they die, them, check everything out. there's a lot going on in their local ah, germany tried and tested with 30 minutes on d. w. we've got some hot tips for your bucket list. no magic corner tread hotspot for food and some great cultural memorials to boot w travel off. we go. sounds from a bygone era, discover how ancient musical instruments are being brought back to life magazine. can tell scientists a lot about cadavers. sometimes they can even help solve murder cases and experienced the micro cosmos up close and personal. and you microscope help

scientists better observe living cells. oh, that's and more on this episode of tomorrow to day d w science program. welcome in this is antonio sunday of and have a both microscopes like the one here. he carefully inspected a multitude of materials like water from a lake may his home town of delft in evidence. it revealed a world that had been hidden from him before to day. modern microscopes allow humans to gaze even deeper into the microcosmic he. ready if you want to understand life on earth. ready you have to watch closely. you'll also have to register and understand the smallest of structures. it's nothing new

individuals who are thirsty for knowledge have been doing it for a long time. and the tools to do that, like microscopes have been improving overtime as well. there's just one problem. watching living cells is an easy, that's why the physicists, thomas called pena valesh epsky and your eggs. even morgan have invented a new kind of microscope. they are now able to observe biochemical processes within the cells. something that's never been done before. ready ready and this is what the microscope looks like. it's name lattice light sheets, 7. we're looking at fascinating recordings of living human cells. here we're observing my ptosis, the process of cells dividing. we can now witness one of the most essential processes of life in a new way without disturbing and not disturbing the process. what's that supposed to mean? cells are very sensitive and also very cautious. they only divide when the

conditions are right for the dividing process to work without a hitch. if a mistake takes place while the cell is dividing, it can lead to mutations. ready or even cancer. ready but as observation affect the process, if we want to observe something, we need light. for example, of course you can see in the dark but light is energy. ready and too much of that energy can make a sick or interested. our last case as sunburn reminds us of that. if we want to observe cell division and thus add a huge amount of light to the process, the cells simply won't divide. turned the lights off and it works turn the lights back on and it's over. ready off on ah, we can't see the thing we want to see. observation disturbs the processes of life.

the only thing that helps is less light, but then the pictures on any good. that's why the light sheet is so effective. it doesn't illuminate the entire area. only the layer in focus of the lens. it makes a composite a small strips which are laid next to each other, creating a 3 dimensional picture. we can finally observe life in the process of living. it sounds good, but don't get your hopes up just yet. there are still some challenges ahead. cells live in a watery environment. you'll need to be able to see in water ever tried looking for a last ring in the water from the edge of the swimming pool. it's hard to recognize anything through the water surface. a divers mask would help, that's why the microscope looks through the glass bottom of the sample container. then the light sheet itself has to be used. so the lens is looking from a crooked angle. ready mm, but that makes the quality of the picture so bad that you can't say anything. it's

impossible unless you have extremely complex lenses the correct everything. ready they're actually not even lenses, but rather so called freeform optical elements that smooth everything out and create a focused image. that's how this new and completely unique microscope lens makes views like this possible. ready mm hm. they could pave the way to new basic research in the field of medicine. the developer say you can observe the processes in living cells for minutes or even for hours. ah, watching you living things is always fascinating an embryo. grace. ne life is born. it continues growing until it dies and 9 feeds on the one that passed away.

the living things found on dead animals providing potion please and murder cases. a scientist in switzerland who observes maggots on pig cadavers, doves deep into this phenomenon. these maggots come from a pin cadaver forensic entomologist year she hauled a check from the university of lazar in switzerland is using the insects for an experiment. he aims to demonstrate how observing the developmental stages of maggots could help solve murder cases. always clean minutes for hours of 3rd, her death of the 1st floor or all or a dinner that swayed so precise for us to basically work with them. because by calculating by using insects for estimation of post mortem in payroll, we basically calculated when the 1st fly laid x on embody. and that's pretty much, almost the same time as when the person died. the data harder check is collecting,

