like running a new restaurant, not a 60 year old one, exploring customer demographics and habit fly, trying different delivery platforms. everything is new to me and the pressure is huge value. the val about elijah believes that the fruits of hot work will be sweet . he hopes that they will see a rebound and to resume and that business, what we turn to prepare them levels up next part, one of a new d w documentary on the history of taxation. a michael ok. more news and 45 minutes . i was interested in the global economy, our portfolio d w business beyond here, the closer look at the project, our mission to analyze the flight for market dominance. get

a step ahead with the w business beyond. ah, german, pg to protest is french yellow vests push breaks a t is for years now anger has been burling and spilling out in protest. united by a common question. where does my tax money god? most people don't understand taxation mon about it. think it needs to be la, have no idea what propulsion is spent on lot in many ways. i think taxation is one of the most extreme actions by a government. but it's also the definition of government because without taxation, there's no government. oh, people's distrust in government is growing at the center, the conflict taxes in france, carbon taxes have provoked the most controversy for months from thousands of people

to the street. ah many who feel a bad, protesting and discovering a strength in numbers. because you will not crush the people will not put up with this miss treatment forever. you know, all around france, the yellow, a sparking a democratic debate. taking up the symbols of tax revolts from history. they lose their grievances in writing, outlining the demands and complaints, like the french revolution. 400000 pages in total address, 2 elected officials, all over france. people are afraid to call it a revolution, but i think it's just the beginning of the revolution. no taxation without representation with this basic principle of democracy, the yellow vis voe could tradition. going back to the middle ages when citizens,

all of the year revolted against texas and duties. ah, ah, well way back in 1215, that was a very unpopular king. king john and he wanted to raise money to fund his army for various expeditions, and he turned to his aristocrats, his nobleman, and he had given me the money and they said, ready for the 1st time in english history. no, we will only give you the money if you in future consult us all things and we are involved in your decision making. and that was a very small beginning of democracy in britain with the magna carta or the great challenge. the british were the 1st in europe to lay the foundations of a parliamentary democracy. in france, king secured their patch, it's in the lights,

drew school. oh, close. yes'm. get those in there until the 13th 14th century, the french kingdom did not finance itself, primarily through taxes on domino. the french kings had real estate and agricultural land that brought in income. the of of new e. revenue from royal land holdings was the main source of income for the state budget, virginia therapy monia moon. however, this was no longer enough to cover state expenditures with people, especially because of the very high cost of warfare. there again, it was use of the king's, therefore used to their power to impose duties on their subjects in order to balance the state budget multi leicha lobby. this was a specific strategy of philip, the fair known as one of the curse at kings. of course, the financial motivation was at the time a parent, if the mclaughlin was at the book with the 100 years war, leaving frances coffers nearly empty. charles, the 7th claimed the royal prerogative to impose taxes, wielding absolute power. he bypassed taxing the clergy and nobility. instead

targeted the peasants and craftsmen these communist, known as the 3rd estate, found themselves suddenly squeezed by foil taxes. the exec to more said to book it, it was at this time that the gabriella was created, and franz is on the pool. the tax on salt, which was an indirect tax, which was extraordinarily unpopular at the time at text salt was a basic necessity. and as such, the tax was a heavier burden for the poor than for the wealthy window of new preserve. the king sent out tenant farmers to collect the taxes approval of the poor people work constantly, all that remains of their labour is sweat an abject poverty. so everything goes to paying his majesty's taxes and do majesty the salt tax provoked a great many revokes as to the tie,

a direct tax based on land and income we are calling for the extermination of these leeches. death to the profiteers and collectors of land tax who are ruining the provinces. all over the empire, peasants rose up to revolt against their rulers. they had nothing to lose and clashed head on with the king's soldiers. hm . the revolt was violently suppressed when louis the 14th didn't hesitate to demand new taxes to finance his conquests and build the shuttle to versailles. old. while the french people fell into extreme poverty. ah,

