all some local organizations are trying to rejuvenate the want trade which would revive traditional craftsmanship and to benefit the environment. on d. w. i. she's got her uses a thought they were great with every creature as a please in nature, be to printer in the jungle and infected yet

a plant in the depths of the ocean. each one is an important part of the food chain and contribute to the ecological diversity on what could be door to preserve our biodiversity. that's what we talk about today. hello, welcome to eco india. i'm some of that. a good let's head to india as a himalayan region. first, they greasing and varying of sheep, has a long tradition for the change in will production and consumer preferences has meant that the use of traditional himalayan blue has a decline massive with a direct impact on the regions ecosystem. some organizations are now trying to change this. let's see how with whistles and calls sir, is kumar keeps his flock together. are the shepherd has been tending his sheep in he martin produces grasslands for the last 25 years.

oh then watch america better. as a kid, i used to love goats and sheep mancha, used to ask me to accompany him and see how they lived in the wilderness. and he taught me how to live that saw i got attached to the animal. the w sir ish my belongs to the theme he nomadic. got thee trade. he owns about $30000.00 rupees, or less than $400.00 euros a month from the seal of milken wool. but in recent years, it's become increasingly hard for his flock to find food. a crisis affecting many sheep hoarders in the region. well go mad about it is my uncle and i used to have 3000 sheep. now we have 702800 about the numbers plummeting day by day. our environment has changed a lot. it look like it's not autumn yet,

but the leaves are falling trees or losing leaves and this will lead to a grass shortage for sheep and winter light of foot. if the leaves fall early, he will. what will our sheep eat every day? the unity proschetti. every samar more than 100000 shepherds lakes reach, migrate to higher altitude pastures in search of grazing land traditionally staying on until the arrival of winter. but as the climate change is, this practice is becoming more and more difficult. explain experts from the center for pastorelli them because of this is lauren boy. dad fears though, basketball. kidding? water. let's talk all those things and everything is drive and they moved 15 days a year, which was not happen before. in addition to changing the patterns when development has reduced the amount of grieving land compounding the shepherds

predicament. according to government report, india lost more than 5 and a half 1000000 hectares of grass land between 20052015. the lack of food for their livestock is becoming a challenge for her, affecting the health of sheep and in turn their produce oh lord of the brother and have been taken all word for them that 20 purposes industrial purposes. there is enough research to show that grasslands are actually carbon sinks, you know, because they hold much more carbon below. than about nishaka ship is well known here in that he shogi village of him. i told reddish he to belong to a family of semi nomadic herders, and is also

a skilled artisan. he leaves local wal into the traditional coolest one in the region. he marlene shepherds have traditionally adopted skills like weaving, crush, eating, and spinning to boost their income through the sale of wall and woolen garments. but the decline in numbers of local, she breeds have impacted local will production. and india began importing fina long staple will some 30 years ago. when import tariffs were lifted, it flooded the market. back the nova, nowadays for the part too that people were la lucas before leaving them out of synthetic gas, melon and nylon, which are soft up the preferred veering these fibers edge will get the yarns out. also cheaper gas, melanie's more colorful to go was cogent up on the gothic as they could hardly sell

their wool. more and more shepherds went on to replace their native stock of dual per, per sheep. ones that produce water wool and meet with foreign hairy breeds that produce only meat, changing her composition and affecting the regions ecological balance. the yankee raising of foreign breed is a bit problematic in the local breeds of sheep concert. vive la grasso. the foreign breeds need more so if there is not enough. the star for liquor. who help revive local wool swati seat has launched color caravan a social organization that sources indigenous wool directly from her daughter's latrene and hired local artisans. like nice ram, does helping herding communities slowly return to sustainable livelihood practices . when we are started working with though they seem initially there were just a couple of farmers be well to being mediately small in quantity now. oh,

thankfully we come, you know, we are lake connected. we have access to a do a huge herding communities are a valleys offer him, agile will be connected to about $50.00 to $60.00 orders. ah, and i have leg oh, on about dog, 4 to 5000 sheep. colored caravan is part of the center for past daughter, allison's dc own initiative. the art cooperating with many grassroot organizations to support shepherd's, protect local culture and animal breeds and protect the environment at the same time our advocacy for that indigenous sheep leader. and all of that in is she feel hums essentially from the all the resilience of that of the breed. they are far more resilient to the ecologies of that all the gentle climate shift and changes are the big aust less. this cost factor

