more being exploited this time, this was the in the song that the green revolution on absolutely necessary. europe revealed the future is being determined. now, our documentary theories will show you how people, companies and countries are we thinking everything and making later changes. europe revealed this week on d. w. sounds from a bygone era discover how ancient musical instruments are being brought back to life magazine. can tell scientists a lot about cadavers. sometimes they can even help solve murder cases and experienced the microcosm was up close and personal. and you, microscope,

help scientists better observe living cells all that and more on this episode of tomorrow to day d w science program. welcome. now this is antonio fundy oven hub. he bought microscopes like the one here. he carefully inspected a multitude of materials like water from a lake near his home town of delphi in the netherlands. it revealed a world that had been hidden from him before to day. modern microscopes allow humans to gaze even deeper into the microcosmic he. ready if you want to understand life on earth. ready you have to watch closely, you'll also have to register and understand the smallest of structures. ready it's nothing new and jewels were thirsty for knowledge, have been doing it for

a long time. and the tools to do that, like microscopes have been improving over time as well. there's just one problem. watching living cells is an easy. that's why the physicists thomas called pena valesh epsky and you exhibit morgan have invented a new kind of microscope. they are now able to observe biochemical processes within the cells. something that's never been done before. ready and this is what the microscope looks like. it's name lattice light sheet 7. we're looking at fascinating recordings of living human cells. here we're observing my ptosis. ready the process of cells dividing. we can now witness one of the most essential processes of life in a new way without disturbing not disturbing the process. what's that supposed to mean? cells are very sensitive and also very cautious. they only divide when the

conditions are right for the dividing process to work without a hitch. if a mistake takes place while the cell is dividing, it can lead to mutations. ready or even cancer. ready but as observation affect the process, if we want to observe something, we need light. for example, of course you can see in the dark, but light is energy. and too much of that energy can make a sick or interested. our last case of sunburn reminds us of that. if we want to observe cell division and thus add a huge amount of light to the process, the cells simply won't divide. turned the lights off and it works. turn lights back on, and it's over. ready off on we can't see the thing we want to see. observation disturbs the processes of life. the only thing that helps is less light,

but then the pictures on any good. that's why the light sheet is so effective. it doesn't illuminate the entire area. only the layer in focus of the lens. it makes a composite a small strips which are laid next to each other, creating a 3 dimensional picture. we can finally observe life in the process of living. it sounds good, but don't get your hopes up just yet. there are still some challenges ahead. cells live in a watery environment. you'll need to be able to see in water ever tried looking for a last ring in the water from the edge of the swimming pool. it's hard to recognize anything through the water surface. a divers mask would help. that's why the microscope looks through the glass bottom of the sample container. then the light sheet itself has to be used for the lens is looking from a crooked angle. ready but that makes the quality of the picture so bad that you can't see anything. it's impossible unless you have extremely complex lenses that

correct everything. ready they're actually not even lenses, but rather so called freeform optical elements that smooth everything out and create a focused image. that's how this new and completely unique microscope lens makes use like this possible. ready mm hm. they could pave the way to new basic research in the field of medicine. the developer say you can observe the processes in living cells for minutes or even for hours. ah, watching a living things is always fascinating an embryo. grace. ne life is bone. it continues growing until it dies and 9 feeds on the one that passed away. the living things found on dead animals providing potion keys and murder case

a scientist in switzerland who observes maggots on pig cadavers, doves deep into this phenomenon. these maggots come from a pin cadaver forensic entomologist year she hauled a check from the university of lazar in switzerland is using the insects for an experiment. he aims to demonstrate how observing the developmental stages of maggots could help solve murder cases. always clean minutes for hours of 3rd, her death. oh, the 1st floor or all or a dinner that swayed so precise for us to basically work with them big. because by calculating by using insects for estimation of post mortem in peril, we basically calculated when the 1st fly laid the x on embody. and that's pretty much, almost the same time as when the person died. the data harder check is collecting

