ah, is the end of the pandemic in site? we show what it could look like. will return to normal. and we visit those. we're finding it difficult. a successes and in a weekly coven 19 special. every thursday con d w. mm hm. after i'd fish homosexual beds old pony amorous monkeys, humans are not the only animals with a mix of sexual preferences. plus a birth control pill for men is homeowner contraception for him finally on the way . and can artificially grow nerve tissue,

help phase out animal testing that and mo, coming up ah, hello and welcome to tomorrow to day d. w. signs, paragraph animal testing experiments on mice have shown that penicillin fights off bacteria a milestone in the development of antibiotics. of the pain and distress animals sometimes experienced in such tests poses an ethical dilemma. is it right to treat them this way? on top of that, not all the results can be transferred to humans, one to one. so researchers are looking for alternatives. problems with spinal disks are one of the main causes of back pain worldwide. pharmacists, zip is god, is studying how to alleviate such pain by looking it how much pressure

a spinal dis can withstand until it hurts mid from. so i've had ali mega chi, we're trying to use all available possibilities including organ cultures and bio reactors to simulate as far as possible the in vivo situation, like in the human body or an animal's body without conducting tests on animals, sierra, or any, and d, f, a, so a flock of avoiding animal testing is a top priority for the team, but they still need a real spinal disk for the stress test. so civil god uses a disk from a cow sourced from a butcher. her colleague extracted from a cows tail. so again, the name romantic mortgage on spirit, we always go to the butcher very early in the morning just after the animals have been freshly slaughtered. that way the cells and the disk are still alive. you still have living tissue, living disk cells and living bone cells are labeled. if no cut sale,

i hate them ability. this small piece of cartilage is placed in a container with a nutrient solution. as soon as the disk emits pain signals, they'll be recorded in the nutrients solution. now the disk is about to be tormented in a machine. this bio reactor was specially developed to exert mechanical pressure on bones and spinal disks. simulating the impact a spine is exposed to in the human body. they feel the octave is in your cliff. the fire actors are useful to keep these movements under control, which is of course, not really possible. an animal experiments look what they're like. many good. for this test to succeed outside a body, another scientists knowledge is needed. materials engineered itsyana set us provide

the team with artificially produced nerve tissue, a new discovery. bliss tissue makes it possible to proved if a damaged disk also actually hurts, because it's the nerves that triggered the feeling of pain in the brain don't generate ha, additional model. then you have to create the exactly spa seal architecture of the sense though to position yourself in a 3 d environment, the inner, i'd the position it sounds like science fiction, but to produce nerve cell tissue, you only need 2 components, a gel and nerve cells. so how does that turn into nerve tissue? tis yano said us has developed a machine, especially for the purpose i sound waves make the cells begin to move. and while they do that, the scientist can arrange them in line with the architecture of tissue.

it is very exciting in my opinion, picasso. it looked like to be a d. j in biology lab. the says need to be close one to the other. and then we are going to, through a very mild and very soft way for cells to form functioning neural tissue like in the human body. they need to communicate with each other. but how do you achieve that in a petri dish? the idea behind it is simple. the cells are 1st randomly distributed in a jo like nutrient rich liquid. busy in the state, the cells keep to themselves, they are too far apart to network with each other than the sound waves set the cells in motion within seconds. small clusters and groups are formed own when the

cells coming to closer contact, do they begin to interact naturally. it's the only way living tissue can develop and the artificially produced nerve tissue is indeed able to react to pain signals . meanwhile, the disk was subjected to pressure for almost 2 hours. was it enough to cause pain? we're about to find out. zuba. garad takes the nutrients solution that recorded the disks pain signals and combines it with the artificial nerve tissue others fast in year. and if and me it is when i find fascinating as that with these organ cultures were simulating and understanding what happens in the human body into some kind of a fuss here. at 1st, it's not immediately clear with her pain was triggered in the spinal disc. but the

microscope brings more clarity, the artificial tissue is firing. in other words, it's reacting to pain signals. research with animal testing is carried out in many fields. also for the development of a birth control pill for men, which is not yet on the market. to be effective, it would need to disrupt the normal hormonal balance. several play a role, d and r h signals the brain to make the hormones l h and f. s. age. these tell the testicles to produce sperm and to start to read. the brain then receives the signal that there's enough testosterone in circulation, and it doesn't need to produce any more for the time being. and that's exactly what research on the mail pill pest zeroed in on.

