ah, global ideas is on its way to renew more conservation. how do we make students greener? how can we protect habitats? what to do with all our waste? we can make a difference by choosing smartness solutions over stains, said in our ways, global ideas, environmental series included, $3000.00 on d, w, and online. oh, i'll we, as of the pandemic, yes. what will be the lasting after effects? and what are the treatment options for the physical and mental consequences which are still impacting the lives of so many around the world? welcome to this week's covered 19 special. we look to kenya where women have joined

together to form saving scripts, which also grant members loans. and we'll be talking to an expert about the latest medicines that are being developed to treat sauce covey to. but 1st, we had to argentina where many young people developed mental health problems. during the pandemic, catalina brito is a made from when, as ari's on mother of 2 children. the youngest of them 16 started going to a psychologist last year because he didn't want to go back to school after spending 2020 in virtual education due to the pandemic. shelana them. well, i noticed that he was very, very distressed, especially at the end of 2020 and the start of 2021. and then when fiona and it was quite an issue with all of them until one day he said to me, yes, it's fine mom. let's find a psychologist, a will come off and he didn't want to talk and i'll get him in anguish. okay, i wasn't getting out of bed. dylan a fellow and i got my other classmates dropped out of school,

but her son continues to attend. although he does miss most classes, but there are much more serious cases than those of caroline his son doctor javier rodriguez. arias is head of child and adolescent psychiatry the hospital of stood out here and elsewhere. and argentina, cases of mine is requiring hospitalization for mental health problems have increased by up to 30 percent. compared to the period proud to the pandemic. icy da psionic put him. playlists indicate an employee. his some of the at risk adolescence develop psychological symptoms and stressful situations. in money faithfulness is he categor well put him blurry that could mean thoughts of suicide . her katie, and this requires immediate hospitalization and medication to modify these disorders. only if he got a thought the doctor also warns that consultations for different emotional

problems such as eating disorders, anxiety and depression, have increased by between 30 and 40 percent. or my mother put electress. casey, there was more demand due to the stress on isolation. adolescence experiences told him, i'd say they were the most affected age group murphy, since they lost social contacts. how did he get on? it hasn't gone back to normal, natalie element. precisely because of this stress, the consequences of the confinement began to be seen to his hero. the hospital's children's mental health team meets up once a week psychologist and professor past manion ini explains why the biggest problem surfaced not during, but after the 2020 quarantine was he doesn't have a name yet is attending mc situation is a traumatic one. in social times of the consequences can only be seen in the medium or long time. they returned to the social fair without sufficient,

told and without training in children and created consequences. that were only thing. now, unless i listened with the whole concept, went back out of it, i'm in. oh, boy. the before the pandemic, manya, nice or 20 to 25 patients a week. now it's between 35 and 40 demand as increased in argentina. the country with the most psychologist, spurn hamilton in the world. and we're going to therapy is a common ritual, not stigmatized. literally, perhaps the fact that this is a country where consulting the psychologist as seen as natural means the worst consequences were prevented in time. even in the, at the emp, given the impact of the pandemic, the argentine government began a federal mental health approach strategy in april. according to its director, marianna moreno, broader lessons. it aims to prevent suicides. i'm problematic eating habits, canada x unit, a. in a battery, we want to create an offer that focuses on new life perspectives and healthy

leisure activities in that neighborhood. silly, i know da, allow little anything that improves our quality of life. it helps to keep people from contemplating suicide and most in out, only me now blue. but the country's mental health infrastructure is overwhelmed. not all drama cannot be kylie or we find hospitals clinics on our institutions don't have necessarily begs to admit these are the lessons that america. so editing argentina is not alone. the u. n says the global cases of anxiety and depression of increased pla quarter since the pandemic. and now for the latest scientific discoveries, this time on the effects that the grown of iris can have on the brain. sas covey to can really mess with your head. and i don't just mean how the pandemic can drive you up the wall, even if it does that to. a recent study indicates that the corona virus might also