could help saw future cases. he examines the maggots from the pink cadaver very carefully. it's a difficult process even for experts. this particular maggot has a pair of noticeable characteristics. these 2 black quarts are the mold hoax. so when the mouth hooks are black, it's a clear case or is it's kelly for obama toria or the blue bottle flying or close to which is black. busy inspecting all the maggots can be time consuming and complicated without referencing scientific texts, it's impossible. for real cases, however, the maggots are collected alive, not dead. so when we have a real case scenario, we collect the larva a life and we need to know exactly how much time they needed to finish their own

life cycle in order to be able to calculate the timely spent on the body. oh, so that will basically then tell us the estimation for smoked and internal yoshi hot a check tanks. us on a trip to the lows on history museum. researchers started using insects to help in murder investigations here 30 years ago. the 6 legged witnesses from 160 murder cases are stored here. ah, it's a unique collection. one of the most sensational cases archived here is the chaplain case from the year 2000. the case involved a gardener who found 2 decomposed corpses in a park. one man was hanged next to him was a 2nd victim who appeared to have been strangled. the strangled victim was

a woman. ideas were found near the bodies. it was a young married couple from moldova. the critical question was: when did they die? these are the insects that were found at the crime scene back then. and there were lots of them not only flies, but also various beatles and beatle narvie 20 years later, a look at the larvae reveal to how to check what investigators desperately wanted to know back then. this lovely is interesting because it's larva of species called to lacroix, disney parralis. and the species comes to depth seen around 2 weeks of that, of course. and then it lies x. and we can calculate how much time it took for the ladder can grow his life and weakened an estimate,

the post mortem interval to be around $4.00 to $5.00 weeks. maybe the time frame turned out to be exactly right. the insects help. so the chaplain case, according to the police, there was no 3rd party involved in the murder back to the university and liaison to experiment with pigs. in addition to magnets, yet as she hot a check also breeds flies. he wants to inspect them carefully because their differences are critical for different species appeared here on a single day, which one visits a cadaver. and when is often the key to solving particular cases, countless living things play a role in the decomposition process. it starts with microbes in the intestines.

when an animal dies, these microbes live on and they begin to digest the dead. animal. flies are also there from the beginning of the process. they laid their eggs in openings in the body for flies, maggots. a dead body is a veritable paradise. at the same time, the microbes and the intestines create a lot of gas and the pinks body begins to swell. after a few days, the skin begins to terror making the cadaver more accessible for the maggots. other insects are also interested in the dead animal, including carry on beetles. they also lay eggs in the body and their offspring feed on the beatles maggots, as well as the carrion animals that eat carry on like foxes, mice and other rodents are also drawn to the cadaver. over the next few months,

the white, the bones clean. they are also interested in the bones themselves. for foxes, the bone marrow is especially tasty mice and squirrels also enjoy chewing on the dry bones. they obtain nutrients like calcium and phosphorus from the bones and cut their teeth on them. as rodents, teeth never stopped growing. this beetle is aptly known as a grave digger. it and other carrion beetles spend their days keeping nature clean . but not all animals are active during the day. at night time baths take flight and foxes come out of hiding to search for food. but what to animals do when they're not looking for food? do they rest this question, let kettle camacho to la to lonnie from mexico to pose the following question. blue can spiders sleep?

their hearts are in their abdomen. and blue blood flows through their bodies. spiders are creative hunters and ingenious builders. the threads with which they build their webs are up to $25.00 times as resilient as a steel thread of the same thickness. in tons per year, spiders eat more than whales, meaning they regulate the insect world like almost no other species. and they lived their lives mostly unseen in the shadows. ah, when we are tired, our eyelids become heavier and heavier until we drop slowly off to sleep. oh, you spiders have no islands to. ready chloe. ready ready when they lie down to rest,

