ah, to good skilled party hotspots in the mountains and all the way up to the 2 spits, shrieking. 30 minutes, d, w. ah, what people have to say matters to us. i am. that's why we listen to their stories. reporter every weekend on d. w. when the rumbling stocks and volcanoes begin spewing lava, how does that impact carbon emissions? that's one question we'll look at today. plus b me up, scotty. quantum teleportation could have one day be possible. i'm using the human

brain to control computers or robotic limits. how far along is the science? ah, hello and welcome to tomorrow to day this science show on d w. ah, a keyboard. a touch screen, what's on the account or for 1st event, voice activation. those are the main ways we currently operate computers. but the stop of the future is the brain computer interface. the idea of the human brain interacting directly with a computer via chip implant isn't new. experiments like this one at the university of bangkok featuring a mind controlled video game have been around for a few years. but the signs of it can be really life changing when it comes to medical applications. a car accident left nathan copeland paraplegic and

with no fine motor skills in his fingers. in 2014 researchers asked him if he would be willing to have electrodes implanted in his brain. i i look back on things and, and i go maybe i was a little reckless in my decision making. but also, you know, i just, i knew from the moment that i qualified, that, ah, basically nothing would stop me from participating . the electrodes were installed in an operation that lasted several hours. since then, copeland has lived with a brain computer interface. to understand how this works exactly, it's worth taking

a look at some basic biology. there are some 86000000000 nerve cells in the brain. each of these neurons has an average of 200000 connections to other brain cells. that's around 100 trillion connections. when a region of the brain is activated, like when you lift your arm, for example, nerve cells send out cell messengers these dock on the cells and alter what's called the membrane potential. once a certain threshold is reached, the cells start firing as it were. this is what's known as action potential. action potential can be measured with electrodes. millimeter tiny metal needles can measure the change of the electric potential. the more needles a micro electrode has, the more precise the measurements. nathan has 4 of these electrode arrays in his brain. each with 256 needles,

2 in the motor cortex and 2 in the some matter sensory cortex. the motor cortex electrodes allow nathan to control a robotic limb. but 1st, the brain in the computer have to learn how to work together. the computer needs to know which action potentials play a role in controlling movements. nathan watches a video of the movement he wants to make. while he's watching the brain computer interface, the b c. i measures the action potential in his motor cortex. while late and concentrates on the movement, the computer compares action potentials. once the brain activities match, it sends a command in this case to the robotic limb. the 1st time we went in, it was very surprising how easily it worked. um

like i, i didn't have to think anything weird. i had to have to think like neil, long and hard about things i just watched the thing, you know, basically followed along in, in my imagination and then it, it worked and you know, now i'm, but 6 years later and that's it seems so long ago. and all this stuff is just completely 2nd nature at this point. so much so that nathan can now even play computer games. thanks solely to the power of thought. that to not all the brain computer interface can do when he wears a prosthetic limb. and some one touches his finger tips, even if he's blindfolded. index rang, pinky nathan can tell which finger is being touched. that's thanks to the other 2

electrodes in his brain. in the so macho sensory cortex, this is responsible for our sense of touch, the electrodes, transmitter electrical signals to this area and stimulated the b, c. i a so sophisticated that it can recognize which area is responsible for which finger and thereby restore some of the functionality that nathan copeland lost in the accident. now for all you star trek fans. what was once pier sy fi is now reality spock's. communicate, it was the ball model for the fast flip phone. the her as earpiece could be a modern day bluetooth headset. and the visor. well, there still seems to be room for improvement. beaming people from one place to another

is still the stuff of fairy tales, but transporting information is no problem. as anton siding approved, he was awarded this he is noble prize for physics. quantum teleportation is complicated, but let's break it down with a playful approach. ah, a long time ago when space ships were made of wood and plastic ah, and it snowed aluminum confetti during the de materialization process. people and things were being terran that in star trek felons. how nice it be if we could beat ourselves around the globe teleportation instead of cars and app lanes and c o 2 emissions. think about how beneficial it would be for the climate alone into base physics. in fact, teleportation is no longer science fiction. you've been good to. i never ceased to