be able to directly damage the brain affecting it in ways that could explain certain long covert symptoms. autopsies on people who died from the disease have shown that covered 19 can trigger inflammation in the brain in directly even if the virus itself isn't detected there. but some extra things also, the key could also play a more direct role in neural logical symptoms. so what would the virus do exactly if it reached the brain? that was the question at the heart of the study. the research is tweeted, knowing that the virus was new or invasive. we wanted to study how different cell types off the brain respond to the viral invasion. we use neuro immune brain organ, noise containing micros leah, and modeled life viral infection. brain organ, or it's are often called many brains by the press, but they aren't really brain's,

they are 3 dimensional clumps of culture, tissue made up of the cell types found in the human brain. so how did these organize react to being infected in the lab with sauce coffee to spoiler alert. not very well. the research is found that microbe, leah, and astra sites had distinct responses that shared features observed in neuro degenerative diseases and activated mike regalia tripled the engulf mind of post synoptic termini of neurons. say what, let's break that down a little to get what the research is mean, you 1st have to understand what microbe leah are. micro glee. a cells are immune cells that clean up molecular debris in the brain and go after pathogens that try to infect it. they also support the repair of damage neurological tissue. at

least they do under normal circumstances. but a direct infection with a soft covey too is anything but normal. it cost the my quickly in the organ noise, to kind of flip out. the research is observed that the noun, cells started destroying structures. they once encouraged to grow sinuses. so instead of helping signal transmission the micro glue started messing with it, the effect was similar to what researchers have observed in other neuro degenerative diseases like alzheimer's. so they work provides at least a hypothetical explanation for why some long covet patients experience brain fog. but don't despair just yet. if you have it. the good news is that sign abysses can also regenerate ah, science editor derek williams. answers your questions about the latest research

this week i'll question comes from an anonymous view. oh might mountain glaciers, release pathogens that could cause future pandemic? oh, vis very soon idea isn't new. it's been around for a while, but it saw a surgeon the headlines last month. after a new paper by canadian researchers was published with the somewhat frightening title. a virals spill over risk increases with climate change and high arctic lake sediments. whoa. so is this yet another worry to add to that long list of things to lose sleep over? well, let's back round at 1st, an ice in glaciers and permafrost acts kind of like a, a time capsule for,

for any organic matter that's trapped in it. under the right conditions that matter changes very little and, and very slowly including any micro organisms or viruses. and in fact, although he eat destroys modest viruses. a freezing cold doesn't affect to much at all. so many bacteria also have long lived forms that could allow them to remain potentially viable for a really long time after freezing. so as polar ice melts, could it release pathogens that might prove dangerous to us? sure, a good and fat. it already has. we think in recent history, at least once back in 2016, there was a sudden outbreak of anthrax among reindeer herders in a remote corner of siberia. and scientists think that it likely started

when a reindeer carcass frozen in the permafrost decades before thought out and, and subsequently infected living animals which spread it to their herders so. so this kind of process can almost certainly occur at least with pathogens known to infect humans. already, but it's a really big jump from that advance to conclude that nightmare pathogens from the distant past are going to begin thawing out and infecting us. that's because ancient microbes would have been mostly specialized and hosts that are often simply not around anymore. um, so to eventually in fact us, they'd 1st have to find and adapt to new hosts in the arctic or ant arctic parts of the world where there's just not a lot of opportunity and which is why lots of experts continue to think that the

most likely place the next pandemic pathogen will appear, is somewhere with high biodiversity and lots of human animal interaction. not where the ice caps are melting. my take away from my reading is that you can't rule out viral spell over there. it completely um, especially with more and more species moving norris, as, as things heat up. but the warmer parts of the planet are still a much more likely place for viral spill over to occur than the cold parts are nash and all the time. so where we're headed for our next street course, especially during the pandemic, many in kenya needed money to stay above water and sustained their businesses. they got together and collected for lights, which helped many people,

but especially women to get through tough times one i would love i mean, look back with that. a charmer is an informal cooperative society used to pull in best savings. yeah, well it's common in east africa and especially popular in kenya. this group of women from the ma, 30 area of nairobi say that their child must save their lives. jonah pandemic. a group normally consists of 10 to 25 people members placed their savings, loan re payments, and other contributions on the table. then they can borrow immediately with short

