oh, many foolish blood. so now in the world right now, the climate change, the very hard to story. this is my plan, the way from just one week. how much was going to really get we still have time to go. i'm going all with what for his subscriber all morning. like when the rumbling stocks and volcanoes begin spewing lava? how does that impact carbon emissions? that's one question we'll look at today. plus b, me up, scotty. quantum teleportation. could it one day be possible?

i'm using the human brain to control computers or robotic limits. how far along is the science? ah, hello and welcome to tomorrow to day the science show on d. w. ah. a keyboard. a touch screen, what's on the gale or the 1st event of voice activation. those are the main ways we currently operate computers. but the stop of the future is the brain computer interface. the idea of the human brain interacting directly with a computer via a chip implant isn't new. experiments like this one at the university of bangkok featuring a mind controlled video game have been around for a few years. but the science of it can be really life changing when it comes to medical applications. a car accident left nathan copeland paraplegic and

with no fine motor skills in his fingers. in 2014 researchers asked him if he would be willing to have electrodes implanted in his brain. i i look back on things and, and i go maybe i was a little reckless in my decision making. but also, you know, i just, i knew from the moment that i qualified, that basically nothing would i stop me from, ah, participating the electrodes were installed in an operation that lasted several hours since then, copeland has lived with a brain computer interface to understand how this works exactly, it's worth taking

a look at some basic biology. there are some 86000000000 nerve cells in the brain. each of these neurons has an average of 200000 connections to other brain cells. that's around 100 trillion connections. when a region of the brain is activated, like when you lift your arm, for example, nerve cells send out cell messengers these dock on the cells and alter what's called the membrane potential oak. once a certain threshold is reached, the cells start firing as it were. this is what's known as action potential. action potential can be measured with electrodes. millimeter tiny metal needles can measure the change of the electric potential. the more needles a micro electrode has, the more precise the measurements. nathan has 4 of these electrode arrays in his brain. each with 256 needles,

2 in the motor cortex and 2 in the some matters sensory cortex. the motor cortex electrodes allow nathan to control a robotic limb. but 1st, the brain in the computer have to learn how to work together. the computer needs to know which action potentials play a role in controlling movements. nathan watches a video of the movement he wants to make. while he's watching the brain computer interface, the b c. i measures the action potential in his motor cortex. while late and concentrates on the movement, the computer compares action potentials. once the brain activities match, it sends a command in this case to the robotic clim. the 1st time we went in, it was very surprising how easily it worked. i'm

like, i didn't have to think anything weird and i have to think like neil long and hard about things i just watched the thing, you know, basically followed along in, in my imagination and then it worked and you know, now i'm, but 6 years later and that's it seems so long ago and all this stuff is just completely 2nd nature at this point. so much so that nathan can now even play computer games. thanks solely to the power of thought. that's not all the brain computer interface can do. when he wears a prosthetic limb and someone touches his finger tips, even if he's blindfolded, index rang, pinky nathan can tell which finger is being touched. that's thanks to the other 2

electrodes in his brain, in the same motto, sensory cortex. this is responsible for our sense of touch the electrodes, transmitter electrical signals to this area and stimulated the b. c. i a so sophisticated that it can recognize which area is responsible for which finger and thereby restore some of the functionality that nathan copeland lost in the accident . now thought will you stop tech fans? what was once piers sy fi is now reality spokes, communicate, it was the ball model for the fast flip phone. lewis ear piece could be a modern day bluetooth headset. and the visor. well, there still seems to be room for improvement. beaming people from one place to another

is still the stuff of fairy tales, but transporting information is no problem. as anton signing up proved he was awarded this. he is noble prize for physics. quantum teleportation is complicated, but let's break it down with a playful approach. ah, a long time ago when space ships were made of wood and plastic ah, and it snowed aluminum confetti during the de materialization process. people and things were being terran that in star trek felons. how nice would it be if we could been ourselves around the globe teleportation instead of cards and airplanes and c o 2 emissions? think about it. how beneficial it would be for the climate alone into base physics . in fact, teleportation is no longer science fiction. it been good, i'm

a member to cease to be amazed at what strange things occur with 30 manuel at heart is a quantum physicists. although the guy legal. busy his excursions into space, travel, or hobby number at work, he explores the weird and wonderful wild of teleportation with quantum teleportation. to be precise, as it was from best boot baseball. having watched star trek, for instance, people imagine that you somehow beam matter or even energy, because that's how it is on the show that people disappear and the teleporter, the m in reappear on an alien planet. one ton of animal planet done really assist similarity is that the system rebuilds the object. identically in another place both and this is always a science fusion in science. fiction is often left open. when someone is tele ported, it's not clear whether their entire matter is beamed up with them. that's left open . most. anton salinger has been

a big name in quantum physics since the 1990s. he and his team have demonstrated that quanta can for mysterious connections or quantum entanglements, as they are known in experiments conducted in laboratories packed with laces, crystals undetected. mm. wanted the minimum amount of physical energy involved in an interaction. they can be atoms, electrons, or photons. montoya hot was part of that t o b. i have a few pictures of the experiment and shares cream, and the laser come from the lake. the laser beam comes on the right side with some pulsing blue light. it the dual and passes through here. man and being brain is defined in this little thing is the crystal where the entangled photon pairs are produced. begin gotten them back. i'll explain their split apart and fly off in different directions, both mama. so the photons are produced and entangled at the same time by

