every journey begins with the 1st step and every language with the 1st word launch, pinnacle rico is in germany to learn german. why not learn with him a simple online on your mobile and free to shop. d w e learning course, nikos vague. german made easy turning coal into steam changed the world forever. what can satisfy our energy needs? the answer is changing over time. nuclear energy is highly controversial. will it provide us with a mission free electricity or lead to nuclear disaster? in times of war, the energy infrastructure often becomes the military targets. how can the destruction be monitored from space? ah,

all that and more coming up now on d. w. science magazine, tomorrow to day with the boy ukraine has been raging since february 2022. the attacks have been especially brutal in the east of the country. like here and so me. astronaut mathias, mom, i was able to observe the war from the international space station than at man. i never explosion. i just little flashes from the ground and we knew they were missiles. actually during the day when we flew over the country, i saw a huge columns of smoke over maria pole for that it was so visible. and on the one hand, we're so far away from earthly problems, we're traveling through space. it's on the other hand, it's only 400 kilometers away. and i could see what was happening on the ground with my own eyes. and it's very depressive and frightening. looking on saturday nights, also monitoring the impact of the war in ukraine. the data could help to rapidly

assess the destruction and aid rescuing offense. the battle of muzzle in 2017 images such as these provide any a glimpse of the devastation. but they can be something of the humanitarian catastrophe, experienced by millions of people there. satellite images show the extent of the destruction like in the city of rocca before and after the battle against islamic state. chow, we land from the international committee of the red cross or i c. r. c. analyzes images such as these for security reasons, she can show images of current conflicts. my word for the i say i see is to support alcholay under ground to assess the situation, to, to know what to expect when they go on the ground to also document the type of damages that happened. either a civilian, the buildings,

hospitals where hit it's painstaking work. she's an expert on interpreting high resolution images. they're expensive, and that's not all we don't get an image every all the day on a specific spot and not all the context are covered by dis, a high resolution satellite imagery. and as well, we miss maybe a global picture. a new technology could help to develop it. the i c. r. c teamed up with researchers from the university of zurich, and e th dura. john big known esteem also analyzed satellite images with the aid of artificial intelligence. with motion in and on is a machine learning works well here, because it can recognise very subtle patterns within a large amount of data comb, often better than humans, ceaseless damage. the researchers are working with images from europe sentinel to

satellites. they're available free of charge and they cover wide areas of the earth's surface every 5 days, supplying images in all the relevant spectrums of light. but the spatial resolution leave something to be desired. so far, the data has been used to monitor forests in agricultural land and their change over time to train the a i program to analyze images of war time destruction. data analyst book of 5 la, draws and images of former combat regions that were carefully documented by staff at the u. n. f wouldn't answer and if i do look to south county comments magazine from law, so this here is mosul, quite not in the dance, identify the coordinates of where the city suffered damage surely done. you can also see that in july and large areas of the city were completely destroyed,

these red dance identify areas of destruction via it. and this data which tells us pretty much exactly where there was destruction can be used to train the algorithm with them. it's in the goal is to link the various colored areas on the map to the satellite image or so by drawing on the many thousands of data points, the ai system will eventually learn how to reliably identify this kind of destruction. lisa will have you been using sentinel twos, somewhat lower resolution images, but it won't completely replace human intelligence. when i witness somebody forgets history on. for example, if an algorithm identifies that a building was destroyed with a 50 percent competence level, and then the algorithm just isn't sure the size and then a human needs to take a close look out and figure out what really happened on the ground. it was and that's not the case that the algorithm is 95 percent certain percentage cut seizures tell we land is collaborating with young, vague now on the project. her expertise in analyzing war time images will also flow

into the algorithm. they hope to have the initial version of the a i supported system within the next 2 years. the i c r. c analyst is cautiously optimistic in someone who is really pragmatic. so i want to see the quality of the results and, and i'd be able to exchange with my colleagues on the ground. if this is something that they can use, ah, can quickly in their work, the researchers have even bigger plans. they hope that the ai system will one day be used to support ceasefire agreement, or even peace negotiations. and not just in conflicts like the warren ukraine. they're also hoping to help diffuse conflicts that aren't in the global limelight conflict analyst, valerie sch, deja advises the zurich project and is convinced it could make a difference. it is on that for peace negotiations. it's important to look at what