term or long term rights. units. oma belongs to a savings group called to sweat. members meet twice a month, plan contribute 20 kenyon shillings per week. they already set some money aside before covered 19. and once the pandemic hit, they used those funds to buy food to be shared with the other families. most of the members are casual laborers, while the self employed have also seen their incomes dropping off in the last 2 years, he was yeah. and he got fired, i joined a savings group where i took a loan and opened my hotel business remo dearly. that was new for me in the end as a youth. but after a while, i paid the loan back last week and took another one. but what was i, you know and use it to buy a small house, isn't one. you buy a unit, a union while working. now i want to keep saving more money so that i can upgrade it. if i put val knee into a union,

when we read you the savings groups help them boost their loaning capacity. it wasn't easy to borrow money from financial institutions during this time. as the interest of loans was high, plus they needed collateral, which most of the individuals did not have the savings groups serve as collective collateral with the members vouching for each other. originally addressing very no, we're not hearing heard all savings group used to get requests to make masks and p p u r for v. and as we also teach tailoring in this group, we took on those orders. nasty ross's, we took a loan from the seco co op and we were able to deliver the pound. and after we got paid, we returned the loan money then for the final does it. then another big benefit is that through the savings groups, we were able to access loans from the credit union. much longer. the suck was the

money provided, enables us to woa, contenders it when we make on orders for making. so for example, hash and also when we need money for machine suckle, then to not for certain shining hope for communities or shop call is one of the other organizations that the groups of helped to attract funding from. it provides grants and loans to help local trade is in poor areas to recover from the cupboard related slump. the organization introduces to women to the table banking system and also trains them in financial literacy. with those efforts of enabled the women to develop a joint saving culture in the community. it's in lou out til 15000 members here. 70 percent out of women. women are most often people use community. yes, i do not dumb. so also businesses. we had women who are, you know, are preparing,

how do you probably list through china round right now that left those, you know, risky businesses and that into a profound legal businesses for the women, the chance for a new life. since the outbreak of the pandemic, experts around the world have grappled with the question of how best to fight the corona virus. what's the consensus and the best way to treat sauce covey to as with many of the diseases research remains ongoing. his an overview of the methods developed so far or early in the pandemic doctors and health care workers, desperately sought ways to treat patients badly affected by kogan 19 life. sitting interventions included methods used to treat others, severe respiratory diseases. among them, supplementary oxygen and artificial ventilation, severe coven 19 is often caused by the body's own immune system. if it goes into

overdrive and begins attacking a patient's own tissue, it can be calmed by anti inflammatory. drugs, especially a class of steroid based medicines, like one called dexamethasone. as the pandemic progressed, drug developer is focused on other ways to treat the before it grew too severe. like the protective antibodies produced by people who had survived an encounter with coven 19. which latch under the virus to disable it. using modern techniques, they can be copied and produced on large scale. these monoclonal antibodies or m abs could be given to high risk patients early on. this could give a patient's immune system more time to catch up before the virus could replicate. massively spiraling out of control. a final class of medicines used to help prevent infected patients from developing severe disease is called antivirals. they took longer to develop, but are now widely available. antivirals work by interfering with ply,

rolled replication, which in the end, lower is the number of viruses that are produced. that also gives a patient's immune system time to catch up in the race to learn about the invader and fight it off before the illness can take a turn for the worse we'll said till to xander seasick director of the institute of medical, the runner t at the university hospital frankfurt and professor of medical virology at the go to university, antiviral drugs, a area of expertise. mm hm. mostly for those quotes, why, for a long time we focused on developing vaccines to protect people from science, covey, tape, effective drug treatments, took a backseat off. it's not still the case. i'll talk to ya as a writer student, we now unfortunately have a few antiviral drugs. that can also be administered orally as

a tablet. one is more new peer of year, which inhibits enzymes in the virus, and it inhibits the polymerase activity that the virus needs to replicate. the other drug is a protease inhibitor, an enzyme. yeah, that's the drug. most of us know under the brand name of pax love, it was on the drug that was used at the beginning of the pandemic life. rem does of year is now being used more often again, but it's a drug that has to be administered intravenously. the other issue is that all these drugs are only effective if they're taken at the beginning of the infection, meaning within 5 days of developing symptoms, van line b, i'm on monday and 6, you get the 5. after that, we tend to turn to drugs that modulate the immune system like cortisone, which many people have heard of or beat somebody called steroids. in other words, all big long. it's drug development generally more difficult than vaccine development. and how did that play out in the case of salt covey to follow from