they hang themselves upside down on one of their silken threads. they're the hang motionless, a sign that they're likely sleeping. they're fully retracted. legs show that their muscles are completely relaxed. if spiders wish to move, they have to pump fluid into their legs in order to stretch them again. that only happens when they're fully alert. jumping spiders can create a free dimensional picture of their environment for themselves. as the name suggests, they catch their prey not in website, but by jumping on it. that means they have to correctly guess the distance to their victims and anticipate their victims movements to ensure success. lou behind their main eyes, spiders have secondary eyes with movable retina tubes using these they target their

victims and focus on not only can jumping spiders move their eyes. recent research suggests they can perhaps also dream. in humans, dreams typically occur during a sleep phase known as r e. m. rapid eye movement. when this happens, our brains are particularly active. research has shown other mammals. oh, so dream. mood jumping spiders, contract their legs and move their eyes while resting. evidence of r. e m, sleep. more research is needed to see whether spiders do, in fact sleep and dream. ah, if how good is why i do you have a science placed in it? so send us a video text, a voice message. if we answer it an episode,

horse and he was so gift to say thank you. so come on, just as we all have to use the toilet, usually more than once a day. what lands and german toilet bowls is often flushed away. the 5th fleet is a drinking water on average, more than a 3rd of drinking water per capita is used up by toilets. in addition to the water being wasted, vital nutrients found and human excrement also wasted in the process. but believe it or not, there are efforts underway to do something useful with what lands in the toilet time for the morning trip to the toilet at this music festival. in northern germany . these toilets are collecting a valuable resource fecal matter. ready here it's not considered waste, rather a raw material. during the summer sanitation start up for need seo has been sending

the toilets from festival to festival. the wash problem use the raw materials. we're talking about our urine and of course, feces that's collected here in all just enormous amounts of nutrients. it's good stuff that comes out of us, combining my phone, you know, wasn't, but we just did flush it away and don't want to have anything to do with it. but it's something we really have to start dealing with. again. i'm stymied antoneyer. that's exactly the goal of the states. once it research projects circle your bar, which itself is also a part of a vi cows or coordinates the project together, human waste from public toilets and turn it into a usable resource. instead of flushing the waste with water, it's covered with pulverized straw. i can do a demonstration as if someone were peeing and it inside the toilet. the urine runs into a separate container. that means the feces stays dry. keeping them separate makes

them easier to purify. one extra element of the project is to collection and waste and to bring the nutrients in it on to the fields as fertilizer. there's huge recycling potential in human waste aspect. this is where nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, and many others that people excrete every day, are being recycled, turning the plants that feed us back into fertilizer, fallen by men after why do we want to recycle nutrients? asper, if we look at mineral for just phosphorus or potassium, we typically get them from mines, and when it comes to phosphorus, resources are extremely scarce. nitrogen is another neutral that will really need to be recycling because it's an essential nutrients that every plant needs to grow . and that would normally be extracted in an energy intensive way. during composting bacteria create heat, so we're currently at $67.00 degrees is up, her goal is to reach $75.00 degrees because that's when you have the greatest an

activation rate for pathogens thought of her con. guzzling up killing of the pathogens is key. that's just one of the things monitored by claudia kirsten of lab team at the bio mass research center in lexi share my telephone. heavy metal should definitely not be present. we also check there is no mercury or lead or traces of medication or resistant jermel that when all goes well, they're usually killed off during the purification process, and the temperatures in the compost opportunity. regulations in germany currently forbid the use of human waste in agricultural fertilizers. that's due to hygiene concerns. following her initial analysis, claudia kirsten is optimistic simply about plans to focus next on you. urine as a resource, which right now, still has to be disposed of in the sewage system. then

i'm back to perfect. the comment would actually be the perfect combination. if we were able to bring all the nutrients we excrete together again in the form of agricultural fertilizer that's used to produce more food added. this now has a good smell of soil. that means the composting has gone well. the material has turned back into soil ada. the team is working on improving an automating urine composting in order to start processing larger amounts. ionic houses and florian augustine, never lose sight of the big picture to make their products so good and so clean that they'll be put to use on fields on the festivals are providing more than enough raw material o toilets can also contain hidden treasures. ancient commodes are