happened during the war a i can help provide that overview. and later it could act as an early warning system to monitor whether the warring parties are sticking to their agreements or whether some other kind of intervention is needed. on the perhaps one day seen that new a i system will be able to help find ways out of wars like a warning. me great at the warren ukraine has d stabilized energy supplies in many european countries, they want to become independent of russian gas. the challenge is to find alternatives. liquid natural gas or l n g is one alternative, but there's no infrastructure in place. some of you that coal and nuclear power should continue to be used, but could now be the perfect time to make the switch to green energy. of course, i'll main sources of energy have always been changing over the years. humans

have been using fire for around a 1000000 years. they burned would pete and dung. it's been a source of heat and a way to prepare food. it was even used to harden wouldn't spears, but our ancestors only learned how to light fires themselves in the last few 1000 years. still for more than 5000 years, people have been using oil lamps to bring light to the darkness. these early lamps, mostly round unfashionable oils, religious ceremonies were often illuminated in this way. candles made of wax tallow, or fat, also started to be used. in ancient times, charcoal burners refined wood into charcoal, and they're smoking kills fis allowed higher firing temperatures, which made it possible to process metal and make new ceramics. the romans used charcoal on an industrial scale clearing and tire forests and releasing huge

amounts of pollution due to the economic boom and population growth at the end of the middle ages would for building materials and fuel became scarce. in many places, a new source of energy was needed. that's when coal mining became important and eventually fueled the industrial revolution. hard working steam engines had an almost insatiable hunger for energy. and massive amounts of coal were burned. the construction and operation of a growing railway network added to the need for coal. millions of tons of coal were being used. the release of significant amounts of c, o 2 had begun. the world would never be the same. another energy transition was on the horizon because an important fuel for lamps whale oil was beginning to dry up. whalers had ruthlessly killed the animals for 3 centuries . their oil was the main source of energy for lighting.

in the 19th century and gas lamps became the standard for lighting and urban areas . the fuel was made out of coal. but since gas lamps were so expensive to operate and maintain, starting in the 19 twenties and electric lighting became more popular. coal fired power plants provided the necessary electricity. at the same time, the horse drawn carriage was replaced by the automobile. a new energy hungry machine. huge amounts of crude oil were soon needed to meet the world's additional need for gasoline and diesel. after world war 2, private households were increasingly electrified refrigerators, electric stoves, washing machines and personal electronics. the demand for electricity skyrocketed and was mainly covered by comb or oil fired power plants. all

of this nearly came to an end with the oil crisis in the 1970s high oil prices paralyzed industry and halted traffic. this open the door for nuclear power plants a way to produce electricity at home without depending on other countries. nuclear energy was all the rage, but more and more people in europe opposed the development leaving nuclear and fossil fuels behind. that's the rallying cry today. renewables are meant to provide power for a clean or electric tech civilization. will this be our last energy transition? looking back, it's not likely since the start of the war in ukraine, the focus has been on nuclear energy. russian troops have taken over the nuclear reactor in a preacher. the fighting has compromised its safety. in other countries, nuclear energy represents the solution to the energy crisis. even in germany where all nuclear power plants are due to be shut down by 2023,

3 generators. annella said to remain in operation. could nuclear energy also help fight climate change? a terrifying threat to the planet. but for others, a risk worth taking nuclear power is divisive. china and india have been ramping up. that capacity used to get electricity to hundreds of millions, more people without raising emissions. other countries from germany to japan has been switching off plants because that read about safety, do we need nuclear energy to stop climate change and should we risk it? we've probably all heard of the infamous cannibal disaster in 1986. a reactor went out of control and blew up after overheated uranium melted through protective barriers. the disaster channel was the worst in the history of nuclear power generation. let's fast forward 25 years. in 2011 an earthquake and soon ami struck

the coast of japan, killing more than 19000 people and funding 3 nuclear reactive at the fukushima plant into meltdown. with disasters like these, it's no surprise people find nuclear power apocalyptic. but take a look at the numbers and that fear doesn't hold up compared to renewable sources of energy. nuclear has killed more people for each terror. what hour of electricity than it's generated. but let's put that in the context of fossil fuels . the death rates from burning gas, oil, and coal make nuclear seem almost as safe as solar or wind. that's because burning fossil fuels relief is toxic particles, but damage our lungs and hearts. the appellation they cause kills an estimated $8000000.00 people a year. comparing nuclear and coal is like comparing planes and cars. while we