a laser beam. it's like an invisible communication channel, which they can use to teleport information. mm hm. so yeah, and functionally like a fax, isn't it? well, as the information is relayed but, but in this case the old fax is destroyed, disappears, and the process on good portents was written on the new fax looks, a 100 percent like the original or new one looks like it's been beamed over in war or looking but it doesn't consist of the same atoms. first, there's no new one is made of different items from the original. this was organized, this is, it was was unless rather strange because in our everyday world we can copy things. we can do that very well. we can produce the same item obtain time laid out in quantum physics. this is impossible that you can never make a perfect copy of the state of a single particle in quantum physics. this is just not possible that copying

mission impossible. and there were other things in the world of quantum physics that seem very weird to us via quantum entanglement information is transferred instantaneously regardless of the distance involved. it could be kilometers or light. yes. weinstein thought it was pretty spooky. this information must be traveling faster than the speed of light. it explodes all our existing notions about space and time to re me what the damage for sanctum quantum entanglement forces us to either give up our existing ideas about space and time, and find new ones. or to give up our idea that everything we can measure and observe always gives us information about a reality that exists independently of ourselves in more informative keep to her. and we have to relinquish one of these 2 notions and i hope,

or rather i feel now that because all about these things for such a long time is that the change will probably be far more radical than we can imagine in the, in the worse any more feed or be carlos, how's we go? because i can find physics, which is probably the most experimentally tested and corroborated mathematical theory. that human kind has ever come up with. there's no doubt about it if it's correct. o. so quantum teleportation is real, 3 photons are usually used to demonstrate the process and experiments. photons, 2 and 3 are entangled. me then i tons, one and 2 are entangled. now what piece of data that is contained in photon number one can be transmitted to number 3 via a number to instantly honestly deleted from the fast to particles.

ah, okay, then couldn't i just split myself into quanta and since their information to another entangled quantum cloud? i mean, then it would just need to be reassembled correctly, right? this is nice showing for the simple as that. it's not just the western of being dismantled yet, the fcc information that defines who you are and who i am not just information stored in atoms from is also in the information on how the answers are arranged in relation to one another. how they interact and so on. so this is far more than a case of disassembling something into its constituent parts and then re assembling them as just as the amount of inflammation involved is so gigantic. there's no point in contemplating how it might be possible today. most of us to think i must. so let's say that right now,

we don't know of anything that would fund the mentally rule out teleportation. i was more about to make it happen. we wouldn't completely different set up than the ones we build nowadays on it. and mark media vip up with young. i don't even find if i could build a device that could do this. and you'd ask me whether i would put myself inside it . but i'd say know who you are. so mister spock will probably have to walk through or get themed up in a glittery shower of aluminum. like in the old days, starship enterprise was pretty eco friendly, powered by an anti motor and hydrogen engine with not even a width of emissions. by the way, a piece of trivia for you, the words view me up, scotty where never said precisely, embed form in the subject. serious. maybe it'll work with me. me a bart ah. exploring

the final frontier and visiting foreign planets is normal in science fiction. but in reality space as a hostile environments that's not conducive to human life. even astronauts returning from the international space station of physically weakens and need time to recover. however, man keeps reaching for the stars. in november, nasa launched its uncrated mission to the moon, ultimate one, the program plans to take humans to the moon in the coming years and mars to so a lot of research is needed to ensure the conditions are right for the astronauts. ah, despite countless missions to space and recent years, humans haven't been to the moon service since 1972. now with the artemus mission, nasa is once again planning to send astronauts to the moon and later to mars,

to if people, artists live and work when they get there, they need to be able to breathe, so they need oxygen. that's where it, dr. simply on wazoo. comes in, he specialized in producing oxygen and works for the center of applied space technology at micro gravity, fort psalm and germany. his studies focus on blue, green algae, or cyanobacteria. it turns out their ideal for use and space. there's a sale of actor we using our we selected them because you could feed them almost directly with what you find on mars. the can use gases from the os was fer, ah, the can use new fans from the wrigley's from the mos in soil and, and a new needle to water and sunlight. but you can also find that on ours. and so you could feed them with what finder. so cyanobacteria are easy to please, and they produce oxygen naturally. and they could even serve additional functions,

which the scientists are now studying. or you can use a sign of our player afterwards to grow other organisms like the, the plans or the microbes. oh, yeah, that's what we starting to, to focus on now. in a complex like this that would provide spaces to work. blue green algae implanted in the walls would provide sufficient oxygen. the module was developed by a simpler, young wazoo. his colleague, castiano. hi niga. since 2017, she's been heading a project that aims to develop a prototype space station for use on the moon and mars. this is the current design. it's mainly made of wood. the real version that would later be used on the moon or mars would be made of metal women. i'm come to the government as much as and when you come in,