and early 18th century france, the royal taxes were no longer enough to cover the state's expenses. having squeezed the people for all they had, the state was forced to bora. by the end of the century, the debt amounted to a 110000000 louis door, the french currency at the time to repay the dis, louis the 16th had to agree to reform. he summoned the estates general, made up of the clergy, nobility and representatives of the 3rd estate. but in doing so, he opened pandora's box consent to taxation in exchange for political representation left also at a booky company key to become a trance at that time was a country that a bit like today was passionate about the idea of reform, but couldn't bring it about capacity, it was this inability to bring about tax and justice reform and insure efficiency

as well which led to the french revolution lever her la have original. can it bertrand? it wasn't only a tax revolt, but was born to a large extent out of the anger at the injustice of the taxes done during his disney system fiscal. and for the 1st time in europe, the people finally had a say. and they didn't wait to be heard of grievances in the thousands was sent to representatives in the estates general. mm. good. he is a full prison if present and future taxes shall be shared by all citizens of every order, according to their ability hold it without distinction. of rank from birth or privilege . it the privilege is any. the inhabitants of a good holland demand the abolition of the compulsory taxi. they paid 1300 leave left for roads far away, while all the roads around their town are awful and impassable. we'll put each other in

a common complaint found in the letters of grievances, both in 17892019 unfair taxation tax equality for every one, every citizen must contribute, even a small sum. we want the protection for the commoner, the end of the privilege, dignity to present our tax hikes and social hearts. and for some that politics is our mission and social needs. you lighter, raise awareness about tax revenues and government spending. about we discussed everything, the economy, politics, money, unemployment, oil, it follows on oh, on the body shop. people are not being listened to. and that drives them crazy with at the close of the estates general assembly and $1799.00 revolution broke out. the

king was beheaded in the 1st republic was born. ah, let him go to shuffle, says way it's fed used to move what you go. the french revolution was about taking the power to impose taxes from the kings and giving it to an elected chamber. so the taxation system goes hand in hand with democracy. lou, democracy was established so the citizens could work on taxes. we're key vote lump citron vargas shaw voting on taxes. it's an essential task of parliamentary de la ample. articles, 13 and 14 of the declaration of the rights of man as it got to find that all. quite wonderful. manila williamson don't have to go close. article 13 justifies taxation as indispensable to fund the administration and the army gibberish on cobra newton tional. so it says it should be shared by all citizens. it, god,

this refers to the uniformity of taxation to them. and as it says, according to each person's ability, like he locked the group, got those in and article 14 says that it's the citizens themselves or their representatives who must disgust the necessity, the amount of the duration, and the exact terms and conditions of taxes. you'll do more than the both. you fair taxation. a wonderful idea, but what exactly would be taxed ah, mercy, florida. she scheduled a key clay woman dive over to sure. since she's going to take, you put the tax system created at the time of the revolution was based on the property. yeah. what we today call property tax was created at that time. the dominant theorists were the physio crafts, who believed that the conditions for the creation of wealth came from land and agricultural asked them to custom, lucius. mm.

mm. but this theory would face opposition in the form of another revelation. the industrial revolution, which began in england with the invention of furnaces and steam engines, now wealth was being created from investing in this new machinery and through exploiting the newly created working class. with throughout europe, tech systems were adapting to this new economy. in addition to property taxes, revenue was raised from consumption taxes on products such as wine matches and tobacco. this tax applied to every one, no matter their income, which is why it hit the working class, the hardest me. but these taxes alone couldn't

cover the cost of capitalism. aah! states had to borrow to invest in roads and railways. urban sanitation and colonial conquests. the interest on the growing kid made the rich credit, his even richer debt became an obsession. and the industrial revolution opened a new chapter in the history of taxation. in the 19th century, the ruling conservatives in britain were asking the same question as the french revolutionaries of 1789. how can it be paid back in the government needed to raise revenue? now an easy way of doing sar, i would be to raise taxes on consumption. but also there was a sense that perhaps excise taxes were not particularly fair. and