obsess about plane crashes, far more people die on the road than in the air for every kilometer they travel. but plane crashes make the headlines and so they seem even scarier, same goes for nuclear disasters. if you compare them to clarion this you, although in industries certainly you are fuzzy foods are the number of that that, that, that it is, is the minimum. but so far there have been few nuclear designs to in history. and you catastrophe could change the entire discourse beyond that radioactive waste could claim many lives in the future. more about that later. ah, the fact that nuclear energy is safer than fossil fuels is one reason why some people at changing their minds about nuclear power. the big one is that in terms of climate change, nuclear is clean it c, o 2 emissions are about as low as solar and wind over its lifetime. and it also provides a pretty constant supply of electricity as countries kick fossil fuels out of the

energy grids. nuclear could provide a steady baseload for when the sun is shining in the winds, not blowing. 10 years ago i changed my mind about nuclear energy. i realized that we needed nuclear energy to solid climate change. but does quitting nuclear mean burning more fossil fuels? let's look at germany. it's been shutting down nuclear plants for decades, but 2 of 3 remaining ones will remain operational in case an emergency occurs if you're guns office, i want to say completely openly here as a supporter of the peaceful use of nuclear energy. my view on nuclear energy has changed since the events of japan. shortly after the fukushima disaster, german chancellor angle america announced a nuclear phase out a decision that may have proved costly. a study in 2019 estimated that quitting nuclear flu, germany's coal exit so much for that lead to $1100.00 more depth than expected from breathing dirty air each year. the annual social cost is $12000000000.00

but that's only half the story. germany's electricity emissions actually later fell as renewables push coal out of the mix and energy experts say the massive expansion of renewables was only politically possible because the government agreed to quit nuclear. you can argue with both ways. probably germany would have been able to reduce the clinician weaker if it differently, but all the best, i think of renewable, although not only in germany, but this is really, again uba an expert on nuclear power. she says renewable energy. is it cheaper than building new nuclear plants? it's not the same as keeping existing nuclear plants on line for longer building new nuclear capacity is agatha groups now very expensive. it, but me to put something into a prolonging you can. but as a catch year, old react is a more dangerous and need to be retrofitted to stay safe. and what about the

nuclear waste? spent fuel rods stay radioactive tens of thousands of years. and it's not only the roads, all the concrete and metal exposed to radiation can't just be thrown away. decommissioning and nuclear plant can take decades. the problem is, even after 70, as of nuclear power generation, nobody has found a proven way to get rid of the waste for good. my name is joe, correct, recovery, suffering for europe. this is how the comp on a boat in 2018 trying to stop a nuclear plant he fails, could end up dumping radioactive waste into the ocean. nuclear waste is something even nuclear advocate, so sometimes on shore about it's toxic radioactive and in the wrong hands could even be used for radioactive or does he bombs using scope together in high reactive waste needs to be kept out of your farm for protein. that is really big, a real big chunk, the industry solution for nuclear waste to bury it deep,

underground, isolating the waste inside rockwell clay to stop radiation reaching the surface. finland is set to open the wells, thus deep geological storage facility in 2023 to permanently deal with its nuclear waste. we think that deep in the finish, but druck 450 meters deep in a kind of concrete ah, parcher petrocca is the safest place to put them down there. uh huh. it's always better there. lot in temporary storage is on the ground level. oh, this is patsy to a hema from placebo. the company that designed the facility. but if the site perceiver is building up, okay, latoya west and finland is the only one in the world. and it hasn't even been built yet. can we really trust that the technology will work for ever while, of course, if it hasn't been started, there hasn't been a prototype, but it has been tested. even in all kilo that we have been doing 30 years of

research, and it's all kind of possible aah! leaks and things that might happen. they are considered that might not convince environmentalists worried about contamination and even potential terror attacks and the distant future. but even they agree, the idea needs research. the world already has half a century's worth of nuclear waste to deal with. so what does this all mean for us to we really need nuclear power to stop climate change? well, it can clearly help. nuclear is as safe as renewable energy in terms of lives lost and could balance out a clean energy mix. but we still can't be sure the waste won't come back to hurt us in the future. huh. ah, to understand the debate better just a few points. how does nit in 80 work items,