could persuade other shepherds to take up herding local breeze. the herders are the means day of the project. really there water. i'll continue to do this work for as long as i can, but since childhood, i have loved my flock aluminum though, my real family is back at home. this flock of it is also my family for the writing at a very rugged milligan read. read about to you and only if they preserve this each all tradition will they be able to help ensure the survival of the himalayan grass lands from the sheep in the himalayas, earthworms, which are found almost everywhere in the wood, there in federal to what agriculture and thus essential for our survival. but modern farming practices have taken a fool of them. a school in berlin is making sure it's students understand the

importance of this often neglected. being a special lesson is getting underway at misspell in primary school. and it's one where spades come in handy. this class learning about an animal, most of us rarely see that which is critical for our survival. actually. ribbon either right. rigley and slimy earthworms aren't a type of animals. humans typically enjoy getting placed in. but these children know it's worth taking a closer look to as that list is in has 1st i thought they're probably really boring and stupid. they're probably like a snail really slow. but now i find that really cold zaccheus and i think they're interesting, but they move around a lot and definitely look a big growth as issued as anc scan smith. i find them really funny because for example, when they were in your hand, some move really quickly and others slowly and sure absolutely got earthworms are

industrious, invertebrates they play a key role in many of the mostly unseen processes that go on in the ground beneath our feet in places where they are a native species like syrup, the vital for soil and plants. how much when they're ready to make our plants don't go without them. birds wouldn't have anything to eat kind of football school . i'm not home class teacher paula. this has handed out your work sheets about the nutrients cycle. it explains howard worms eat up dead plants and animals and convert them into theses called casts, which are rich in the nutrients that plants need to thrive. hopes her pupils will learn to appreciate the tiny creatures and i design improve them. in my opinion, they should understand the big picture that everything is interconnected. and if i behave well here and mindful and respectful to living beings implants, and of course i also have a much better, more livable environment in this research facility near the german city of halla,

fine, just the studying, the damage done by modern day intensive farming practices over sprawling area, they're looking at houses, oil life says when land is managed in other ways, both in today's climate and the predicted, warmer world of the future. that this crop land creates very unfair work conditions for them. because you know, it's fertilized regularly, which is what i don't like that very delicate skin. and if the litigation last, the page, the value of the soil get it gets more acidic and also it's, it's a monoculture, right? so that's just one type of plans that they eat. and yet it creates a very, very static environment. ecologist mary's in a man is taking a coil sample to check for life. the ongoing drought in the region has pushed down earth when numbers across all lunges types. by now,

we haven't found very many years. one very, very small one that the phone for now. in recent years, the intensively farmed plots have been all but earth when free. that's a bad sign because that presence is widely seen as an indicator of soil fertility in grass land plots like this pasture that grazed twice a year by sheep, as well as organically farmed plots, earthworm numbers. a higher margin shade, la is the project scientific coordinator. he explains how the presence of earth worms also points to the soils resilience. the recovery of the vegetation, for instance, also in the grass and plots is pretty good after these 3 years. but it's pretty bad and crop here. it's shadley often presents research findings to stakeholders. he says farmers have become much more interested in how to make the soil fit for the future. so what are the scientists tips for doing so?

review with management as far as possible. this means a reduction of the chemical disturbances likes close to that and also chemical disturbances. for instance, 13 is ation by mineral for the live of it is just turbans of the natural nutrient cycle in the file. and of course pesticides which are a huge problem for so by on time. so metals that and that, and taylor high diversity that have many different grasses, many different tabs, different legumes back at the school garden. the children are putting into practice exactly that. looking after the soil means looking after the earth worms and the rest of the soil organisms that turn seats into sustenance. let's now take a look at mosquitoes. they're considered a nuisance and often brushed off. yet, in many parts of the world, including india,