the idea of fairness was in poor sense, but to shares mainly by popular movements in britain, in the 19th century, which really tried to bring forward the idea that income taxes were more fair than the excise taxes. and they should be implemented and, and raised on a large number of people because income tax supposedly at least, has the potential to be progressive, right? so in the sense that there is to have a higher income, for example, will be charged a higher marginal rates. but the u. k. government defined the demands of the labor movement while they didn't raise consumption taxes, they refused to create a fair tax system. ah, the newly introduced income tax did nothing to change. wilson equality as it was

not progressive. it became law in 1848, for before any european neighbours adopted the system. the 2nd country to implement such a tax was germany, albeit 20 years later, just after having been unified into the rise, my auto form. bismark, bismark had 2 objectives to consolidate the new german stays, and to keep in check the demands of the working class, who were now leading. the struggle for social justice ah hated debate was held in the newly elected parliament of francis 3rd republic. on the one side, with the defenders of the status quo, he feared to redistribute of tax system that reduced an equality. but on the other side, with those who increase and he wanted the nation state to play

a protective role. not only militarily, but socially, between 18701906, no less than 210 taxation bills were put before the low house j u. luke over k u, they're great reform or french public finances and the tax system came up with and tried to push for 3 taxes through parliament, through the senate. oh, and the lower house until it broke income tax law. well, taxes new and inheritance. tax electric says he proposed the 1st income tax bill in 19 i $1.00 and $4.00 very hard for it. leave us with in 1997, he introduced the idea of a progressive scale via and with the 1st world war. in august, 1914 for the income tax was finally introduced because they had to finance the war russia survey through friday, march good, ample show of new breski fo financially folder gail. because of the 1st world war and income tax was established in france in the summer of 1914,

it was based on both the british and prussian taxation systems. but it was more symbolic than anything bringing in very little money, especially because declaring income was voluntary and high, earnest weren't taxed at high rates. as the expensive war churned on government once again had to fall back on loans. appealing to patriotism, governments convinced the citizens of france, germany, and britain to finance the 1st world war the highest price was paid by indian soldiers with their lives. but on top of that, it was the vos debt, that, of course, the people would have to pay back later. ah, for the defeated germans, the bill was even steeper, since the victors forced him to pay war reparations.

hauling debt on top of debt meant the german people was stripped of all they owned . in addition to all the had lost in the trenches, one could hear the rumble of revolution. germany in ruins teetered towards bolshevism. the state was quick to react, 1st with brutal repression. then with the weimar constitution, the 1st democratic constitution in german history adopted on the 11th of august 1919, and finally with a large scale tax reform designed by matisse s bega. it is a, stella form, devotion, i'm shock. this tax reform was a shock of a food, especially for the higher classes and those with high incomes and asset life yet split because now they suddenly had to pay significantly more taxes. somebody

should be in prussia for example. the top tax rate was 4 percent off. 1900 more often. 1919. it was 60 percent. so for those with high incomes that was definitely noticed thrown us, grew about korea, they different else beggar him or i. so i know of a speech by asked baccha in the right stock, indeed in which he shouted at those in parliament who represented the side of the wealthy trade knob. you haven't shed any blood up. your son's didn't fight this war to you and you didn't pay with your blood. and it was the little people who did. we brought us up the woods. bizarre, left the glide. so now it's time for you to help us recover from the consequences of a war evaded for which you were response and voting up. this didn't make him popular with everyone during the troubled years of the weimar republic and my mother. but in fact, he once told his wife is the bullet that will kill me who has already been forged adviser for there had already been several attempts on his life. nissan dish made

it before he got to see the results of his tax reform. but he was assassinated on the 26 of august 1921 by far right militant on top of that, the allies presented germany with a new bill. 133000000000 german marks. germany said it couldn't pay into 1923 french troops moved in and occupied part of western germany. the german mark collapsed and hyperinflation and shoot basic staples became affordable me to fight the differences. the french and germans agreed on one thing. those who survived the war must pay. it was the only way of keeping the dish in check. the left wanted to use taxation to reduce inequality. and as a means of redistribution. and many agreed with the idea right after the war. in