could help. so future cases, he examines the maggots from the pink cadaver very carefully. it's a difficult process, even for experts. this particular maggot has a pair of noticeable characteristics. these 2 black carts are the mode hooks. so when the mouth hooks are black, it's a clear case or if it's color for obama. toria or the blue bottle flying or close to which is black. busy inspecting all the maggots can be time consuming and complicated without referencing scientific texts, it's impossible. for real cases, however, the maggots are collected alive, not dead. so when we have a real case scenario, we collect the larva a life and we need to know exactly how much time they needed to finish their own life cycle in order to be able to calculate the timely spent on the body. oh,

so that will basically then tell us the estimation postmark. don't throw usually hot a chance. takes us on a trip to the low san history museum. researchers started using insects to help in murder investigations here 30 years ago. the 6 legged witnesses from 160 murder cases are stored here. it's a unique collection. one of the most sensational cases archived here is the chaplain case from the year 2000. the case involved a gardener who found 2 decomposed corpses in a park. one man was hanged next to him was the 2nd victim who appeared to have been strangled. the strangled victim was

a woman. ideas were found near the bodies. it was a young married couple from moldova. the critical question was: when did they die? these are the insects that were found at the crime scene back then. and there were lots of them not only flies, but also various beatles and beatle narvie 20 years later, a look at the larvae reveal to how to check what investigators desperately wanted to know back then. this larger is interesting because it's larva of species schol to lacroix does li parralis. and the species comes to death scene around 2 weeks of 3rd of the course. and then it lies x. and we can calculate how much time it took for elaborate growth is alike and weakened an estimate to

post mortem interval to be around $4.00 to $5.00 weeks. maybe the time frame turned out to be exactly right. the insects help. so the chaplain case, according to the police, there was no 3rd party involved in the murder oh, back to the university and lowes on to experiment with pigs. in addition to maggots, yet she had a check also breeds flies. he wants to inspect them carefully because their differences are critical for different species appeared here on a single day, which one visits a cadaver. and when is often the key to solving particular cases, countless living things play a role in the decomposition process. it starts with microbes in the intestines.

when an animal dies, these microbes live on and they begin to digest the dead. animal. flies are also there from the beginning of the process. they laid their eggs in openings in the body for flies, maggots. a dead body is a veritable paradise. at the same time, the microbes and the intestines create a lot of gas and the pinks body begins to swell. after a few days, the skin begins to tear making the cadaver more accessible for the maggots. other insects are also interested in the dead animal, including carry on beetles. they also lay eggs in the body and their offspring feed on the beatles maggots, as well as the carrion animals that eat carry on like foxes, mice and other rodents are also drawn to the cadaver. over the next few months, the white,

the bones clean. they are also interested in the bones themselves. for foxes, the bone marrow is especially tasty mice and squirrels also enjoy chewing on the dry bones. they obtain nutrients like calcium and phosphorus from the bones and cut their teeth on them. as rodents, teeth never stopped growing. this beetle is aptly known as a grave diggin it and other carrion beetles spend their days keeping nature clean. but not all animals are active during the day. at night time baths take flight and foxes come out of hiding to search for food. but what 2 animals do when they're not looking for food? do they rest? this question, let capsule, camacho to la to lonnie from mexico to pose the following question. blue can spiders sleep?

their hearts are in their abdomen and blue blood flows through their bodies. spiders are creative hunters and ingenious builders. the threads with which they build their webs are up to $25.00 times as resilient as a steel thread of the same thickness. in tons per year, spiders eat more than whales, meaning they regulate the insect world like almost no other species. and they lived their lives mostly unseen in the shadows. ah, when we are tired, our eyelids become heavier and heavier until we drop slowly off to sleep. oh you spiders have no i live to. ready chloe. ready ready when they lie down to rest, they hang themselves upside down on one of their silken threads. they're the hang

