ah, as we take on the world 8 hours, i do, all the fears were all about the stories that matter to you, whatever it takes, like policemen follow with those who we are, your is actually on fire made for mines. ah i'll we as of the pandemic, yes. what will be the lasting after effects and what are the treatment options for the physical and mental consequences which are still impacting the lives of so many around the world. welcome to this week's cove at 19 special. we look to kenya where

women have joined together to form savings groups, which also grant members loans. and we'll be talking to an expert about the latest medicines that are being developed to treat sauce covey to. but 1st, we had to argentina where many young people developed mental health problems during the pandemic. sheesh ah, catalina brito is a made from when his irish on mother of 2 children. the youngest of them 16 started going to a psychologist last year because he didn't want to go back to school after spending 2020 in virtual education due to the pandemic. shelana them. well, i noticed that he was very, very distressed, especially at the end of 2020 in the start of 2021. and then when fiona and it was quite an issue with them until one day he said to me, yes, it's fine mom. let's find a psychologist, a will come off and he didn't want to talk and i'll get him in anguish. okay, i wasn't getting out of bed. no, no fella gum. other classmates dropped out of school,

but her son continues to attend. although he does miss most classes, but there are much more serious cases than those of caroline his son doctor javier rodriguez. arias is head of child and adolescent psychiatry the hospital of stood out here and elsewhere. in argentina. cases of mine is requiring hospitalization for mental health problems have increased lap to 30 percent compared to the period proud to the pandemic. icy da soon if what imperialist indicates and emily has some of the at risk adolescence develop psychological symptoms and stressful situations in many faithfulness. is he categor well put him blurry that could mean thoughts of suicide. her katie and this requires immediate hospitalization. a few and medication to modify these disorders only if he got a thought that the doctor also warns that consultations for different emotional

problems such as eating disorders, anxiety and depression have increased by between 30 and 40 percent or my mother put electress. casey, there was more demand due to the stress on isolation. adolescence experiences totally tampered. i'd say they were the most affected age group, martha fe since they lost social contact saturday it on, it hasn't gone back to normal. not all emma, precisely because of the stress, the consequences of the confinement began to be seen in sierra the hospitals, children's mental health team meets up once a week psychologist and professor pars manion ini explains why the biggest problem the surfaced, not during, but after the 2020 quarantine doesn't have a name yet. it's an endemic situation is a traumatic one. in social times, the consequences can only be seen in the median all long tongue. they're returned to the social fair without sufficient tov and without training in children and

created consequences that we're only seeing now in the fall as in bethel concept. went back out of it. i'm in hawaii before the pandemic, manya, nice or 20 to 25 patients a week. now it's between 35 and 40. demand has increased in argentina, the country with the most psychologists for inhabitant in the world. and we're going to therapy is a common ritual, not stigmatized a little. it's a habit of fact that this is a country where consulting and psychologist athene is nat drill. that means the worst consequences were prevented in time, even in the, at the emvoy. given the impact of the pandemic, the argentine government began a federal mental health approach strategy in april. according to its director, marianna moreno, fraud or lessons. it aims to prevent suicides, unproblematic eating habits, canada x unit, a. in a new battery, we want to create an offer that focuses on new life perspectives and healthy

leisure activities in that neighborhood. so lee, i know da la la or anything that improves our quality of life, and it helps to keep people from contemplating suicide. and most in elderly me, natalie. but the countries mental health infrastructure is overwhelmed. notional drama cannot be kylie or we find hospital and city clinics, and our institutions don't have the necessary bags to admit these are the lessons that america. so editing. argentina is not alone. the un says the global cases of anxiety and depression of increased cla, quarter synced upon demick blue. and now for the latest scientific discoveries, this time on the effects that the grown of iris can have on the brain. sauce covey to can really mess with your head. and i don't just mean how the pandemic can drive you up the wall, even if it does that to. a recent study indicates that the corona virus might also

