bernoulli introduced, income tax did nothing to change. wilson equality as it was not progressive. it became law in 1848. well, before any european neighbours adopted the system, the 2nd country to implement such attacks was germany, albeit 20 years later, just after having been unified into the right, my auto form. bismark, bismark had 2 objectives. to consolidate the new german stays and to keep in check the demands of the working class who were now leading the struggle for social justice. ah, i hated debate was held in the newly elected parliament of francis 3rd republic. on the one side with the defenders of the status quo, who feared to redistribute of tax system that reduced inequality. but on the other

side, with those who increasingly wanted the nation state to play a protective role. not only militarily, but socially, between 18701906, no less than 210 taxation bills were put before the low house j u. luke over k u, they're great reform or french public finances and the tax system you've came up with and tried to push for 3 taxes through parliament, through the senate. oh, and the lower house until it broke income tax law. well, taxes new and inheritance tax electric says he proposed the 1st income tax bill in 19 i $1.00 and $4.00 very hard for it. leave us with in 1997, he introduced the idea of a progressive scale via and with the 1st world war. in august 1914, the income tax was finally introduced because they had to finance the war russia survey through friday, march good, ample show of new breski fo financially folder gail. because of the 1st world war

and income tax was established in france in the summer of 1914, it was based on both the british and prussian taxation systems. but it was more symbolic than anything bringing in very little money, especially because declaring income was voluntary and high, earnest went taxed at high rates as the expensive watch and on government once again had to fall back on loans. appealing to patriotism, governments convinced the citizens of france, germany, and britain to finance the 1st world war the highest price was paid by indian soldiers with their lives. but on top of that, it was the vos debt, that, of course, the people would have to pay back later. ah, for the defeated germans, the bill was even steeper,

since the victors forced him to pay war reparations. hauling death on top of debt meant the german people were stripped of all they owned. in addition to all the had lost in the trenches, one could hear the rumble of revolution. germany in ruins teetered towards bolshevism. the state was quick to react, 1st with brutal repression. then with the weimar constitution, the 1st democratic constitution in german history, a doctors on the 11th of august 1919, and finally with a large scale tax reform designed by mathias s bega. is a, stella form devotion i'm shock. this tax reform was a shock of a food, especially for the higher classes and those with high incomes and asset life yet, because now they suddenly had to pay significantly more taxes. somebody in prussia

for example, the top tax rate was 4 percent off, 1900. not often. 1919, it was 60 percent. so for those with high incomes that was definitely noticed thrown us, grew about korea, they different asperger him or i. so i know of his speech by asked baccha in the right stock, indeed in which he shouted at those in parliament who represented the side of the wealthy laid knob. you haven't shed any blood up, your son's didn't fight this war. the young you didn't pay with your blood and it was the little people who did. we brought us up, the oldest pets are left to decline. so now it's time for you to help us recover from the consequences of a war event for which you were response and voting up. this didn't make him popular with everyone during the troubled years of the weimar republic. and in fact, he once told his wife is the bullet that will kill me who has already been forged adviser for there had already been several attempts on his life. nissan dish meet

it before he got to see the results of his tax reform. but he is, there was assassinated on the 26 of august 1921 by a far right militant, on top of that, the allies presented germany with a new bill. 133000000000 german marks. germany said it couldn't pay into 1923 french troops moved in and occupied part of western germany. the german mark collapsed and hyperinflation and shoot basic staples became affordable me despite the differences, the french and germans agreed on one thing. those who survived the war must pay. it was the only way of keeping the dish in check. the left wanted to use taxation to reduce in a corner seat and as a means of redistribution. and many agreed with the idea right after the war. in

the interest of national unity, the tax reform adopted in france in 1920 rubber stamped the principle of progressive taxation. the wealthiest would have to contribute more than those with modest income. across the channel in britain, the opposite happened. ah, the soldiers returning from the war had been promised home financed with public money. but these homes fit for heroes to the eye of the establishment which didn't want to pay the owner of the populace daily. man, lord rosamille launched a vicious press campaign, attacking what he saw is government waste. he created this, this outfit, so this organization called the anti waste league. and the anti waste leaks, rather than talk about homes of homes for heroes. the anti waste league seems to