motionless, a sign that they're likely sleeping. they're fully retracted. legs show that their muscles are completely relaxed. if spiders wish to move, they have to pump fluid into their legs in order to stretch them again. that only happens when they're fully alert. jumping spiders can create a free dimensional picture of their environment for themselves. as the name suggests, they catch their pray, not in webs, but by jumping on it. that means they have to correctly guess the distance to their victims and anticipate their victims movements to ensure success. lou behind their main eyes, spiders have secondary eyes with movable retina tubes using these,

they target their victims and focus on not only can jumping spiders move their eyes. recent research suggests they can perhaps also dream. in humans, dreams typically occur during a sleep phase known as r e. m. rapid eye movement. when this happens, our brains are particularly active. research has shown other mammals. oh, so dream. mood jumping spiders, contract their legs and move their eyes while resting. evidence of r. e m, sleep more research is needed to see whether spiders do, in fact sleep and dream. ah, how good is why i do you have a science placed in it? so send us a video text of voice message. if we answer it an episode,

horse and he was small gift to say, thank you. so come on to starve. we all have to use the toilet usually more than once a day. what lands and german toilet bowls as often flashed away, the 5th fleet is a drinking water on average. more than a 3rd of drinking water per capita is used up by toilets. in addition to the water being wasted, vital nutrients found and human excrement are also wasted. in the process, but believe it or not, there are efforts underway to do something useful with what lands in the toilet time for the morning trip to the toilet at this music festival in northern germany . these toilets are collecting a valuable resource fecal matter. ready here it's not considered waste, rather a raw material. during the summer sanitation start up for need seo has been sending

the toilets from festival to festival. the watched on the raw materials, we're talking about our urine. and of course, the feces that's collected here in all just enormous amounts of nutrients. it's good stuff that comes out of us. combine, i thought, you know, wasn't, but we just flush it away and don't want to have anything to do with it. but it's something we really have to start dealing with again and stick it on. so now that's exactly the goal of the states. once it research projects, typically a bar, which itself is also a part of a vi cows or coordinates the project to gather human waste. from public toilets and turn it into a usable resource. instead of flushing the waste with water, it's covered with pulverized straw. i can do a demonstration as if some one were peeing and it inside the toilet. the urine runs into a separate container. that means the feces stays dry, keeping them separate makes them easier to purify. one extra element of the project

is to collection and waste and to bring the nutrients in it on to the fields as fertilizer. there's huge recycling potential in human waste aspect. this is where nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, and many others that people excrete every day of being recycled. turning the plants that feed us back into fertilizer. phone by minister, why do we want to recycle nutrients? asked if we look at mineral, such as phosphorus or potassium, we typically get them from mines. and when it comes to phosphorus, resources are extremely scarce. nitrogen is another neutral that will really need to be recycling because it's an essential nutrients that every plant needs to grow . and that would normally be extracted in an energy intensive way. during composting bacteria create heat. so we're currently at $67.00 degrees is up, her goal is to reach $75.00 degrees because that's when you have the greatest an

activation rate for pathogens thought of her conquer, totaling up killing of the pathogens is key. that's just one of the things monitored by claudia kirsty of lab team or the bio mass research center in likely share metallic or heavy metal should definitely not be present. we also check there is no mercury or lead or traces of medication or resistant jermel. when all goes well, they're usually killed off during the purification process, and the temperatures in the compost, if i opportunity to regulations in germany currently forbid the use of human waste in agricultural fertilizers. that's due to hygiene concerns. following her initial analysis, claudia kirsten is optimistic, sick leave our plans to focus next on use urine as a resource which right now still has to be disposed of in the sewage system.