be amazed at what strange things occur with 30 is manuel at heart is a quantum physicists. although the guy legal of his excursions into space, travel, or hobby number at work, he explores the weird and wonderful wild of teleportation with quantum teleportation to be precise as it was from bet baseball. having watched star trek, for instance, people imagine that you somehow be matter or even energy, because that's how it is on the show that people disappear in the teleporter to plot and then reappear on an alien planet when kind of animal planet done. we the assist similarity is that the system rebuild the object identically in another place, both actors whose. busy organs future in science fiction is often left open when someone is tele, ported, it's not clear whether their entire matter is beamed up with them. that's left open . most anton silence has been

a big name in quantum physics since the 19 ninety's. he and his team have demonstrated the quanta can for mysterious connections or quantum entanglements, as they're known in experiments conducted in laboratories packed with lasers crystals undetected. mm. wanted the minimum amount of physical energy involved in an interaction. they can be atoms, electrons or photons. manuel at heart was part of that t o b, i have a few pictures of the experiment and um, she was cream. and the laser come from the lake, the laser beam come on the right side with some pulsing blue light, get the dual and passes through here, man and being being used. and in this little thing is the crystal where the entangled photon pairs are produced. begin by d, battenberg of when they're split apart and fly off in different directions, both mama, so the photons are produced and entangled at the same time by

a laser beam. it's like an invisible communication channel which they can use to teleport information. so we need to fax, isn't it? the information is relayed, but in this case the old fax is destroyed as appears in the process. hunger puts us with this and the new fax looks, a 100 percent. like the original new one looks like it's been beamed over the other things, but it doesn't consist of the same atoms. this new one is made of different items from the original. this is, this is what this is rather strange because in our everyday world we can copy things. we can do that very well. we can produce the same item obtain time in quantum physics. this is impossible, that you can never make a perfect copy of the state of a single particle in quantum physics. this is just not possible to see that copying

mission impossible. and there are other things in the world of quantum physics that seem very weird to us via quantum entanglement information is transferred instantaneously regardless of the distance involved. it could be kilometers or light. yes. i'm fine thought it was pretty speak a. this information must be traveling faster than the speed of light. it explodes all our existing notions about space and time frame. what is it for? think on quantum entanglement forces us to either give up our existing ideas about space and time, and find new ones. to give up our idea that everything we can measure and observe always gives us information about a reality that exists independently of ourselves in more informative. keep to that, and we have to relinquish one of these 2 notions any hopeful,

rather, i feel now because all about these things for such a long time is that the change will probably be far more radical than we can imagine in the, in the worse any more feed or be carlos, how's we go? because i can function the physics, which is probably the most experimentally tested and corroborated mathematical theory. that human kind has ever come up with. there's no doubt about as if it's correct. oh, so quantum teleportation is real, 3 photons are usually used to demonstrate the process in experiments. photons, 2 and 3 are entangled. me then i tons, one and 2 are entangled. now what piece of data that is contained in photon number one can be transmitted to number 3 via number 2,

but just instantaneous li deleted from the fast to particles. ah, okay, then couldn't i just split myself into quanta and since their information to another entangled quantum cloud? i mean, then it would just need to be reassembled correctly, right? this is nice joint info. it's not as simple as that. it's not just the western of being dismantled yet, the fcc information that defines who you are and who i am not just information stored in athens, is also in the information on how the items are arranged in relation to one another . how they interact and so on. so this is far more than the case of disassembling something into its constituent parts and then re assembling them. that's just us. the amount of inflammation involved is so gigantic and so there's no point in contemplating how it might be possible today to think i must. so let's say that right now,