have said that we, we can't afford homes the heroes because the government waste a lot of money. and he started his campaign against against the government. the government of the day appeased him and they set up something called a committee on national expenditure. and this committee was headed by sir eric get is the transport minister. so eric did ease implemented a series of deep spending cuts, which became known as the getty sacks. mm hm. the getty stocks was kind of the most severe piece, time cutting of government spending on record. so. so over 2 years, i think 1921 to 1923 government spending was caught by about a 3rd which is savage and united and instantly they can't government spending the crash the economy. they cause deflation. it procedure a decade of unemployment,

of about 10 percent. during the 1920s in britain, many came to believe that the state should have as a little role as possible. what came to be known as the minimal state. contrary to britain, the french tax system was experiencing its childhood growing pains, rich and poor alike struggled to accept the income tax, which they called the suckers tax. the wealthiest discovered the benefits of tax evasion, and found safe havens for their fortunes. ah, it though is an yvonne gurley bunk streets of commerce and the 1920s of the purest swiss banks started advertising in the french prices. i'll philip bruce, foretelling the wealthiest people in france. you can put your money in a swiss bank to wish a bit, of course, in order to avoid the newly introduced income tax along with more lampoon a credit. so you can see that tax evasion underwent

a resurgent dilemma once the wealthiest started to be taxed more. newly lou presented rich germans used switzerland as a hub to avoid high sack sation and inflation soon. the amount of equity managed by swiss banks was equivalent to the german debt, which in the early 19 thirties was the largest in the world by allowing such huge sums to be hidden away in swiss volts. these countries were betraying the principle of tax equality. the little people had no choice but to obey the rules, while the wealthy felt entitled to evade them. less and less money found its way into state coffers and resentment grew among middle class. then in 1929, the stock market crashed. following

the wall street trash, europe was left really soon. the great depression plunged millions into unemployment. western nations devalued their currencies as a form of debt relief. once again, it was the people who picked up the tab in france, a policy to reduce the public deficit increased on employment, hurting the middle class. this social crisis was followed by a political one as anti parliamentarian isn't became more popular. ah, the french national federation of tax pies, fuel to brewing rebellion, opposing workers unions lambasting civil servants and threatening members of parliament who opposed them

with the vehement demands of these techs protests played into the hands of farmer. i shall demonization parties on the left came together in the front populace to fight for fair a text distribution and social justice. decades later, the 2019 jello vest protest is a fighting for the same thing. well known plan to duplicate him and the little guys are always getting robbed. it really is also the rich pay. nothing and are always protected with any dickey solidarity is incredible. inquires yellow basses white coat, old pink vasily, kindergarten teachers. yellow. every one is united violently in the street budget and we won't back down. actually, i'm going to use the, the mom, the yellow alliances could be made with other social movements like the kind that

made the election of the full popular possible back in 1936, it wanted to find a solution to the economic crisis after being voted in for popular decided on higher taxes for the upper middle class, the party became a force to be reckoned when. finally pushing through legislation on some of its most important issues, the workers were happy with their success. the at the same time in germany was much less cost celebration chancellor bruning strict auster, she policies brought the country to its needs and provided the nazis put the route to power. me

not to use taxation as a weapon in 2 opposite ways. lowering taxes for some while ruthlessly raising taxes to choose in ah, that's an i looked at this time just as this team. the national socialists then use the taxes and their criminal agenda, and i just successes. expropriation of the jewish population took place 1st of all via the flight tax. this had already been introduced under cleanings and before the nazi regime floor in order to discourage people from playing abroad to immigration . walton. most people wanted to immigrate. they had to handle the 25 percent of their asset. this in 1938 after the violet riots. especial taxes levied on the jewish population. another $25.00 or 30 percent and what not. and then