the interest of national unity, the tax reform adopted in france in 1920 rubber stamped the principle of progressive taxation. the wealthiest would have to contribute movement. those with modest income across the channel in britain, the opposite happened. ah, soldiers returning from the war had been promised home financed with public money at these homes fit for heroes to the eye of the establishment which didn't want to pay. the owner of the populace daily man, lord rosamille, launched a vicious press campaign, attacking what he saw was government waste. he created this, this outfit, so this organization called the anti waste league. and the anti waste leaks, rather than talk about homes of homes for heroes. the anti waste league seems to have said that we, we can't afford homes the heroes because the government waste

a lot of money. and he started his campaign against against the government. the government of the day appeased him and they set up something called a committee on national expenditure. and this committee was headed by sir eric get is the transport minister. so eric did ease implemented a series of deep spending cuts, which became known as the getty sacks or the getty stocks was kind of the most severe piece, time cutting of government spending on record. so. so over 2 years, i think 1921 to 1923 government spending was caught by about a 3rd, which is savage. and, you know, and instantly they cut government spending the crash, the economy, they cause deflation. it procedure a decade of unemployment,

of about 10 percent. during the 1920s in britain, many came to believe that the state should have the little role as possible. what came to be known as the minimum state. contrary to britain, the french tax system was experiencing its childhood growing pains, rich and poor alike, struggle to accept income tax, which they called the suckers tax. the wealthiest discovered the benefits of tax evasion, and found safe havens for their fortunes. ah, is known as an evil gurley bunks. recent commerce and the 1920 says the produces west banks started advertising in the french prices considered brilliant for selling the wealthiest people in france. you can put your money in a swiss bank, who is a bit of course, in order to avoid the newly introduced income tax. and on did it more lampoon? i goodness. so you can see that tax evasion underwent a resurgent memo, wants the wealthiest started to be taxed,

more newly presented which germans used switzerland as a hub to avoid high sack sation and inflation soon. the amount of equity managed by swiss banks was equivalent to the gym and debt, which in the early 19th thirty's was the largest in the world by allowing such huge sums to be hidden away in swiss volts. these countries were betraying the principle of tax equality. the little people had no choice but to obey the rules, while the wealthy felt entitled to evade them. less and less money found its way into state coffers and resentment grew among the middle france. then in 1929, the stock market crashed. following

the wall street trash, europe was left really the great depression plunged millions into unemployment. western nations devalued their currencies as a form of debt relief. once again, it was the people who picked up the tab in france, a policy to reduce the public deficit, increased unemployment hurting the middle class. this social crisis was followed by a political one as anti parliamentarian isn't became more popular. ah, the french national federation of tax pies, fueled to brewing rebellion, opposing workers unions lambasting civil servants and threatening members of parliament who opposed them

with the vehement demands of these techs protests plate into the hands of farmer, i shall demonization parties on the left came together in the front populace to fight for fair text distribution and social justice. decades later, the 2019 jello vest protest is a fighting for the same thing. well known tongue dupel ford in the little guys are always getting rod it ruin also the rich pay nothing and are always protected with or any dicky. solidarity is incredible. inquires yellow bass is white, cold pink vasily, kindergarten teachers, yellow. every one is united non violently in the street, didn't budget um, we won't back down. ashley, i am going to you. oh, for months the yellow vist hoped alliance as could be made with other social movements. like the kind that made the election of the full popular possible back

in 1936 it wanted to find a solution to the economic crisis. after being voted in from popular decided on higher taxes for the upper middle class. the party became a force to be reckoned when finally pushing through legislation on some of its most important issues. workers were happy with their brief success. i at the same time in june neat, was much less cost celebration chancellor bruning strict auster, she policies brought the country to its knees and provided the nazis put the route to power. me

not to use taxation as a weapon in 2 opposite ways. lowering taxes for some while ruthlessly raising taxes to choose in. ah, that's an i don't tell us the honda team. the national socialists then use the taxes to the criminal agenda and i just successive expropriation of the jewish population took place. first of all, via the flight tax. this had already been introduced under cleanings and before the nazi regime floor in order to discourage people from playing abroad to immigration . walton was if people wanted to immigrate, they had to handle the 25 percent of their asset. this then in 1938 after the violent riots, especially, taxes levied on the jewish population. another $25.00 or 30 percent. and then during the deportations assets were taken away. moment of the assets were basically

