also the potential social. but when it's funded by social security contribution, it is like bismark original model, a suki base,

it is reserved for those hang contributions, and they're beneficiary, as it landed us a model very focused on wage earners. so in theory, access to it is not universal. it's not for the whole population. i look good, whereas the british model, funded by taxation, is open to and the benefits the entire population, root lever, pedestrian building on the achievements of the form of popular the french national council of the resistance introduced social security. the year was 1945 and the counsel which directed and coordinated the french resistance had to face the reality of a post war economy. you social groups emerged dividing the population into salaried employees, small farmers, and the self employed. in germany, the economic situation was even worse. the stretch of bankruptcy who did people once again for the 2nd time in a century,

the deutsche mark was worthless. in soon the country was split into on the one side, the zone occupied by the capitalist allies on the other, the zone controlled by the communists and their soviet allies. in 1949, the capitalist federal republic of germany brought back the model of the fi. my republic and in doing so, opted for market economy regulated by a will fair system allow them kreger. gov was either prior to me, i'd endorse fund charges with charlotte gazette skill for after the war. a large majority in germany was for social legislation for a welfare stating sushi and gazette after the 2nd world war conrad out in our city . you campaigned for nationalizing industry and for a functioning welfare state, even more generous than in the weimar republic. chris done as well. they wanted

a strong state, a fed tax system, and a strong welfare stable dungeon gardens of joshua mm. on the other side, the german democratic republic adopted the economic model of the soviet bloc. private property was abolished, and the economy nationalized. in contrast to the liberal minimal states, this socialist state assumes responsibility for all social issues and east germany was practically free of taxation. in both the east and the west, politicians and pal with keen for their side to be seen is the only true germany capable of providing for its people. like a pot about to boil the west, which the east and vice versa. in a storefront huckman, emma of vespers anchor showed east germany was always watching west germany versa, and tried to be better than west germany. east germany had more equality but with a much lower level of prosperity and a scab kind of albert's,

those id cards are there was no one employment section, but wages were also much lower or discussion in for and every one benefited from state welfare understand from birth to dare to presume lives, ender? no, but the level of care was far, far inferior or desert by the fog light. this is why any comparison with the west german welfare state was a challenge for east germany. start because they could see how much better off the west germans were. i'm sure star she 09 with against the backdrop of the cold war. germans in the east and the west will locked in a permanent contest in the west. the economic

recovery of the 1950s, known as the vic shafts wonder drove up wages or people started paying income tax, which was becoming more progressive. never had the tax rate for top earn has been so high. people were living better and longer than ever before. the consumer society seemed lacking paradise. the new found prosperity along with policies encouraging. having children drove a baby, been a social spending increased, so did the need for more infrastructure. how could this economic boom be financed? since taxpayers were already at their limit with income tax, government turned to a tried and true solution. a consumption tax. with in france in 1954, a tax inspector. maurice law had the clever idea of inventing

a single indirect tax on goods purchased by consumers. this was the beginning of the famous value added tax. all that to don american, bella bimmer, fuck soon it led to that is a tax that's collected fractional late. this is due. it's levied at different stages of the production process. none, so not part from the final consumer. those who pay the bad can get it refund on i q . diesel says esha figure her as a result, companies are refunded a lot of the vat they pay off to let the vehicle bake, which makes it not such a burden for them. oh, this is what makes it so ingenious ingenue. in 1957, the treaty of rome was signed. establishing the european economic community within europe. customs duties were abolished and goods could move freely. and so began the gradual introduction of the lucrative value added tax in all member countries were ga. gov. today that is still the main tax and france far greater than other taxes.

while income tax brings and $70000000000.00 euros. all that brings in 125-2130 1000000000 euros men. those hold on thanks. i'll talk to y'all. do you agree with her? it's no coincidence that the yellow vests have made that one of their main targets this what you push on the lower or abolish taxes on consumer products necessary for survival in? that is the answer to that on basic products like food, hygiene, and clothing as a scandal. lead more res. vat on luxury products to balance things out? i did up killing autism and shopkeepers with all kinds of taxes. i, after the main 1968 rights in france, many employers relented. wages increase, especially minimum wage, which shocked up by city 5 percent. purchasing power was on the rise,

and the wooden class could see a way out of poverty. was well the quality finally within reach the oil crisis of 1974 crush this dream never before in peace time had western europe suffered such a shock. once cheap energy prices quadrupled and business production costs skyrocketed to maintain their margins. companies laid off workers, my son, employment not seen since the war was back. a social model designed to offer full employment was cracking. once again, cash had to be found and quickly. ah, could a will's tax be the solution? in france, a plant tax capital was back on the agenda. his proposal was discussed during just con to through 7 year term as president,

and was proposed for the left when coalition that came in to power off to him in 1981 was over. yeah. could i also don't feel, didn't this i tax on largest states will never be supported by the owners of the largest states. but the tax reform, the country is calling for is on the way and will hopefully bring about more equality. ada gives place, you guess is your new text the traditional community? the bill was far along one your mom's lily for it was close to being passed into law known so that we did delay because the finance law imposed deadlines. good most our evie duly then came questions from the alizae poly yellow light. what are we going to do about small shopkeepers or audiences, and fishermen, a pre se good to do? and isn't there a risk that the owners of large family companies will have to immigrate to the

yearly korea, the commissary v. e. thus the bill gradually took shape over little yet coupon o m more so for a whole month i wrote messages that were taken by no home 5 use to the l. a. z palace. to explain that if we did this, the only people who end up not paying the wealth tax in france would be the very wealthy stover. then came a speech by president mr. hong he declared he, i have decided to exempt from taxation, real estate that is relevant for purchase, if garage after all, do me a, off it accepted the president was one of the wealth tax has been implemented and real estate is exempt. now i want this necessary tax to be included in the bell. this is, as you said, that will this is it. and yet, despite considerable tax breaks much of the capital migrated to switzerland for the most part, the wolf tax missed its target. bringing in very little, it made only a symbolic contribution to reducing inequality. perhaps it's sequel the end of the

fight for well for quality. meanwhile, from the u. s. in the u. k. a quite different sentimental rows to much taxation kills tax revenues or as margaret thatcher often put it, there is no alternative to economic liberalism. for the next few decades, this idea would dominate political thinking in western democracies. and the welfare state would slowly crumble. after more than a century of protesting and pushing for change, what would become at the people's achievements with

i ah, ah, with declaring bull on garbage. in bosnia citizens movement is fighting environmental pollution. it's founder, ecology, professors, affect combat is taking action. west state authorities have failed.

the cross border initiative says it's time to clean up that home. focus on europe. in 30 minutes on d. w is the end of the pandemic in site. we show what it could look like will return to normal and we visit those who are finding it difficult with successes on weekly coping 19 special 90 minutes on d w. oh. hello guys. this is the 77 percent. the platform for

africa. you to repeat issues and share ideas. ah, you know this channel, we are not afraid to catherine delicate topic. african population is growing fast. and young people clearly have the solution. the future belongs with the 77 percent. every weekend on d w ah, this is d w news, and these are our top stories. british prime minister list trust has stepped down off to just 6 weeks in office. her announcement comes off to a bruising week or you turns on economic and energy policy. and a.