during the deportations many assets were taken away. the moment of the assets were basically confiscated by the state, but sometimes by party organizations. whole party bigwig provides a vicar norman. despite the threat of war, the united kingdom still continued dreaming of a minimal stage. the briefcase contain details of britons, draft budget in rituals known as budget de the chancellor of the exchequer. to place it in front of their official residence in 1900. 38, like everywhere else in europe, no harm and had to call for investments in the war. tax is only with people who haven't got to pay them. contributions them making to the country's defense are the contributions of a free people. determined to maintain it. freedom and ready to pay it, but in promoting peace by making britain safe and strong. the final

consequence of the great depression. the 2nd world war in 1942 as bombs fell on london. william henry beverage presented a report bearing his name is advocated for full employment with the states intervention. he turned on its head the economic concepts from the great depression and proposed model is complete also with the get his acts. with this report, the united kingdom would put the minimal stays on home. the people having survived war were about to be on the receiving end of previously unimaginable generosity. at the same time, they've reached also introduced another new revolution. social security. ah,

the idea of a welfare state didn't come out of the place, but it did receive a decisive boost after the 2nd world war. and the united kingdom, germany, and france, the fledgling social security systems that had been coupled together since the industrial revolution were being consolidated. but i knew it was, it's about reducing inequality, but also about rebuilding the economy. the labor force less reluctant to work with. only the potential so there are 2 ways of financing a welfare state. there is a german model based on social security contribution level. and there is the british model which is based on tax stations and also the protection social. but when it's funded by social security contribution dislike bismark, the original model, suki paid,

it is reserved for those pain contributions and their beneficiary as the land, as a model, very focused on wage early. so in theory, access to it is not universal. it's not for the whole population of good, whereas the british model, funded by taxation, is open to and the benefits the entire population. leper pedestrian building on the achievements of the popular the french national council. the resistance introduced social the 2 teeth. the year was 1945 and the council, which directed and coordinated the french resistance, had to face the reality of a postwar economy. you social groups emerged dividing the population into salaried employees, small farmers, and the self employed. in, in germany, the economic situation was even worse. the stretches bankruptcy haunted people once again for the 2nd time in a century,

the deutsche mark was worthless me soon the country was split into on the one side, the zone occupied by the capitalist allies on the other zone controlled by the communists and the soviet allies in 1949, the capitalist federal republic of germany brought back the model of the fine republic. and in doing so, opted for a market economy regulated by welfare system and left him griego, govern either by to me i indulged and shy and as a child is at scale for after the war, a large majority in germany was for social legislation, for a welfare stating that after the 2nd world war conrad out and i was see to you, campaigned for nationalizing industry and for a functioning welfare state and even more generous than in the weimar republic and other they wanted a stronger affair, taxes and

a strong welfare dogs charged me on the other side, the german democratic republic adopted the economic model of the soviet bloc. private property was abolished and the economy nationalized in contrast to the liberal minimal states. this social est shims responsibility for all social issues at east germany was practically free of taxation. in both the east and the west politicians in pow, we keen for their thought to be seen as the only true germany capable of providing for its people like a part about to boil the whist watched the east and vice versa. in our search. and emma of vest version showed east germany was always watching west germany and trying to be better than west germany as well. east germany had more equality but with a much lower level of prosperity which done a scab kind of albert's,

those id cards are there was no one implementation, but wages were also much lower or discussion in for and every one benefited from state welfare understand from birth to dare to presume lives, ender? no, but the level of care was far, far inferior or dis abida fog light. this is why any comparison with the west german welfare state was the challenge for east germany. start because they could see how much better off the west germans were. i sure star she ah, in a against the backdrop of the cold war. germans in the east and the west will locked in a permanent contest in the west. the economic recovery of the 1950s, known as the vert shafts,