confiscated by the state or sometimes by party organizations. whole party bigwig provides a lot of economic. despite the threat of war, the united kingdom still continue dreaming of a minimal stage. the briefcase contain details of britons draft budget in a ritual known as budget day. the chancellor of the exchequer displays it in front of their official residence. in 1938, like everywhere else in europe. lord harmon had to call for investment in the war taxes, only popular with people who haven't got to pay them. contributions them making to the country's defense. the contributions of a free people determined to maintain its freedom and ready to pay it, but in promoting peace, by making britain safe and strong. the final consequence of the great depression.

the 2nd world war in 1942 as bombs fell on london. william henry beverage presented a report bearing his name is advocated for full employment with the states intervention. he turned on its head the economic concepts from the great depression and proposed a model at complete odds with the get his axe. with this report, the united kingdom would put the minimal stays on hold. the people having survived war were about to be on the receiving end of previously unimaginable generosity. at the same time, beverage also introduced another new revolution. social security. the

idea of a wealth, if they didn't come out of the place, but it did receive a decisive boost after the 2nd world war and the united kingdom, germany, and france, the fledgling social security systems that had been coupled together since the industrial revolution were being consolidated. but it was, it's about reducing inequality, but also about rebuilding the economy, the labor force less reluctant to work with. that particular there are 2 ways of financing a welfare state. there is a german model based on social security contribution. and there is a british model which is based on tax stations and also the potential social. but when it's funded by social security contribution is like bismark original model, a suki bait, it is reserved for those hang contributions, and they're beneficiary,

as it landed us a model very focused on wage earners. so in theory, access to it is not universal. it's not for the whole population. i look good, whereas the british model, funded by taxation, is open to and the benefits the entire population, root level, pedestrian building on the achievements of the phone popular the french national council of the resistance introduced social security. the year was 1945 and the counsel which directed and coordinated the french resistance had to face the reality of a post war economy. you social groups emerged dividing the population into salaried employees, small farmers, and the self employed. in germany, the economic situation was even worse. the stretch of bankruptcy halted people once again for the 2nd time in a century, the deutsch mock was worthless. in soon the country was

split into, on the one side, the zone occupied by the capitalist allies. on the other, the zone controlled by the communists and their soviet allies. in 1949, the capitalist federal republic of germany brought back the model of the weimar republic. and in doing so, opted for market economy regulated by a will fair system left them kreger guy was either buyers or me. i'd endorse fund charges with charlie gazette skills after the war. a large majority in germany was for social legislation for a welfare stating sushi and gazette after the 2nd world war conrad out in our city . you campaigned for nationalizing industry and for a functioning welfare state, even more generous than in the weimar republic and other they wanted a stronger affair taxes and a strong welfare and dogs of charged me. on the other side,

the german democratic republic adopted the economic model of the soviet bloc. private property was abolished and the economy nationalized in contrast to the liberal minimal state. this social est shims responsibility for all social issues at east germany was practically free of taxation. in both the east and the west politicians and pow wow. keen for their thought to be seen as the only true germany capable of providing for its people. like a pot about to boil the whist watched the east and vice versa. in our search and had been emma of vest version showed east germany was always watching west germany and trying to be better than west germany as well. east germany had more equality but with a much lower level of prosperity which done a scab kind of albert's, those id cards are there was no one implementation,

but wages were also much lower or, or discuss in. and every one benefited from state welfare understand from birth to dare to presume lives ender knew at the level of care was far, far inferior or disa, buddy fog light. this is why any comparison with the west german welfare state was a challenge for east germany. start because they could see how much better off the west germans were. how shar, star, she ah, in a against the backdrop of the cold war. germans in the east and the west will locked in a permanent contest in the west, the economic recovery of the 1950s known as the vert shafts,