they transmit deadly diseases. could genetic modification be a real solution to this problem? and if yes, what impact could such an intervention have on the ecosystem? let's find out. new. they're so small, you can hardly see a difference between the various species. there are more than $3500.00 types of mosquitoes, most of which are harmless. only a few are dangerous for humans like the anomalies mosquito. it transmits malaria, mostly in tropical and sub tropical parts of the world, for example, in large parts of africa and asia. today, malaria is responsible for around 80 percent of mosquito related deaths. and almost all of those are children. under the age of 5, the majority living in africa, scientists have studied the anomalies mosquito for more than a century, looking for ways to control and destroy it. lava sides insecticides they've had

varying degrees of success. the insecticide ddt, for example, is very effective. it was used universally until it was determined to be toxic to other species and humans that is now it's banned, and many parts of the world and mosquitoes have quickly become resistant to other insect a size. so over the last few decade, scientists have turned to a new way of reducing mosquito numbers. genetic modification, a team of scientists from london are genetically modifying a novelist camby ema, he says the species that transmits malaria in africa. only female mosquitoes can buys humans and transmit malaria. their mouths known as pro buses can pierce skin in addition to quenching their thirst. drinking blood also gives female mosquitoes the proteins they need to make eggs before him. some jeans, they're able to repair. and mosquito forgot that we were able to manipulate the

string and generate la cima mosquito. they have mail traits and do not bite. to edit the gene, they used crisper, a relatively new technology that is used to modify dna. as a result, even the female offspring of the modified mosquito were born with mouth parts that could not pierce skin, rendering them unable to feed from blood. and it also made them sterile. now, scientists had a genetically modified mosquito, but they wanted to ensure they could spread the modification throughout a wild mosquito population. normally, when a mosquito with a modified gene mates with a non modified mosquito, half the offspring would have the modified gene and half would be normal. but scientists have another trick up their sleeves. it's called the gene drive and it's very controversial and pretty or inspiring. a gene dr. increases the odds of the

modified gene being passed on to offspring. that means that individuals with one copy of the modified gene inherited from their father can now copy the modification onto the unmodified gene inherited from their mother, and pass on the gene to up to 100 percent of their offspring. this means that if the mosquito, with the modified gene breathes with one from the wall that is not modified and has 10 offspring, for example, almost all of them would inherit the modified g. so eventually, and after the modified genus spread in the population, more or less, any female offspring would be borne sterile and unable to bite as part of target malaria cri sante. and his team have already performed tests they used to borrow tree is created to mimic natural conditions, like realistic temperatures, humidity, and lighting, to stimulate sunrise and sunset, and it worked. in each generation, most females were born sterile. unable to breed, the population died off the genetic modification,

combined with the gene drive lead to the complete collapse of the test population within a year. so that was in test conditions. if released into the wild, these genetically altered mosquitoes have the potential to drive the anomalies gabby's species to extinction and that we're drastically reduce malaria transmission. ah mosquitoes don't typically travel far from where they are born. although that depends on wind and other conditions. kristen too believes the modification would not necessarily reach all areas where the species is found. but containment of living animals isn't always so easy. take the rats as humans began to travel, the high seas road and species stowed away on ships. that ended up overwhelming island nations. then there's the cane toad. it was brought australia to control the cane, beatle, but began breathing uncontrollably and became

a pest in its own lines. didn't drive opponents argue that like invasive species, genetically altered mosquitoes with migrate. it's really a concern that these organisms will spread out uncontrollably and her possibly crash populations or possibly lead to extinction of species. they're designed to spread aggressively throughout a species and also to spread geographically across borders. there are international treaties on bio safety, but they don't consider risks posed by a modified gene drive. the e u and some other nations have flat out rejected any release of gene dr. modified creatures within their bodies. but let's face it. animals don't care about international agreements, and they don't respect our borders and boundaries. another question is how with the potential extinction of the anomalies, gabby, mosquito impact ecosystems?