be able to directly damaged the brain affecting it in ways that could explain certain long cove. its symptoms. autopsies on people who died from the disease have shown that covered 19 can trigger inflammation in the brain. in directly, even if the virus itself isn't detected there, but some express thing, south quality could also play a more direct role in neural logical symptoms. so what would the virus do exactly if it reached the brain? that was the question at the heart of the study. the research is tweeted, knowing that the virus was new or invasive, we wanted to study how different cell types off the brain respond to the viral invasion. we use neuro immune brain org, annoyed containing micro, lia, and modeled life viral infection, brain organ or it's are often called many brains by the press. but they aren't

really brain's. they are 3 dimensional clumps of culture. tissue made up of the cell types found in the human brain. so how did these organ noise react to being infected in the lab with sauce coffee to spoiler alert. not very well. the research is found that mike regalia and asked resets had distinct responses that shared features observed in neuro degenerative diseases. and activated micro glee tripled the engulf mant of post synoptic termini of neurons. say what, let's break that down a little to get what the research is mean, you 1st have to understand what microbe leah are. micro glee. a cells are immune cells that clean up molecular debris in the brain and go after pathogens that try to infect it. they also support the repair of damage neurological tissue. at least

they do under normal circumstances. but a direct infection with a soft covey too is anything but normal. it caused the micro clia in the organ noise to kind of flip out. the research is observed that the noun, cells started destroying structures. they once encouraged to grow sinuses. so instead of helping signal transmission the micro glee started messing with it, the effect was similar to what researches have observed in other neuro degenerative diseases like alzheimer's. so their work provides at least a hypothetical explanation for why some long covet patients experienced brain fog. but don't despair just yet if you have it. the good news is that sign abysses can also regenerate ah, science editor derek williams. answers your questions about the latest research

this week i'll question comes from an anonymous view. oh might mountain glaciers, release pathogens that could cause future pandemic? oh, vis very soon idea isn't new. it's been around for a while, but it saw a surgeon the headlines last month. after a new paper by canadian researchers was published with the somewhat frightening title. a virals spill over risk increases with climate change and high arctic lake sediments. whoa. so is this yet another worry to add to that long list of things to lose sleep over? well, let's back round at 1st, an ice in glaciers and permafrost acts kind of like a at a time capsule for,

for any organic matter that's trapped in it. under the right conditions that matter changes very little and, and very slowly including any micro organisms or viruses. and in fact, although he eat destroys most viruses, freezing cold doesn't affect to much at all. so many bacteria also have long lived forms that could allow them to remain potentially viable for a really long time after freezing. so as polar ice melts, could it release pathogens that might prove dangerous to us? sure, a good and fat. it already has. we think in recent history, at least once back in 2016, there was a sudden outbreak of anthrax among reindeer herders in a remote corner of siberia. and scientists think that it likely started

when a reindeer carcass frozen in the permafrost decades before thought out and, and subsequently infected living animals which spread it to their herders so. so this kind of process can almost certainly occur at least with pathogens known to infect humans. already, but it's a really big jump from that event to conclude that nightmare pathogens from the distant past are going to begin thawing out and infecting us. that's because ancient microbes would have been mostly specialized and hosts that are often simply not around anymore. um, so to eventually in fact us, they'd 1st have to find and adapt to new hosts in the arctic or ant arctic parts of the world where there's just not a lot of opportunity and which is why lots of experts continue to think that the

most likely place the next pandemic pathogen will appear, is somewhere with high biodiversity and lots of human animal interaction. not where the ice caps are melting. my take away from my reading is that you can't rule out viral spill over there completely. um, especially with more and more species moving norris, as, as things heat up. but the warmer parts of the planet are still a much more likely place for viral spill over to occur than the cold parts are nash and all that time. so where we're headed for our next report, especially during the pandemic, many in kenya needed money to stay above water and sustained their businesses. they

got together and collected for lights, which helped many people, but especially women to get through tough times one, i would love a that. mm hm. to look back with that. a charmer is an informal cooperative society used to pull in best savings. yeah, well it's common in east africa and especially popular in kenya. this group of women from them, authority area of nairobi say that their child must save their lives. jonah pandemic. a group normally consists of 10 to 25 people members placed their savings, loan re payments, and other contributions on the table. then they can borrow immediately with short

term or long term rights. units. oma belongs to a savings group called to sweat. members meet twice a month, plan contribute 20 canyon shillings per week. they'd already set some money aside before covered 19. and once upon them a hit, they used those funds to buy food to be shared with the other families. most of the members are casual labors, while the self employed have also seen their incomes dropping off in the last 2 years. who yeah, niga 5, i joined a savings group where i took a loan and opened my hotel business there now dearly to that was new for me in the end as a youth. but after a while, i paid the loan back last week and took another one, but what was that? you know and use it to buy a small house, isn't one. you buy a unit, a union way working now i want to keep saving more money. so that i can upgrade it