o, o mono contraception for men could take the form of an injection of synthetic testosterone . it would do the work. the body's own testosterone normally does like putting has on the chest and building strong muscles. but most importantly, it will tell the body to stop producing its own supply. the testicles would shut down. that would mean no more spam and no more of the bodies naturally occurring testosterone. but that would be fine as production would have been outsourced as it was coming approach were and would man accept such a major intervention in the hormone balance? woke of it come as a urologist and answer questions about sex in the body as dr. sex on take talk kita that has a he finished yon fool. i think it's a really good idea to introduce

a contraceptive pill for men. and i get asked about a daily hospital. but he believes the success of such a product depends largely on its side effects. these will be influenced by how consistently the pillars taken now decentralized them on the sense much against them. and uh, you might forget to take it, so end up changing the dose and then mode. so reaction, understand us and us, but the side effects it won't be serious. i can't view and it's been trialed and a lot of men get along fine with testosterone, derivative selection monday high news of students lose testosterone and it sounds promising, but unfortunately, the male pill doesn't just contain testosterone. in order for the hormone g, n, r, h, canada trip and releasing hormone, and therefore spend production to be reliably suppressed. testosterone has to be

combined with another woman. to ryan. it's known mainly as a female women and women. it's inefficient. giana writes blocker, but there's a catch the progestin, an artificial form of progesterone and the female pill, because as a range of side effects, the good news is that in men a combination of testosterone and progesterone, administered as an injection, is asp. reliable a form of contraception as the female birth control pill, 90 percent of man in a large w h o study conducted 10 years ago tolerated it well and said they would use it. the bout is 10 percent of men experience side effects, including weight, gain loss of libido and depression. in response to these findings, the w h o pulled the plug on the largest ever study on male birth control,

which prompted the pharmaceutical industry to withdraw completely from research and development. even though the birth control pill that women have been taking for over 60 years produces similar side effects. but now usb such as picking up where the w h o left off at the university of washington, stephanie page and her team a taking a closer look at what causes the male pills side effects. among other things they discovered that for justin's, have some problematic properties. the projections are more complicated and harder to study in man i'm they are likely responsible for ah, weight gain when we see it. i and also may have an impact on wooed, similar to what we see with women. the researchers therefore tried out

a novel progestin who's mastering they just did the quantity of testosterone and improved its performance rather than an implant or injection, they made the product available as a shout that men can apply to their shoulders every day. the this product is being tested in couples to determine how effective it is at preventing pregnancy. about $400.00 couples are being enrolled across the globe. we expect that the results of that study will be available in a couple of years. the jell still has some side effects. we have had a few men who had changes in mood or changes in their sex drive. but this is our minority of the participants. and actually many of the men and their partners who have finished the trial would use the jail again,

if they were given the opportunity. so we feel like that's really encouraging. why not leave couples to decide for themselves? which of them will use a contraceptive in 5 to 10 years from now? that could be both the pill for women under jell for men. and if that happens, they would finally be a fair distribution of risk between men and women, and opportunities and incentives to develop other contraceptive methods. with contraception is also used in zeus. here a female hippo gets her hilbrick heads. but males also have to do their part. when it comes to contraception. thankfully they get to keep their horns and tusks. after all, they are there to impress, prospective hardness, like humans,

animals to say a range of nasal references. ah ah, their classic loaners for most of the year squirrels forage for food on their own, marking their territory with the scent, glance on their paws. ah, finding food is never given a challenge. their mating habits are well adapted to most years squirrels made twice. so if there's too little food for offspring in the winter, they get a 2nd chance. lou. oh, these australian flat nose bats live in a harem. normally, bats don't enter into long term relationships. and here one male is regularly with several females. the advantage is that why the females hunt for food the males guard the offspring in

a type of kindergarten with chimpanzees, live in large families of up to 80 animals in humans. this might be called poly amory. there are no fixed pair relationships and the group males go hunting together and defend their territory together. and even the alpha males of the group don't make more often a salad disadvantage. the men can visit thought or thought, because the males made with several females and the females with several miles. the males don't know which offspring of their own phone. so foger hot thus fish and ponds. and as a result, many in the mail, chimpanzees, a friendly to all the young which minimizes the risk of one of them being killed. let's get some done. all the sees a cold air and you care true tone. so diverse sexual contact can actually increase

a groups chances of survival. this breeding penguin is a male and so is his partner. such penguin pairings sometimes attract attention ensues, but they're actually nothing out of the ordinary. homosexual couples are especially common amongst birds. male flamingoes have been observed stealing eggs to incubate them together. giraffes have more same sex contacts than heterosexual ones. it's similar for cows and other domesticated animal species. why some ins for those? i think so. ella, at eagle upgrade on the one hand, it's probably a reaction to sexual arousal. and on the other hand, the whole thing has a learning effect. with some species, the initial a tim said rearing the young sometimes failed,

such as with nest building on. so they then also have the chance to practice said and my to even fairly recently, scientists discovered that many female albatrosses pair up. the research suggests the birds are flexible about their choice of mate, and that it may depend on the situation. clown fish, on the other hand, are hermaphrodite if the female dies, the largest male of the group changes its sex. because finding a suitable partner in the reef is difficult. changing, sex ensures reproduction. but humans aren't the only animals to form nuclear families. gibbons, for instance, live in a close family unit consisting of parents and children. in the wild, they largely feed on fruit, which is sometimes abundant and sometimes scarce. larger groups can't nourish themselves off of one tree, while a small family can. animals meeting habits often have

evolutionary benefits, but what they are is, in some cases still a matter of speculation and an exciting subject of inquiry for scientists. ah, if i will let is read why i now if you attend like every week we answer one of your questions. if there is something you've always wanted to know then, right. if we answer it on the show, you'll get a little surprised as a thank you and just ask, ah, today's question comes from your helio gonzales. love us dida in mexico. do whale sharks. my great then known as the gentle giants of the sea, the largest fish on the planet.