then i'm going to perfect the carmel would actually be the perfect combination. if we were able to bring all the nutrients we excrete together again in the form of agricultural fertilizer, that's used to produce more food. adding this now has a good smell of soil. that means for composting has gone well. the material has turned back into soil added the team is working on improving an automating urine composting in order to start processing larger amounts. ionic houses and florian augustine, never lose sight of the big picture to make their products so good and so clean that they'll be put to use on fields on the festivals of providing more than enough raw material. good. oh, toilets can also contain hidden treasures. ancient commodes are often veritable treasure troves. will archeologists these gold coins from the 14th century are from

a toilet in cologne? the former, i know would have missed a daily wooden musical instruments that would normally have disintegrated over time were found intact inside of all toilets as well their artifacts from a bygone era. ringback these instruments are replicas based on artistic representations dating to the middle ages. the music played on them gives us a sense of how a harp loot or hurdy gurdy might have sounded 800 years ago. archaeologists like benjamin she beast rarely have authentic fragments to work with. ringback boys i hadn't even wished would, doesn't usually last forever. vickers were conditions have to be optimal for organic materials to be preserved. m crumbs have yet, but you need a closed but damp environment like a well will a train shaft exploring that? this is one of the very where examples of value monitor gun swaim you can

beleaguered africa. this fragment of cherrywood was found in the 1950s in an ancient latrine, inverts far germany. at 1st, it was thought to be part of her recorder. but later, when she piece at a calling examined the fragment more closely, they had their doubts, the instrument bow out, and if a modem dorski the instrument maker, thought the slightly conical shape of the fragment suggested it could be part of a bladder pipe. when i'm glad this bill is, oh yeah, that was a very simple type of bagpipe which was the kind of instrument played in a medieval post office to be sure gets house instrument, this middle arleada's wall to solve the mystery. they had to find out more about the structure and inner workings of the instrument, something hard to accomplish without destroying the delicate fragment. at the fallen hoffa institute for integrated circuits, researchers can examine valuable artifacts using a 3 d c t scanner. benyamin speech prepares the

fragment for the skin 1st, it's carefully placed on a pedestal, which is then placed on a rotary plate. in the c t scanner. the researchers can watch the scan on the monitors buffalo, his here. what you see here are ordinary x ray images of the con. your doctor might do evoke and the object rotates continuously a tiny bit at a time between each image films in the animals. all those x ray images are compiled into a 3 d model. there. this objects to something as, as it takes almost half an hour to scan the rotating fragment. in the end, there are $1200.00 images saved and a multi terabyte database. the one fragment isn't the 1st musical instrument they've scanned here. they've also examined an 18th century piano and a cello made by antonio strata vari, to check that the restored inner lining was

a perfect fit. every object comes with its own challenges. what deal object is a with his object? we want it to understand what the corpus looked like and does because that's what determines the sound of a wood when instrumental meant to do that. let us we had to take the object and straighten it digital. later digital i get, i was quite deformed as you can see for 4 to sigma y'all on the data is used to generate a 3 d image which also provide more information about the instruments interior. thomas. ella is a mathematician by profession, but he's also a keen amateur musician who knows something about woodwind instruments. his info li, inside diameter, is somewhere around $8.00 to $10.00 millimeters, pretty large results, which also suggests it's not a flute as well. it wouldn't hurt for you to split up. the cone like shape is another clear indication that the fragment was once part of a bank pipe. they use

a 3 d printer to make several plastic replicas of various sizes. those plastic fragments will also be studied and used by an instrument maker who builds a replica made of wood. when the wooden bladder pipe is ready, toma puts it to the test. oh . the mystery of the 13th century fragment is solved. archaeologists could also use c t scanners like this and other ways them it's unlocked, remotely copy of it. it helps us to create a digital double of an object and make it available around the world fuels. that's really huge. dickerson guns, guns, the instrument can leave the museum, i would say, leave the museum, archive, and in a sense, go out into the world. yeah. in dmc now. great. what's hawkins from? the digital double will allow scientists to study artifacts and objects, any time,

anywhere. and the data could be used as the basis for a virtual collection of historical artifacts. ah, that's all for this episode of tomorrow today, d w science program. thanks for tuning in. we have to see you again next week until then stay curious. bye bye. with

who a in the spotlight of the world cup guitar were traveling to the desert nation to investigate just how accurate are the allegations of life threatening working conditions, censorship, discrimination,

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