. if i put val knee in a union, when we read you the savings groups help them boost their loaning capacity. it wasn't easy to borrow money from financial institutions during this time. as the interest of loans was high, plus they needed collateral, which most of the individuals did not have the savings groups serve as collective collateral with the members vouching for each other or yearly dressing. very no, we're not hearing heard all savings group used to get requests to make masks and p p u r for v. and as we also teach tailoring in this group, we took on those orders. massey ross, if we took a loan from the seco co op and we were able to deliver the per pound and after we got paid, we returned the loan money then for the final does it. then another big benefit is that through the savings groups, we were able to access loans from the credit union. much longer. the suck was the

money provided, enables us somewhere contenders it when we make on orders for making. so for example, national and also when we need money for machine suckle, then to not washington shining hope for communities or shop call is one of the other organizations that the groups of helped to attract funding from. it provides grants and loans to help local trade in poor areas to recover from the cupboard related slump. the organization introduces to women to the table banking system and also trains them and financial literacy. with those efforts of enabled the women to develop a joint saving culture in the community. that's elio alto, 15000 members here. 70 percent of women. women are most often people use community. yes, i do not eat dumps also businesses. we had women who are, you know,

i'm preparing, how do felicity, broo, china, i round right now, dev left those, you know, rescued businesses and that into a profound legal businesses for the women, the chance for a new life. since the outbreak of the pandemic, experts around the world have grappled with the question of how best to fight the corona virus. what's the consensus and the best way to treat sauce covey to as with many other diseases, research remains ongoing. his an overview of the methods develop so far. ah, early in the pandemic doctors and health care workers just really sought ways to treat patients badly affected by koga 19 life. sitting interventions included methods used to treat others, severe respiratory diseases. among them, supplementary oxygen and artificial ventilation, severe coven 19 is often caused by the body's own immune system. if it goes into

overdrive and begins attacking a patient's own tissue, it can be calmed by anti inflammatory. drugs, especially a class of steroid based medicines, like one called dexamethasone. as the pandemic progressed, drug developer is focused on other ways to treat the is before it grew too severe. like the protective antibodies produced by people who had survived an encounter with coven 19. which latch onto the virus to disable it. using modern techniques, they can be copied and produced on large scale. these monoclonal antibodies or m abs could be given to high risk patients early on. this could give a patient's immune system more time to catch up before the virus could replicate. massively spiraling out of control. a final class of medicines used to help prevent infected patients from developing severe disease is called antivirals. they took longer to develop, but are now widely available. antivirals work by interfering with pirate

replication, which in the end, lower is the number of viruses that are produced. that also gives the patients immune system time to catch up in the race to learn about the invader and fight it off before the illness can take a turn for the worse we'll said took to xander sees x director of the institute of medical variety at the university hospital frankfurt and professor of medical virology at the go to university, antiviral drugs, a area of expertise. mm hm. mostly poses products why for a long time we focused on developing vaccines to protect people from styles cravy, take effective drug treatments, took a backseat off. it's not still the case. i'll talk to ya as a reuters. did we now unfortunately, have a few antiviral drugs that can also be administered orally as

a tablet. one is well new peer of year, which inhibits enzymes and the virus, and it inhibits the polymerase activity that the virus needs to replicate. the other drug is a protease inhibitor, an enzyme. yeah, that's the drug. most of us know under the brand name of pax love, it was on the drug that was used at the beginning of the pandemic life rim. death of year is now being used more often again. but it's a drug that has to be administered, intravenously of the other issue is that all these drugs are only effective if they're taken at the beginning of the infection, meaning within 5 days of developing symptoms. been monday, i'm on monday in 6, you get the 5 after that we tend to turn to drugs that modulate the immune system like cortisone, which many people have heard of, or somebody called steroids. and other words to will rule into big, long stroke development. generally more difficult than vaccine development. and how