just like bees and butterflies, many mosquito species are pollinators transferring pollen from flower to flower. so what would the disappearance of the anomalies mean for plants? and what about the fish birds and baths that feed on mosquitoes? as for genetic alteration itself, there is the possibility of it being passed on to other species of mosquito putting them at risk. so i have a pretty good idea of how these gene drives a work in situ. but it's a very good question, like, you know, obviously can't predict everything that go wrong and all the implications of wiping out species that cause death and destruction may sound positive, but once they're gone, what's next? where did he draw the line using a technology that's, you know, instrument lising, extinction as a tool that's a new threshold that human beings have not crossed before june. just reject this

because we're like, human shouldn't be gone. but we also shouldn't just jump straight into the technology that has real risks. and so we need to play that careful line of like really thinking through the 1st use of these things and what the look like to walk out and take reasonable risks. i, scientists still don't know enough about the potential consequences of unleashing animals with a genetically modified gene drive. it's hard to evaluate the risks a small population of sea otters lives of the western indian state, or go up the many important to the regions ecological balance. yet they face with threat of extinction. lucas of hunting and pollution. a local organization is working to preserve the species and it's habitat. on a very to jerome, a sleepy island on the mando, the river and not of girl. a secluded spot enveloped in dense mongrel forest

and nestled among it is a surprising resident. the elusive, the smooth coated order or loot, regardless desolate a rare picture. as these animals are shy, i think i've seen others may be 20 times. i said that gives you an idea of how hard it is to actually spot an order while orders research why live the search organization based. and jerome was founded in 2014 in order to study and worked to words conserving orders. the medium sized mammals inhabit most of the waterways and coastal areas of gone. this year the colleges are mapping an estimated $4.00 to $5.00 or to family groups in giraffe. each group,

it's estimated to have 2 to 6 members. in the last years, they have seen more groups, but some of them seem to have moved other places on the island. in other regions, group site is i believe, to be dice or even 3 times that number. a shy species that's hard to observe in the vine orders have mostly been studied in captivity, ending to bridge, dis god, while orders recerted to studying. among other things, the animals reproductive behavior in the mangrove ecosystems, wild and divers, and one, ah, we have evidence of not being born in me, which is contradictory to all the historical data. now is that because this is a highly productive environment where, you know animals where there's a fish supply throughout the year and is no problems with that is, is that the reason they've, they've had, you know,

pups at that time that you would focus often being on charismatic mega fung lodge animal species with symbolic revenue, while orders wants to raise awareness of the pivotal role is smaller animals like the authors play in balancing the ecosystem. i'll give you an example on on shadow for that is there's a number of commercial fish that go into the fishing pools. ah, and i alongside that was something called the madagascar to lapierre, which was an introduced species. and this, the lobby of species was introduced into the waterways here because they've kind of printed on mosquito lovey. and then they took over the ecosystem, instructed actually killing all native fish species. and then ot us came along. and even though they're not a native species, others prefer them and a started eating them, the one that helped the original ecosystem to recover. the self funded via autos

research organization has already taught order conservation to around 500 people in through and done ships, workshops and printing programs. the trade in fur and body box loss of habitat. what a pollution and human animal conflict has resulted in this species being classified as vulnerable on the international union for conservation of nitrous red list. today, entourage. the mangroves are protected by law and part of the island is itself a sanctuary. and there are only a few scientists and tourists. it is little wonder then that gerald has become a safer having for authors. a planet tribes on balance, which is why the smallest organism, the largest animal, and everything in between is important for good health, threatened and extinct species leads to an imbalance forcing the earth to self

correct, is often comes with the disastrous consequences. think about that mouthy. you again, next week. good bye. and thanks for watching. ah, [000:00:00;00] with ah, ah,

with ah, with who to teams targeted attacks on energy supply. how are people coping in here in eastern ukraine inhabitants are preparing for winter.

despite broken infrastructure. there's a sense of courage in the, in is their hope in the midst of destruction. why focus on europe? in 30 minutes on d, w. enter the conflict zone with tim sebastian, the death of a young uranian woman in police custody spots weeks of violent protest in iran and around the world. bahama miranda professor k, around university claims. the western nato, aggravating the process was fair to ron denies supplying jones to moscow who side to take in the ukraine. russia rule, conflict zone, know 90 minutes on d, w. b o. c,

double use crime fighters are back to africa. most successful radio drama series continues for them. all episodes are available online. and of course you can share and discuss on d, w, africa's facebook page and other social media platforms. i'm fighters, tune in now. ah hello guys. this is the 77 percent the platform with, you know, a because population is growing and young people clearly have the solution. the future belongs to the 77 percent every weekend on

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