you 1st enter the science module. so a laboratory basically, and it looks pretty much like laboratory or nurses will of the wound of us because on the moon and our mas, i'm not weightless like on space. there's gravity of it. so i can move around like when i get out of the bus right now, we have a microscope in the laboratory and a 3 d printer which is essential because if anything needs replacing the i don't have any options. but i can't just head out to the supermarket, so if all else fails and need to be able to make things myself. so having a 3 d printer is a huge help. i have 7 days. and my little vendor in one, the base of the module houses a multi functional workspace. the upstairs section could be used for a living space. this is just one module. the station would comprise 6 modules and total 6 large elements for living and working, and to provide an escape and an emergency come poison. you could have a fire break out a gas leak or some other problem. if you get

a problem in one module, it can be decoupled in segregated, and the crew can escape to the other modules young with another problem is the hazardous radiation and space. so the team is thinking of covering the modules with a protective shield. then there's a need to develop construction machinery for use on mars and the moon. that's what constantly binged it is working on. he says, doing ordinary digging work on another planet poses a huge challenge. while machine all, either as all instruction machinery works differently on other planets to here on earth, that's mainly because the gravitational pull on mars is just over a 3rd of what it is on earth and on the moon. it's only one 6th of what we have on earth and fields were light. so the machinery is too light to develop the kind of force that's needed on that, which makes everything very different from staff model to routine machine. i was outside exclaim models so constantly binge didn't develop this simulator. his

assistant demonstrates how a digger would behave on the moon. it would be 6 times lighter than on earth. so even though it weighs many tons, it can easily lift off the ground when and use only once a digger works in simulation is it then built for real. they're also trying out stunts like these to see how well they can cut into various types of rock on the moon or mars. but no technical developments are not the only challenge for long term space missions. there's also the human factor. psychology plays a huge role. christiana heineken and sickly on wazoo took part in an experiment in hawaii from 2015 to 16. that aim to simulate a mission on mars. nasa wanted to know how a small group would cope when completely isolated,

just like astronauts would be on the red planet. when was because it zine can we have to be willing to compromise and to find solutions to problems. and then sometimes you're so irritated you realize this isn't that i'm to talk about. i fast need to jump on the treadmill and cool off for them for a 1001 in the upper again. although there were a few things which were difficult and there was a fact that were never exposed to the open air. so we have never a wind or sun luxury directly in our scheme. um, we also had no direct communication, so we could never find somebody the scientist experiences in hawaii have all been factored into the artemus program. the 1st modules will probably be set up on the lunar south pole. firstly, that's the best place to tap solar power and secondly, water ice has been found in craters. there. the artemus mission still needs time, a manned flight to circle the moon is not planned until 2024. and

a moon landing will probably not happen before the year. 2026. ah, one phenomenon that's wide spread throughout our solar system is low kaniggy activity. volcanoes seized erupting on the moon. about a 1000000000 years ago on mas volcanic activity largely ceased about 100000000 years ago. it's not known whether the olympus monks, one of the largest volcanoes in our solar system, is still active. on venus. volcanoes are only thought to erupt every few 100000000 years. it has a similar rocky surface composition to our planet. ah, but as we all know, many volcanoes on us, a highly active new amy rose. the rebellion fronted from mexico sent us a question about the effect of volcanoes on the global climate. where

does carbon dioxide in volcanic eruptions come from? for billions of years, volcanoes were among the largest sources of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide. the c o 2 emissions from volcanoes probably prevented the earth from permanently turning into an ice planet. the carbon dioxide comes from inside. the shell structure of earth added center is a solid iron core with a liquid outer layer. above this is the earth span to lynn, which hot rock rises, cools and sinks back into the depths. volcanoes are found on the earth's outer shell, the so called crust. it does not form a rigid surface. instead, the crust consists of plate that float and move on the viscous mantle. wherein oceanic plate meets a continental one carbon which sedimentary rock from the ocean floor sinks into the

crevices where it is heated. inside the earth, the pressure and temperature are so high that volatile substances such as seo to dissolve into the liquid rock bound in hot magma. this dissolved c o 2 reaches volcanoes. when it rises through the vent, the pressure decreases. and the gases bound in the molten rock are released into the atmosphere. besides water vapor and c o 2 volcanoes also emit other gases, such as sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and methane. the amount and mixture of gases depends on the chemical elements and minerals that make up the magma. researchers have studied c o, 2 emissions from volcanoes around the world, and found big differences between them.

how much c o 2 of volcano releases into the air depends not only on the volume of ejected magma, there are layers of rock under ground where the mantle is heavily enriched with carbon. these reservoirs can also enrich rising magma with carbon dioxide. this happens at mount etna in italy, for instance, it blows 9000 tons of c o 2 into the air every day, about 10 percent of the emissions of all volcanos, worldwide, a much larger amount of c o 2 than can be dissolved in its molten rock how this happens exactly is still unclear the kilo way in hawaii on the other and spews 4 times more magma to the surface. but it only releases a 3rd as much carbon dioxide. meaning it probably does not have a carbon rich reservoir under ground, like mount etna in italy. if

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