did that play out in the case of salt covey to california? why? now that would be a yard, as we were lucky because we were able to draw on what are called re purpose drunks . those are drugs that were developed for other diseases, or that had reached a certain stage of development, which documented would be smarter than music. rem, des, severe as one example. when it became apparent that certain drugs were effective against sars covey too, that made it possible to eliminate some stages in their clinical development or quiz. that is drugs that already existed, but had not yet been given. official clear, you know, saw you need to get out some long of a food akina shooting along the functions if you will. so researching treatments against sauce coffee. tea was a part she you take him yeah, this latoya that to really were pursuing a variety of approaches. for example, there are weak spots on the corona virus that we're trying to target with enzymes. and the same holds for the points on the host so that the virus attaches to so much

. there is also what's called high throughput screening, which involves screening huge chemical libraries containing many thousands of substances. to see if you get a hit i back meaning it's something that shows biological activity. i'm good. so hob would on you can also work in a targeted way by studying the virus and howard replicates and identify targets that could be a protein that the virus needs to replicate, for example, which you then try to target. what do you puzzle? we've been pursuing various strategies and have had some promising results via i looping again rooms. but they're all still in the early stage of research about guns at the cell culture model stage. it will take a long time before they're ready to be tested in humans. then you mentioned to test that i'm just going to, as, as i'm, so the pandemic might be over by them. yeah. but finally finished,

it will probably have reached a different stage of things by then. but sars co v 2 isn't going away. there will always be people who become seriously ill. for example, people who are immunosuppressed or elderly people. so we'll still need drug treatments, 5 years, or 10 years from now. another strategy that we're pursuing is that we're also trying to develop what are called broad spectrum antivirals. those would be drugs that wouldn't be limited to just a single virus, like serous covey too. but might be effective against all corona viruses, for example, is in we already know that corona viruses have the potential to lead to pandemic. so we've seen it several times. we want to act prophylactic lee and be ready for the future. so that's why we're hoping that one day if a sars covey 3 or merce 2 becomes a problem, we'll already have an effect of drug that we can start using right away, or professor sees, act. thank you for the interview. thank you. ah,

the pandemic was also very difficult time for doctors in all my coven section, we meet one in columbia, monday at thorough fairville. the panoramic negatively impacted everything in the health system, the economy, our mental health, our society. everybody was affected as we thought out while you adiana for me, why my name is estella navarro. ayella. i'm an intensive care physician in medi in hunger say at build on i only realized by chance that i was infected. so i was working my shift. no, i wasn't feeling ill. carrie, i'm a failure. potter. i was eating dinner when i noticed that i had no taste to leave and i knew that's a common coven symptom. little seemed more frequent bakery. if any on parallel, i hadn't existing problem with my spinal column encoded worse than the pain it had to be treated as so i needed a nov route block that are not meant going to look for covered patients being in

intensive care was psychologically challenge empathy, mental locales accepted up, but alice present the emotional impact was considerable if these people were already very frightened felon man the booth. and if you're in an i c u, you know, the situation is serious. what ac opinion? yeah. and the fact that no visitors were allowed made it even worse. for 5 over moved alley he no boy to set up for all of us working in intensive care. a lot was lost, but a lot was gained from norfolk, we managed to pull through there. we did it wrong, but it was a very hard situation, a catastrophic one moment. there were moments of hopelessness. the experience was traumatic and had to be processed. i mean, for not on a personal level, we felt responsible and we weren't here and we were just doing our job and i, it was very exhausting with her. all does a sense now that we need to make up for that time and recover the time we gave to

all these people for i'm sound if i nodded. wear out a debt, but i don't think it will ever be paid back. would have been throwing up and for her to come home and oracle fit on me. we hope we've managed to answer some of your questions about the current pandemic situation and what the path forward maybe. next week we'll take a closer look at the phenomenon of long curve it until then go by and look after yourself with. 6 ah, with

ah, interior with sebastian sham referendums in the occupied regions of your crime and more russian troops are drafted into battle. my guest this week had his own unique protest, very spun very off a foreign service veteran resigned in shame the war in ukraine. what are the

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