ah every creature has a place in nature, be to printer in the jungle, and infected yet a plant in the depths of the ocean. each one is an important part of the team and contribute to the ecological diversity on what can be door to preserve our biodiversity. that's what we'll talk about today. hello, welcome to eco, india, and some of that. a good let's head to india as a himalayan region. first, where grazing and varying of sheep has a long tradition for the change and will production and consumer preferences has meant that the use of traditional himalayan will, has a decline massively with

a direct impact on the regions ecosystem. some organizations are now trying to change this. let's see how that this isn't called 3 kumar keeps is blocked together. are the shepherd has been tending his sheep in he martin produces grass land for the last 25 years. oh man, food brought better, got better as a kid, i used to love goats and sheep mancha, used to ask me to accompany him and see how they lived in the wilderness. and he taught me how to live. yeah, that's how i got to dodge to the end of the w. so the sky belongs to the seamy, nomadic that the tribe he owns about $30000.00 rupees, are less than $400.00 euros

a month from the sale of milken wool. but in recent years, it's become increasingly hard for his flock to find food, a crisis affecting many sheep hoarders in the region. well, grandmother did my uncle and i used to have 3000 sheep. now we have 702800 about the numbers plummeting day by day. our environment has changed a lot. it looks like it's not autumn yet, but the leaves are falling trees or losing leaves and this will lead to a grass shortage for sheep and winter light of foot. if the leaves fall early, he will. what will our sheep eat every day? there dignity, proschetti, every samar more than 100000 shepherds lakes reach, migrate to higher altitude pastures in search of grazing land traditionally staying on until the arrival of winter. but as the climate change is, this practice is becoming more and more difficult. explain exports from the center

of fort pastorelli, them because of the lord and there is the glass itself getting water. although screens and everything is dried up and they move 15 days or 20 days a year, which was not happened before. in addition to changing weather patterns, when development has reduced the amount of breathing land compounding the shepherd's predicament. according to government reports, india lost more than 5 and a half 1000000 hectares of grass land between 20052015. the lack of food for their life stock is becoming a challenge for her, affecting the health of sheep and in turn their produce oh to the drug plans have been taken over for development purposes,

industrial purposes. there is enough research to show that grasslands are actually carbon sinks, you know, because they hold much more carbon below. than about nishaka ship is well known here in that he shogi village of him. i told reddish he to belong to a family of semi nomadic herders, and is also a skilled artisan. he leaves local wal into the traditional coolest one in the region. he marlene shepherds have traditionally adopted skills like weaving, crush, eating, and spinning to boost their income through the sale of wall and woolen garments. but the decline in numbers of local she breeds have impacted local will production . and india began importing fina long staple. woo! some 30 years ago when import tariffs are lifted,

it flooded the market back the nova, nowadays for the part too that people were la lucas before leaving them out of synthetic gas, melon and nylon, which are soft up the preferred veering these fibers edge will get the yarns are also cheaper gas, melanie's more colorful to go was cogent upon the gothic as they could hardly sell their wool. more and more shepherds went on to replace their native stock of dual purpose. sheep ones that produce water wool and meet with foreign hairy breeds that produce only meat changing herd composition and affecting the regions ecological balance. though young kid raising a foreign breed is a bit problematic in the local breeds of sheep concert. vive la grasso. the foreign breeds need more so if there is not enough with the star. really good. who help

revive local wool swati seat has launched kalak out of an a social organization that sources indigenous wool directly from her daughters latrene and hired local artisans like nice ram. thus helping herding communities slowly return to sustainable livelihood practices. when we are started working with though they seem initially there were just a couple of farmers be well to bring that eat lease more than quantity now. oh, thankfully we come, you know, we are lake connected. we have access to do a huge hurting communities. are a values of for him. archer will be connected to about $50.00 to $60.00 orders. i and i have leg oh, on about dog 4 to 5000 sheep colored cat. iran is part of the center for pest daughter lessons. d. c. own initiative,