often veritable treasure troves. will archaeologists, these gold coins from the 14th century are from a toilet in cologne. the former owner would have missed a daily wooden musical instruments that would normally have disintegrated over time were found intact inside of all toilets as well their artifacts from the bygone era . ringback these instruments are replicas based on artistic representations dating to the middle ages. the music played on them, give us a sense of how a harp loot or hurdy gurdy might have sounded 800 years ago. archaeologists like benjamin she beast rarely have authentic fragments to work with. boys i had a missed would, doesn't usually last forever had makers were conditions have to be optimal for organic materials to be preserve, am cleanser yet, but you need a closed but damp environment in like a well bullet train shaft. i thought that this is one of the very where examples of

that a monitor gone swimming beleaguered africa. this fragment of cherrywood was found in the 1950s in an ancient latrine and roots far germany. at 1st, it was thought to be part of her recorder. at later when speech and a calling examined the fragment more closely, they had their doubts. the instrument boe out of the full moon dorski the instrument maker thought the slightly conical shape of the fragment suggested it could be part of a bladder pipe. when i'm glad this bill is as well now. yeah, that was a very simple type of bagpipe which was the kind of instrument played in a medieval pie out this to be served with house instil, mendis, middle arleada's wall to solve the mystery. they had to find out more about the structure, an inner workings of the instrument, something hard to accomplish without destroying the delicate fragment. at the fallen hall for institute for integrated circuits, researchers can examine valuable artifacts using

a 3 d c t scanner. benyamin speech prepares the fragment for the skin 1st, it's carefully placed on a pedestal, which is then placed on a rotary plate. in the c t scanner, the researchers can watch the scan on the monitors. laughlin see what you see here. our ordinary x ray images of the con, your doctor might do the balcony. the object rotates continuously a tiny bit at a time between each image dobbs in the animals, all those x ray images are compiled into a 3 d model. there, this objects disarming as, as it takes almost half an hour to scan the rotating fragment. in the end, there are $1200.00 images saved and a multi terabyte database. the one fragment isn't the 1st musical instrument they've scanned here. they've also examined an 18th century piano and

a cello made by antonio strata ari. to check that the restored inner lining was a perfect fit. every object comes with its own challenges. what do object is us with this object? we want it to understand what the corpus looked like in does is because that's what determines the sound of a wood when instrumental mind. to do that, let us we had to take the object and straighten it digital it too early, did you target? i was quite deformed as you can see for 4 to 6000000. all the data is used to generate a 3 d image, which also provides more information about the instruments interior. thomas sam is a mathematician by profession, but he's also a keen amateur musician who know something about woodwind instruments isn't so we inside diameter is somewhere around $8.00 to $10.00 millimeters, pretty large muscles, which also suggests it's not a flute as well. it wouldn't hurt for you to sort of the cone like shape is another clear indication that the fragment was once part of a bank pipe. they use

a 3 d printer to make several plastic replicas of various sizes. those plastic fragments will also be studied and used by an instrument maker who builds a replica made of wood. when the wooden bladder pipe is ready, toma puts it to the test. oh . the mystery of the 13th century fragment is soft. archaeologist could also use c t scanners like this and other ways them it's, i'm just emotionally caught you have if it helps us to create a digital double of an object and make it available around the world fuels that's really huge. nicholas and guns cancel the instrument to leave the museum. i would say leave the museum archive and in a sense, go out into the world. in dim sina outweighed by token, from the digital double,

will allow scientists to study artifacts and objects any time anywhere. and the data could be used as the basis for a virtual collection of historical artifacts. ah, that's all for this episode of tomorrow to day d. w signs. program. thanks for tuning in. we had to see you again next week until then the stay curious. bye bye. ah ah, with

you on the road with our super hero. my mission is clear. how steger antony con felicia explored germany. they dive in and they check

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