they like the warm and populate tropical and sub tropical walters. but we get to see them very rarely. whale sharks feed on plankton. the filter feeders, they suck in some 6000 liters of water an hour, filter out the food, and expel the accessible to with that gills. they migrate in such a food and congregate a particular hotspots. one of the best known as the niggley reef of western australia. while sharks my great her every spring when the coral spawn and vast quantities of eggs and coral spam attract crill and plankton. more than $400.00, while sharks come together annually for this lavish feast. the natural spectacle

also attract snore clothes and divers, the mingling reef office, one of the best opportunities to get up close to these giant creatures which grow up to 18 meters long. maybe while sharks as i relaxed, because they have the thickest skin in the animal kingdom and like the fingerprint . each whale shock has a unique pattern of spots and stripes to help identify the animals. a database was created with photos taken by divers and tourists called the wild book for whale shot. me the photos are analyzed by specially designed software. originally developed for the hubble telescope and adopted for the new pappas stars in the night sky, and the markings on a whale shock formed similar patterns. the data shows that the number of whale

shocks coming to mingling has grown over the years. i'm 2 out of 3 come has several times with satellite transmitters, allow research as to track individual whale shocks, migration rates, and they offer new insights into the behavior of the still relatively mysterious giant fish. they migrate much further than we long thought. the current record is held by am this female well shock subtle from panama, and crossed the pacific ocean for 235 days. there was no sign of awe. presumably she been hidden away in the ocean depths before she finally returned to the surface. after a migration of more than 20000 kilometers in contrast, the zoo animals cannot travel far at all. so south,

faint stand. but maud, in zoom architect who tries to offer the animals, the landscape that is at least closer to their natural home. here in switzerland, xerox, the mere cats live together with 14 other animal species in a man made savannah for the area to at least come close to the canyon. wild plants had to be moved in fast will flash back to 20. 19 a savannah landscape is coming together here in switzerland at the zurich zoo. it will be the new home for giraffe rhinos and other savannah animals. do architect who is bound, gardner is in charge of it all. all the spanish installment mac. once you get to this point, it should be obvious that you are an african me from here you can see the whole

area because you get your 1st view of the bab trees in the umbrella trees on it. and the real trails launch off in the background. you can see the rocky landscape, the whole expanse. all right, you can see as far as the forest. although his upa actually ends quite a bit before that, we made it look bigger than a deals as a landscape architect was bombgardener has clear ideas about what the savannah should look like. but it also has to be sustainable. an animal friendly peanut. so all of you so thought, honey mafia, fill in a zoom, you always have a lot of animals in a small spice. however, our savannah is 56000 square meters near a coach. the dolphin must also challenges creating green, or even brown vegetation, where the animals don't eat faster than the plants can grow. flown 7 dollars a place where the grass has a chance to grow back off the carnival. the vegetation for the do. savannah is

being grown at a nearby nursery, and so rick, there cultivating over $80000.00 grass seedlings for the new compound. among them are various species of grass that have different properties and flooring times the landscape architect likes to types in particular. ah, i think it's me come to see the most. you know, shame this here is miss. come to class silliness. a chinese read awful. i and next to it is the atlas 5th to a somebody that in the email. so i'm going to get that in the grass native to the african continent where it can be found in rocky areas in the atlas mountain. as the name suggests that she always probably moving the grass is hardy and can survive winters. it doesn't care if it's here or in africa already, you know, for the call on the look at great. and it provides the tranquil, grassy landscape that we see here, the success of the all personally,

i really like how they dance when the, when the initial excuse is certainly come forward. in addition to the grass as was lucia. and his team have been years growing umbrella trees for the zoo . the trees are typical for this advantage. and one species in particular, has proven to be especially suitable. the black locust needed to look at for the forum, had sci fi we looked at what was suitable in terms of shape and make sure that they could reach a height of 6 meters in 7 or 8 years old. by then even a giraffe can't reach the branches, its tongue. that way the trees remaining tag i tend to push. i think if i go with 2 months later, the landscape architect, amber gardner, meet the work is almost done. i'm back with a big truck and the last of 70 umbrella trees. it's been planted.

30, keep it there. if bill that's good, always lower it slowly and hold the position till after a year of hard work, the savannah is finally ready for its new inhabitants. by the way, the move was successful, the animals seem to feel at home and they switched savannah some of even had offspring. and that's it for this edition of tomorrow to day. thanks for joining us . until next time we stay curious. ah, ah, with

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oh d w. it is leih from berlin. russia blames ukraine for another drone attack this time on an air field near the border. an oil storage facility at kirk airport is left in flames. one day after 2 air bases.