the art cooperating with many grassroot organizations to support shepherd's, protect local culture and animal breeds and protect the environment at the same time. our advocacy for that indeed. yes, she pleaded, and the whole of that in is she feel hums essentially from the all the resilience off that of the breed. they are far more resilient to the colleges of that. all the gentle climate shift and changes a day. they asked less this cost factor could persuade other shepherds to take up herding local breeze. the herders are the means day of the project luther water. i'll continue to do this work for as long as i can but her since childhood. i have loved my flock, though my real family is back at home. the slogan is also my family, but he riding at a very rugged milligan a little bit about a year. and only if they preserve this,

each old tradition will they be able to help ensure the survival of the himalayan grasslands. from the sheep in the himalayas earthworms, which are found almost everywhere in the world, they are integral to what agriculture and thus essential for us survival. but modern farming practices have taken a fool of them. a school in berlin is making sure it students understand the importance of this often neglected. being a special lesson is getting underway at miss bell in primary school. and it's one where spades come in handy. this class, learning about an animal, most of us rarely see them and know that which is critical for our survival ribbon. alright. rigley and slimy earthworms aren't the type of animals humans typically enjoy getting close to. but these children know it's worth taking

a closer look. to as that list is in that 1st i thought they probably really boring and stupid. they're probably like a snail really slow, but now i find that really cold, coy john. and i think they're interesting, but they move around a lot and definitely look at their growth position as anxious against him as i find them. really funny because for example, when they were in your hand, some move really quickly and others slowly and absolutely got earthworms are industrious, invertebrates they play a key role in many of the mostly unseen processes that go on in the ground beneath our feet. in places where there are native species like syrup, the vital for soil and plants. how much wednesday rate may car plants don't go back without them. birds wouldn't have anything to eat kind of football school. i'm not home class teacher paula. this has handed out your work sheets about the nutrients cycle is, explains,

howard worms eat up dead plants and animals and convert them into species called casts, which are rich in the nutrients that plants need to thrive. clarissa hopes her pupils will learn to appreciate the tiny creatures in suzanne mom, in my opinion, they should understand the big picture that everything is interconnected. and if i behave well here and mindful and respectful to living beings implants, and of course i also have a much better, more livable environment. in 1st, this research facility near the german city of hallow scientists is studying the damage done by modern day intensive farming practices over sprawling area. they're looking at houses. oil life says when land is managed in other ways, both in today's climate and the predicted, warmer world of the future. this crop land creates very unfavorable conditions for them. because you know, it's fertilized regularly, which is what i don't like that very delicate skin. and if the hotel is ation loss,

the page value of the toil get it gets more acidic and also it's, it's a monoculture, right? so that's just one type of plan that they eat. and yet it creates a very, very static environment. ecologist, mary's intimate is taking a coil sample to check for life. the ongoing drought in the region has pushed down earthworm numbers across all land juice types. by now, we haven't found very many years. one very, very small one that we found for now. in recent years, the intensively farmed plots have been all but earth when free. that's a bad sign because that presence is widely seen as an indicator of soil fertility in grassland plots like this pasture that's grazed twice a year by sheep as well as organically farmed plots. earthworm numbers, a higher margin shade. la is the project scientific ward. nita,

he explains how the presence of earth worms aught so points to the soils resilience . the recovery of the vegetation, for instance, also in the grassland plots is pretty good after these 3 years. but it's pretty bad and crop here. it's shadley often presents research findings to stakeholders. he says, farmers have become much more interested in how to make the soil fit for the future . so what are the scientists tips for doing so, review if management as far as possible. this means a reduction of mechanical disturbances like solid to those and also chemical disturbances. for instance, for to the zation by mineral fertilizers is a disturbance of the natural, a nutrient cycle in the soil. and of course pesticides, which are a huge problem for solar auto, sol, meadows that are and that, and taylor high diversity that have many different grasses, many different tabs,