school? why? yeah, that would be a jada. we were lucky because we were able to draw on what are called re purpose drugs. those are drugs that were developed for other diseases, or that had reached a certain stage of development, which don human wicked would be smarter than music. rem, des, severe as one example. when it became apparent that certain drugs were effective against sars covey too. that made it possible to eliminate some stages in their clinical development or cruise. that is drugs that already existed but had not yet been given. official clarion saw you need to get out some form of a food and acting with no bomb functions if you will. so researching treatment again, sauce, coffee take, what approach you, you've taken portion. yeah. this latoya that too, we're pursuing a variety of approaches. for example, there are weak spots on the corona virus that we're trying to target with enzymes. and the same holds for the points on the host cell that the virus attaches to. so

there is also what's called high throughput screening, which involves screening huge chemical libraries containing many thousands of substances to see if you get a hit i back meaning it's something that shows biological activity. i'm good. so hob would on you can also work in a targeted way by studying the virus and howard replicates and identify targets that could be a protein that the virus needs to replicate, for example, which you then try to target. what do you puzzle? we've been pursuing various strategies and have had some promising results via i looping again rooms, but they're all still in the early stage of research on a gun. at the cell culture model stage. it will take a long time before they're ready to be tested in humans. will be mentioned to sit down just good to us assigned. so the pandemic might be over by them. ja haile

will probably have reached a different stage of things by then. but sars co v 2 isn't going away. there will always be people who become seriously ill. for example, people who are immunosuppressed or elderly people. so we'll still need drug treatments, 5 years or 10 years from now. another strategy that we're pursuing is that we're also trying to develop what are called bronze spectrum, antivirals. those would be drugs that wouldn't be limited to just a single virus, like serous covey too, but might be effective against all corona viruses. for example. how might we already know that corona viruses have the potential to lead to pandemic? we've seen it several times. we want to act prophylactic lee and be ready for the future. and that's why we're hoping that one day, if a sars coffee 3 or merced 2 becomes a problem, we'll already have an effective drug that we can start using right away, or professor sees, act. thank you for the interview. thank you. ah,

the pandemic was also very difficult time for doctors in all my coven section. we meet one in columbia, monday, though, for the panoramic negatively impacted everything. live the health system, the economy, our mental health, our society, everybody was affected. we thought l. polio, arianna, for me, why my name is estella navarro. ayella. i'm an intensive care physician in mid a in i'm to say at good one. i only realized by chance that i was infected. so i was working my shift alone. i wasn't feeling ill. gary, i'm a failure, potter. i was eating dinner when i noticed that i had no taste to leave and i knew that's a common coven symptom. it all seemed the more frequent vehicle we use any overall i hadn't existing problem with my spinal column encoded worse than the pain it had to be treated if so i needed a nov route block that are not meant by the lot. so covered patients being in

intensive care was psychologically challenging for failure or real. okay. or accepted are fidelis by grant. the emotional impact was considerable. it, these people were already very frightened. that man the booth that and if you're in an i see you, you know the situation is serious. what opinion? yeah. and the fact that no visitors were allowed made it even worse. there for 5 over moved alley he no boy to fed up for all of us working in intensive care. a lot was lost, but a lot was gained. we managed to pull through, we did it up, but it was a very hard situation, a catastrophic one. i morning there were moments of hopelessness. the experience was traumatic and had to be processed. i knew you had better fernando. on a personal level, we felt respond stores. we went here and spent, we were just doing our job. and it was very exhausting. all does a sense now that we need to make up for that time and recover the time we gave to

all these people for ourselves. if i not wear out a debt, but i don't think it will ever be paid back, mary would have been throwing up and for her to come home and oracle fit on me. we hope we've managed to answer some of your questions about the current pandemic situation. and what the path forward maybe next week we'll take a closer look at the phenomenon of long curve it. until then go by and look after yourself with with

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