wander drove up wages or people started paying income tax which was becoming more progressive. never had the tax rate for top earn has been so high. people were living better and longer than ever before. with consumers society seemed like in paradise. the new found prosperity along with policies encouraging. having children drove a baby been a social spending increased. so did the need for more infrastructure. how could this economic boom be financed? since taxpayers were already at their limit with income tax, governments turned to a tried and true solution. a consumption tax. with in france in 1954, a tax inspector, maurice law had the clever idea of inventing a single indirect tax on goods purchased by consumers. this was the beginning of

the famous value added tax. all that to don american, bella bimmer, fuck soon it led to that is a tax that's collected fractionally. this is due. it's levied at different stages of the production process. none. so not part from the final consumer. those who pay the bad can get a refund on a kid. diesel says esha, if you figure out as a result, 3 companies are refunded a lot of the vat they pay to let the vehicle bake, which makes it not such a burden for them or this is what makes it so ingenious ingenue. in 1957, the treaty of rome was signed. establishing the european economic community within europe. customs duties were abolished and goods could move freely. and so began the gradual introduction of the lucrative value added tax in all member countries were ga. gov. today that is still the main tax and france far greater than other taxes.

while income tax brings in $70000000000.00 euros, all of that brings in 125-2130 1000000000 euros men. those hold on thanks. i'll talk to y'all. do you agree with her? it's no coincidence that the yellow vests have made that one of their main targets this. what's your question? the lower or abolish taxes on consumer products necessary for survival in that the, the after that on basic products like a food hygiene and clothing as a scandal. lead more to raise that on luxury products to balance things out, and it up killing out his arms and shopkeepers with all kinds of taxes. i, after the main 1968 rights in france, many employers relented. wages increase, especially minimum wage, which shocked up by city 5 percent. purchasing power was on the rise,

and the working class could see a way out of poverty. was well the quality finally within reach the oil crisis of 1974 crushed the stream. never before in peace time had western europe suffered such a shock. once cheap energy prices quadrupled and business production costs skyrocketed. to maintain their margins, companies laid off workers. my son, employment not seen since the war was back. a social model designed to offer full employment was cracking once again, cash had to be found and quickly. ah, could a will text me the solution. in france a plant tax capital was back on the agenda. his proposal was discussed during discarded through 7 year term as president and was proposed by the left wing

coalition that came into power after him in 1981 was over. yeah. could i possibly don't trust, didn't this i tax on largest states will never be supported by the owners of largest states. but the tax reform, the country is calling for is on the way and will hopefully bring about more equality ada gives way. if you guess is your new text it to deja from general, the bill was far along one your mom's lily for it was close to being passed into law known so that we did the lawyer because the finance law imposed deadlines. good most our evie duly then came questions from the alizae poly yellow light. what are we going to do about small shopkeepers, or artisans, and fishermen, or a pre sorry school do do, and isn't there a risk that the owners of large family companies will have to immigrate to the lily tauriel the commissary he. thus the bill gradually took shape,

redo the coupon o m more so for a whole month. i wrote messages that were taken by no home abuse to the l. a. z palace. to explain that if we did this, the only people who end up not paying the wealth tax in france would be the very wealthy stover. then came a speech by president mr. hong he declared he, i have decided to exempt from taxation, real estate that is relevant for purchase, this garage after all. do me a off elective to the president? i was one of the wealth tax has been implemented and real estate is exempt. now i want this necessary tax to be included in the bell. this is, as you said, that will this is it. and yet, despite considerable tax breaks much of the capital migrated to switzerland for the most part, the wolf tax missed its target. bringing in very little, it made only a symbolic contribution to reducing inequality. perhaps it's sequel the end of the

fight for well for quality. meanwhile, from the u. s. in the u. k. a quite different sentiment arose, too much taxation kills tax revenues. or as margaret thatcher often put it, there is no alternative to economic liberalism. in the next few decades, this idea would dominate political thinking in western democracies. and to welfare state would slowly crumble. after more than a century of protesting and pushing for change, what would become at the people's achievements with

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you are a 3 deal. starts november 3rd on d, w ah ah, this is dw news live from berlin rights group, say protesters in iran, or at risk of torture, or even death after more arrests were made. thousands of people are gathering here in berlin to stand in solidarity with the demonstrators in iran, public outrage over the death of a young woman in police custody.