different legumes. back at the school garden, the children are pitching into practice exactly that. looking after the soil means looking after the earth worms and the rest of the soil organisms that turn seats into sustenance. let's now take a look at mosquitoes. they're considered a nuisance and often brushed off. yet, in many parts of the world, including india, the transmit deadly diseases could genetic modification be a real solution to this problem? and if yes, what, in fact, good such an intervention have on the ecosystem? let's find out why they're so small. you can hardly see a difference between the various species. there are more than $3500.00 types of mosquitoes, most of which are harmless. only a few are dangerous for humans like the anomalies mosquito. it transmits malaria

mostly in tropical and sub tropical parts of the world. for example, in large parts of africa and asia am today. malaria is responsible for around 80 percent of mosquito related deaths. and almost all of those are children. under the age of 5, the majority living in africa, scientists have studied the anomalies mosquito for more than a century, looking for ways to control and destroy it. lava sides insecticides they've had varying degrees of success. the insecticide ddt, for example, is very effective. it was used universally until it was determined to be toxic to other species and humans that is now it's bound, and many parts of the world and mosquitoes have quickly become resistant to other insect a size. so over the last few decades, scientists have turned to a new way of reducing mosquito numbers. genetic modification,

a team of scientists from london are genetically modifying and ne, camby mosquitoes. the species that transmits malaria in africa, only female mosquitoes can buys humans and transmit malaria. their mouths known as pro bosses can pierce skin in addition to quenching their thirst. drinking blood also gives female mosquitoes the proteins they need to make eggs before console genes. there are able to compare mosquito correct, and we were able to give you plenty string and generate good g mosquito. i have mail tray and do not by to edit the gene, they used crisper, a relatively new technology that is used to modify dna. as a result, even the female offspring of the modified mosquito were born with mouth parts that could not pierce skin, rendering them unable to feed from blood, and it also made them sterile. now, scientists had a genetically modified mosquito,

but they wanted to ensure they could spread the modification throughout a wild mosquito population. normally, when a mosquito with a modified gene mates with a non modified mosquito, half the offspring would have the modified teen and half would be normal. but scientists have another trick up their sleeves. it's called the gene dr. and it's very controversial and pretty or inspiring. a gene dr. increases the odds of the modified gene being passed on to offspring. that means that individuals with one copy of the modified gene inherited from their father can now copy the modification onto the unmodified gene inherited from their mother, and pass on the gene to up to 100 percent of their offspring. this means that if the mosquito with the modified gene breeds with one from the wall that is not modified and has 10 offspring, for example, almost all of them would inherit the modified g. so eventually, and after the modified genus spread in the population, more or less,

any female offspring would be borne sterile and unable to bite as part of target malaria cri. sunday. and his team have already performed tests. they use the baritone, he is created to mimic natural conditions, like realistic temperatures, humidity, and lighting, to stimulate sunrise and sunset, and it worked in each generation. most females were born sterile. unable to breed, the population died off the genetic modification, combined with the gene drive lead to the complete collapse of the test population within a year. so that was in test conditions. if released into the wild, these genetically altered mosquitoes have the potential to drive the enough of these gabby species to extinction and that we're drastically reduce malaria transmission. ah mosquitoes don't typically travel far from where they are born. although that depends on wind and other conditions. chris, um,

he believes the modification would not necessarily reach all areas where the species is found. but containment of living animals isn't always so easy. take the racks. as humans began to travel, the high seas road and species stowed away on ships. that ended up overwhelming island nations. then lays the cane toad. it was brought australia to control the cane, beatle but began breathing uncontrollably and became a pest in its own rise. didn't drive opponents argue that, like invasive species, genetically altered mosquitoes with migrate. it's really a concern that these organisms will spread tom uncontrollably and or possibly crash populations or possibly lead to distinctions of species. they're designed to spread aggressively throughout a species and also to spread geographically across borders. there