wonder drove up wages or people started paying income tax, which was becoming more progressive. never had the tax rate for top. ernest been so high. people were living better and longer than ever before. with consumers society seemed like in paradise. the new found prosperity along with policies encouraging. having children drove a baby, been a social spending increased, so did the need for more infrastructure. how could this economic boom be financed? since taxpayers were already at their limit with income tax, governments turned to a tried and true solution. the consumption tax with in france in 1954, a tax inspector. maurice law had the clever idea of inventing

a single indirect tax on goods purchased by consumers. this was the beginning of the famous value added tax. all that to don american, bella bimmer, fuck soon it led to that is a tax that's collected fractionally. this is due. it's levied at different stages of the production process. none so not part from the final consumer. those who pay the bad can get it, refunded i q digital, sasha, figure her as a result. 3 companies are refunded a lot of the vat they pay off to let the vehicle bake, which makes it not such a burden for them. oh, this is what makes it so ingenious urging you. in 1957, the treaty of rome was signed. establishing the european economic community within europe. customs duties were abolished and goods could move freely. and so began the gradual introduction of the lucrative value added tax in all member countries were ga. gov. today, that is still the main tax and france far greater than other taxes,

while income tax brings and 70000000000 euros. or that brings in 125-2130 1000000000 euros mendoza and songs, i'll talk to y'all do with a girl later. it's no coincidence that the yellow vests have made that one of their main targets. this one you question the lower or abolish taxes on consumer products necessary for survival in that the, the actual event on basic products like a food hygiene and clothing as a scandal. lead more to raise that on luxury products to balance things out and stop killing out his arms and shopkeepers with all kinds of taxes. i. after the main 1968 rights in france, many employers relented. wages increased especially minimum wage, which shot up by city 5 percent. purchasing power was on the rise,

and the working class could see a way out of poverty. was well the quality finally within reach the oil crisis of 1974 crush this dream never before in peace time had western europe suffered such a shock. once cheap energy prices quadrupled and business production costs skyrocketed to maintain their margins. companies laid off workers, my son, employment not seen since the war was back. a social model designed to offer full employment was cracking. once again, cash had to be found and quickly. ah, could a wills tax be the solution? in france, a plant tax capital was back on the agenda. his proposal was discussed during just can't a 27 year term as president and was proposed by the left wing coalition that came

in to power off to him in 1981 was over. yeah. could i also don't feel, didn't this i tax on largest states will never be supported by the owners of the largest states. but the tax reform, the country is calling for is on the way and will hopefully bring about more equality. ada gives place you guess is your new text it to digital general. the bill was far along one your mom's lily for it was close to being passed into law known so that we did delay because the finance law imposed deadlines. good most our evie duly then came questions from the alizae poly yellow light. what are we going to do about more shopkeepers or artisans and fishermen? a pre sorry school do do, and isn't there a risk that the owners of large family companies will have to immigrate to the

yearly korea, the commissary v e. thus the bill gradually took shape over lawyer coupon law and more so for a whole month i wrote messages that were taken by the home abuse to the l. a z palace. to explain that if we did this, the only people who end up not paying the wealth tax in france would be the very wealthy stovall. then came a speech by president mr. hong he declared he, i have decided to exempt from taxation. real estate that is relevant for purchase is good or shafter or do me a offered accepted the price you'd wanna push on. the wealth tax has been implemented and real estate is exempt. now i want this necessary tax to be included in the bell. this is does use it and will this is it. and yet, despite considerable tax breaks much of the capital migrated to switzerland for the most part, the wolf tax missed its target. bringing in very little, it made only a symbolic contribution to reducing inequality. perhaps it's sequel the end of the

fight for well for quality. meanwhile, from the u. s. in the u. k. a quite different sentiment arose, too much taxation kills tax revenues. or as margaret thatcher often put it, there is no alternative to economic liberalism. in the next few decades, this idea would dominate political thinking in western democracies. and to welfare state would slowly crumble. after more than a century of protesting and pushing for change, what would become at the people's achievements with

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