we don't know of anything that would fund the mentally rule out teleportation. i was more than to make it happen. we wouldn't completely different set up than the ones we build nowadays on it. and mark media vip up with young. i couldn't find if i could build a device that could do this and you'd ask me whether i would put myself inside it. but i'd say know who you are. so mister spock will probably have to walk through or get themed up in a glittery shower of aluminum. like in the old days human starship enterprise was pretty eco friendly. powered by an anti motor and hydrogen engine with not even a whiff of emissions. by the way, a piece of trivia for you, the words you, me up, scotty where never said precisely, embed form in the subject. serious. maybe it'll work with been me a bart. ah. exploring

the final frontier and visiting foreign planets is normal in science fiction. but in reality space as a hostile environments that's not conducive to human life. even astronauts returning from the international space station of physically weakened and need time to recover, however, man keeps reaching for the stars. live in november, nasa launched its uncrated mission to the moon, ultimate one, the program plans to take humans to the moon in the coming years and mars to so a lot of research is needed to ensure the conditions are right for the astronauts. ah, despite countless missions to space and recent years, humans haven't been to the moon service since 1972. now with the artemus mission, nasa is once again planning to send astronauts to the moon and later to mars,

to if people, artists live and work when they get there, they need to be able to breathe, so they need oxygen. that's where it, dr. simply on wazoo. comes in, he specialized in producing oxygen and works for the center of applied space technology at micro gravity. 4th psalm and germany. his studies focus on blue, green algae or cyanobacteria. it turns out they're ideal for use and space. there's a sale vector we using our we selected them because you could feed them almost directly with what you find on mars that can use gases from the atmosphere. ah, that can use new fans from the wrigley's, from the motions, soil, and, and a new needle to water and sunlight. but you can also find that in mars, and so you could feed them with what finder. so cyanobacteria are easy to please, and they produce oxygen naturally, and they could even serve additional functions,

which the scientists are now studying. or you can use a sign of a player afterwards to grow other organisms, like their plans or their microbes. oh, yeah, that's what we starting to, to focus on now. in a complex like this that would provide spaces to work. blue green algae implanted in the walls would provide sufficient oxygen. the module was developed by a simpler, young wazoo. his colleague castiano hannukah. since 2017, she's been heading a project that aims to develop a prototype space station for use on the moon and mars. this is the current design. it's mainly made of wood. the real version that would later be used on the moon or mars would be made of metal women. i'm come to the convent as much as and when you come in,

you fast enter the science module. so a laboratory basically, and it looks pretty much like laboratory or nurse's will of the wound of the that's because on the moon and on mars, i'm not weightless. like on space. there's gravity there. so i can move around like or know that. yeah. as of us right now, we have a microscope in the laboratory and a 3 d printer, which is essential because if anything needs replacing the i don't have any options, but i can't just head out to the supermarket. so if all else fails and needs to be able to make things myself. so having a 3 d printer is a huge help i have 7 days until i did with underneath in one. the base of the module houses a multi functional workspace. the upstairs section could be used for a living space. this is just one module. the station would comprise 6 modules and total 6 large elements for living and working, and to provide an escape and an emergency does come with coin. you could have a fire break out a gas leak or some other problem. if you get

a problem in one module, it can be decoupled in segregated, and the crew can escape to the other modules along with another problem is the hazardous radiation and space. so the team is thinking of covering the modules with a protective shield then there's a need to develop construction machinery for use on mars and the moon. that's what constantly binged at is working on. he says, doing ordinary digging work on another planet poses a huge challenge while mushing, all right, and as all instruction machinery works differently on other planets to here on earth, that's mainly because the gravitational pull on mars is just over a 3rd of what it is on earth and on the moon, it's only one 6th of what we have on earth and fields were light. so the machinery is too light to develop the kind of force that's needed on that, which makes everything very different from staff model to routine machine. i was