are international treaties on bio safety, but they don't consider risks posed by a modified gene drive. the e u and some other nations have flat out rejected any release of gene dr. modified creatures within their borders, but let's face it. animals don't care about international agreements and they don't respect our borders and boundaries. another question is how with the potential extinction of the anomalies gambiola mosquito impact ecosystems. just like bees and butterflies, many mosquito species are pollinators, transferring pollen from flower to flower. so what would the disappearance of the anomalies mean for plants? and what about with fish, birds, and baths that feed on mosquitoes. as the genetic alteration itself, there is the possibility of it being passed on to other species of mosquito putting them at risk sinus. have a pretty good idea of how these gene drives a work in situ. but it's a very big question, like, you know,

obviously can't predict everything that go wrong and all the implications of wiping out species that cause death and destruction may sound positive, but once they're gone, what's next? where do we draw the line using a technology that's, you know, instrument lisay, extinction as a tool. that's a new threshold that human beings have not crossed before. shouldn't just reject this because we're like humans shouldn't be gone. but we also shouldn't just jump straight into the technology that has real risks. and so we need to play that careful line of like really thinking through the 1st use of these things. and what that will look like to walk out and take reasonable risks. as scientists still don't know enough about the potential consequences of unleashing animals with a genetically modified gene drive, it's hard to evaluate the risks a

small population of sea otters lives of the western indian state or guam, the very important to the regions ecological balance. yet the facebook threat of extinction lucas of hunting and pollution. a local organization is working to preserve this species and it's habitat. on a very to jerome, a sleepy island on the mondo river did not go a secluded spot enveloped in dense mongrel forest and nestled among it is a surprising resident. the elusive, smooth coated order or loot. regardless, thus basilica. a rare picture as these animals are shy, i think i've seen others may be 20 times. i said, that gives you an idea of how hard it is to actually spot an order while orders

research why live research, organisation based, and tara was founded in 2014 in order to study and work to words conserving authors . the medium sized mammals inhabit most of the waterways and coastal areas of gone. this year, the colleges are mapping and estimated $4.00 to $5.00 or 2 family groups in giraffe . each group, it's estimated to have 2 to 6 members. in the last years, they have seen more groups, but some of them seem to have moved other places on the island. in other regions, group site is i believe, to be dice, or even 3 times that number. a shy species that's hard to observe in the vine orders have mostly been studied in captivity. aiming to bridge this god while or does research the studying. among other things,

the animals reproductive behavior in the mangrove ecosystems, wild and diverse, and one, ah, we have evidence of thought being born in me, which is contradictory to all the historical data. now is that because this is a highly productive environment where, you know animal that is a fish the played throughout the year and is no problems with that is, is that the reason they've, they've had, you know, pups at that time that you would focus often being on charismatic mega fung lodge animal species with symbolic revenue, while otter's wants to raise awareness of the pivotal rule is smaller animals like the orders play in balancing the ecosystem. i'll give you an example on, on shadow for you. that is there's a number of commercial fish that go into the fishing pools. ah, and i long said that was something called the madagascar, the lapierre,

which was an introduced species. and mr. lapierre species was introduced into the waterways here because they've kind of printed on mosquito lobby and then they took over the ecosystem and started actually killing all native fish species. and then ot us came along and even though they're not a native species, others prefer them. and have started eating them so one that helped the original ecosystem to recover all. the self funded via autos research organization has already taught order conservation to around 500 people in through and done ships, workshops and grinning programs. the trade in fur and body parts, loss of habitat, what a pollution and human animal conflict has resulted in this species being classified as vulnerable on the international union for conservation of nitrous red list. today, entourage. the mangroves are protected by law,

and part of the island is itself a sanctuary. and there are only a few scientists and tourists. it is little wonder then that jarel has become a safer having broaders a planet tribes on balance, which is why the smallest organism, the largest animal, and everything in between is important for the food health. threatened and extinct species leads to an imbalance, forcing the earth to self correct is often comes with the disastrous consequences. think about that now for you again, next week. good bye. and thanks for watching. with

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