mostly uranium 235 and plutonium are split in a nuclear reactor with the help of neutrons. this process releases entity the energy heats moser, which then gets off steam. christine powers the turbine, which is connected to a generator, and that produces electricity. nothing is burned in a nuclear reactor, so no greenhouse gas emissions are released. but the process produces radioactive waste. that new is this and creates energy was formulated by albert einstein as equals m. c squared ruffled larry from nigeria wants to better understand what that means. what does equals m c squared mean? the world's most famous equation was contained in a paper, albert einstein published in 19 o 5. it was

a kind of after thought to his theory of special relativity. the formula established a relationship between e or energy and or mass. and c, v incredibly fast speed of light. that means even a tiny amount of mass contains a large amount of energy. that's evident, for example, when atomic nuclei fused together. such nuclear fusion takes place in the sun's interior. the temperature and pressure is so high that hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium nuclei. the sun loses about $4000000.00 tons of mass per 2nd via radiation. but that's not even a drop in the bucket compared to the sun's entire mass. because a tiny amount of mass produces a vast amount of energy. scientists are looking for ways to generate energy by nuclear fusion here on earth to. but that's still

a long way off. nuclear vision also transforms mass into energy. one very well known example of this is the nuclear bomb. after the explosion, the total mass of the fragment, speeding apart, is less than the original mass. in nuclear power, plants atoms are split into these fragments. a 1000th of a gram of this mass generates roughly as much energy as 8 households in europe use in a year. so much for the practical side. now to the theory, einstein's formula also describes the conversion of energy into mass. that's what a particle accelerator does. charged atoms are subatomic particles, are accelerated and made to collide in gigantic detectors. the energy of that collision is then converted into matter particles, the building blocks of the universe. so in a way, einstein's formula allowed physicists to discover the fundamental principles that

make up our world atomic fees and produces enormous amounts of energy. one graham of nuclear feel is equivalent to 11 tons of coal, or 90000 kilowatt hours. with one kilowatt hour, you could watch 14 episodes of tomorrow today. we know there. yes. at recess, intermediate fuse and continue. ah, this is where scientific history is being made. the joint european taurus or jet fusion facility and the british town of cullum, near oxford, a pink flame flickers in the darkness. first, it covers the floor of the reactor. then it flavors up to the ceiling. what you're looking at is a fine 2nd plasma pulse that releases $59.00 mega jewels of energy. a record in nuclear fusion energy generation. it's not

a particularly large amount of energy, just enough to boil 60 electric kettles. but for science, it's a milestone. this is also very significant because what we've managed to demonstrate inside jet is that we could create a many sun the right got a mini saw, hold it there for sustain period and get really good performance levels, which is a major step forward in terms of our quest to get sets of using power blocks, the sun uses nuclear fusion to generate energy, naturally glowing, hot plasma and ionized gas bubbles within. at about 15000000 degrees celsius. under huge pressure, hydrogen atoms constantly fused to form helium adams. this process, the so called hydrogen burning produces energy which the sun emits has radiation. nuclear fusion research is modeled on this type of reaction. like at the gen,

experimental nuclear fusion facility and the u. k. in a talk, a mac rafter plasma is heated to more than 100000000 degrees celsius using microwaves in a ring shaped vacuum chamber. once this process is set in motion, it is supposed to continue by itself indefinitely. almost the same thing happens in the sun. hydrogen nuclei fused gather to form helium and energy is released. however, a lot of energy is required to activate the process. the major goal of fusion research is to eventually produce more energy than is needed to heat the plasma. weather man made large scale nuclear fusion will be a success remains to be proven by more powerful nuclear fusion facilities such as eater here and southern france. oh,

that's all for this weeks. tomorrow to day d, w. science magazine. you can find more reports from the world of science online at d, w dot com. thanks for watching and until next week. stay curious with

who? ah, today i'm going to take you on a trip along the 2nd wine route from place to mason. right winery, the niece says it all. 60 bunfield kilometers. you just have to come to the 2nd one route. it's a small wine region, but it's got a lot of history and culture to check in

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