also exclaim bundles, so constantly binged it developed this simulator. his assistant demonstrates how a digger would behave on the moon. it would be 6 times lighter than on earth. so even though it weighs many tons, it can easily lift off the ground when in use. only once a digger works in simulation is it then built for real. they're also trying outs stunts like these to see how well they can cut into various types of rock on the moon or mars. but no technical developments are not the only challenge for long term space missions. there's also the human factor. psychology plays a huge role. christiana high nika, and sip leon wazoo took part in an experiment in hawaii from 2015 to 16. that ain't to simulate a mission on mars. nasa wanted to know how a small group would cope when completely isolated,

just like astronauts would be on the red planet. when was because it zine can we have to be willing to compromise and to find solutions to problems. and then sometimes you're so irritated you realize this isn't that i'm to talk about. i fast need to jump on the treadmill and cool off for them like a 1001 in the up there. again, whether there were a few things which were difficult and there was a fact that were never exposed to the open air. so we have never a wind or sun luxury directly and i was going um, we also had no direct communication. so we could never find somebody the scientist experiences in hawaii have all been factored into the artemus program. the 1st modules will probably be set up on the lunar south pole. firstly, that's the best place to tap solar power. and secondly, water ice has been found in craters. there. the artemus mission still needs time, a manned flight to circle the moon is not planned until 2024. and

a moon landing will probably not happen before the year. 2026. 1 phenomenon that's wide spread throughout our service system is low kaniggy activity. volcanoes seized erupting on the moon. about a 1000000000 years ago on mas volcanic activity largely ceased about 100000000 years ago. it's not known whether the olympus moans, one of the largest volcanoes in our solar system is still active on venus. volcanoes are only thought to erupt every few 100000000 years. it has a similar rocky surface composition to our planet. ah, but as we all know, many volcanoes on us, a highly active no. amy rose and rebellion fronting from mexico centers the question about the effect of volcanoes on the global climate

where does carbon dioxide in volcanic eruptions come from? for billions of years, volcanoes were among the largest sources of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide. the c o 2 emissions from volcanoes probably prevented the earth from permanently turning into an ice planet. the carbon dioxide comes from inside. the shell structure of earth added center is a solid iron corn with a liquid outer layer. above. this is the earth span till in which hot rock rises, cools and sinks back into the depths. volcanoes are found on the earth's outer shell, the so called crust. it does not form a rigid surface. instead, the crust consists of plate that float and move on the viscous mantle. wherein oceanic plate meets a continental one, carbon rich sedentary rock from the ocean floor sinks into the crevices where it is

heated. inside the earth, the pressure and temperature are so high that volatile substances such as seo to dissolve into the liquid rock bound in hot magma. this dissolved c o 2 reaches volcanoes. when it rises through the vent, the pressure decreases. and the caches bound in the molten rock are released into the atmosphere. besides water vapor and c o 2 volcanoes also emit other gases, such as sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and methane. the amount and mixture of gases depends on the chemical elements and minerals that make up the magma. researchers have studied c o, 2 emissions from volcanoes around the world, and found big differences between them.

how much c o 2 of volcano releases into the air depends not only on the volume of ejected back by there are layers of rock under ground where the mantel is heavily enriched with carbon. these reservoirs can also enrich rising magma with carbon dioxide. this happens at mount etna in italy, for instance, it blows 9000 tons of c o 2 into the air every day, about 10 percent of the emissions of all volcanos, worldwide, a much larger amount of c o 2 than can be dissolved in its molten rock how this happens exactly is still unclear the kilo way in hawaii on the other and spews 4 times more magma to the surface. but it only releases a 3rd as much carbon dioxide. meaning it probably does not have a carbon rich reservoir under ground, like mount etna in italy. if

our blood is red, why are they burn me? video i do you have a science question? send us a video text or voice message. if we answer your question on the show will thing is small surprise gift as a thank you. come on. just ask. ah, and that's all for this week. thanks the watching and see you next time and tomorrow. today miss science show on d w, but i ah, [000:00:00;00]

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