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our mission. to analyze the fight for market dominance, get us to the head with d w. business beyond. ah, ah, the gulf of naples on the west coast of italy of breathtaking the beautiful bay. but the tranquillity here is deceptive. this is one of the most dangerous places on the planet. the naples region is dominated by volcanoes such as vesuvius. in ancient times, it was the cause of a massive natural catastrophe that left thousands of people dead. ah, the volcanoes, direct neighbors, some 4000000 people living in the naples metropolitan area. today the soviet appears quiet, but the volcano could erupt again at any moment. once

we don't know when or how strong it will be here, that will be to know for something that will happen ah, the city is exposed to further threats, a gigantic network of dangerous, almost invisible volcanoes. any eruption would have devastating consequences. vulcan, ologist and researchers are in a race against time using up to the minute technology. they analyze any variation that could signal an imminent eruption. can they stay a step ahead of the volcano? ah

vesuvius, one of history's most notorious volcanoes in the year 79 ag. it's destructive flames in gulf the city of pompei and killed its inhabitants further are options followed ah, but to day vesuvius is not the most potent threat. 20 kilometers to the west flies, an even greater danger. beneath the expanse of low land is a group of developing volcanoes, historically named the flag green fields or burning fields. there are more than 50 of them across 150 square kilometers on land. and under the

sea, on the surface, they're almost invisible. with this network is classified as a super volcano. the only one in europe and eruption would be devastating. so far, scientists have discovered around 20 such super volcanoes world wide. and there are signs that this one could erupt soon. vulcan ologist are especially interested in the intense activity in the slough, atara crater every day, more than 2500 tons of c o. 2 and software are released here from the depths of the earth. in the year 2017, an entire family died after walking on the craters unstable surface, ceci. come mean as will phonographs. look at our data. as his end,

the quasi waldo acquitted the with alpha. if you walk on the crater floor, you can actually feel the chasms. because the molten rock is porous and chasms are created underneath by the emission of gases, us under concentrated high pressure, the gases can road the fine particles of the rock and create chasms below the crater level. could out a dave all the nettle to solum. despite this permanent danger, thousands of people live on the edge of the south atara on its northeastern flank. is the fisher railey for maro field? a nearby tennis hotel was forced to close to be the only me sooner. milton venza, nevada, extremely hot and intense steam is being emitted am or the temperature must be above a 100 degrees in these emissions. it was producing all the salt

a produce was easily. the emissions covered the walls and floors with a thick, whitish coating and smell of sulphur. a few years ago, the pirelli full morrow was just a small hole. the thermal area now measures around 4800 square meters and a bits more than $600.00 tons of carbon dioxide every day. so many of it is m good luck on one end that he spent the last that crystal basine. if for example, there's an increase in one component compared to another, this can mean and magma is moving towards your surface unit book that so any variations will give us an indication about how the system is evolving and whether interruption is imminent, meant that you know, it soon after detailed analysis, the scientists come to a conclusion that the green fields could potentially erupt very soon and

ah, around 40000 years ago, a volcanic eruption from this very same site, laid waste to a large area of europe. what's known as the companion in hebrew, 80 russian spewed more than 300 cubic kilometers of magma, a sec interruption. 15000 years ago, ejected a particular kind of volcanic rock. neapolitan yellow, tough to this day. the stone is a defining feature of the city of naples. may we have jani, he splendid the same b, a bow on a case here we have some splendid examples on the jester. novel church is composed of fragments, books of stone extracted from the companion evening, retain. whereas behind me is the santa chiara church,

which you can seize entirely built from blocks of neapolitan yellow top coming up to some extent to mother was he could say that thanks to the extraction of this material from beneath the city of the outline of naples, is the positive image of a negative value of the total that i should, the one structure in particular highlights the ingenuity of the romans. a cistern built using volcanic rock ah chic emily known me said that to you quite old. were in a huge, fresh water reservoir gun. it's an impressive technological feet. the pillars of 15 meters talking to the reservoir contains 12000000 liters of water maloney leaves the aqua. this enormous ancient cistern was dug entirely out of a tough hill. but neapolitan yellow tough does have one major drawback. it's porous

when to put it in their beads, i will tell ability bow a note and want to waterproof to want sell it. i had a clever idea. i made a special kind of mortar. it's a cement paste mortar could katya pesto. it's basically made of 3 elements. it's brick fragment, limestone, and the most important element put to lana, she volcanic ashleigh, of which there isn't abundance in this area. they mixed these 3 things together in one set and made the was totally water pre female quiz and not less than enabled the reservoir to contain huge quantities of water. the ability acc when the up we'll see below. continue that was in on me. must that? yeah, to day the flag green fields threatened to destroy what the neapolitan have built over centuries. all the while naples, most famous volcano looms ominously over the city.

ah, the souvenirs has maintained a brooding and highly visible presence for centuries. its last eruption in 1944 was devastating. ah, the love of flows destroyed entire villages 26 people died. vesuvius has been dormant ever since. but vulcan ologist continue to monitor it just as they been doing since the 19th century. but it 9 double it on a little kind of at a challenge for us neapolitan vesuvius is the ultimate volcano when it has dominated our culture and have always been strongly attracted to it. and for those of us who work a lot in this domain, it's important to note that we find out something new about it every day,

so that he does copy. i'm when i spent the whole val mount or the veto studies the strategic griffey, the geological layers of the volcano. on the noisy, the amal us, that he get of yet a coma. say, when local knowledge, a study strategic griffey. because if we're reading a written account, turning page after page of the history of the volcanoes eruptions the de la storia, a degree lives. vesuvius remains dangerous to this day. more than $700.00 earthquakes occur here every year. some 700000 people live in close proximity to the volcano. scientists register every tremor and change. why so silly? don't miss. who would i? e. through so the any this instrument measures the floor, so to and the temperature of the gas emissions. my uncle of italy also enables us to have a more general idea about the evolution of the volcano kaniggy multi button take up

. it's very important to understand the system because it can give us an indication about the possible movements of mach matter current. fact, marty, get it resolved. good. mapquest, there was a waste is one instrument among many others which enables us to listen to the volcanoes breathing they let a speedo the little gun. the volcanoes breath is the gas is dissolved in the magma when they rise to the surface of the crater, the pressure drops and the gases expand. they formed bubbles, which spread over the surface. we'll look at the net up in invisible t. yeah. it's a bit like what happens in this bottle, which contains a gas rich liquid, know you that as soon as you alter the pressure by removing the capital got you can see the gas separating from the liquid and rising to the surface as it is a look back at the history of earth reveals more about the origin of volcanoes and magma. 250000000 years ago, there was a huge land mass called the pan gea. geological activity broke up this

super continent into several tectonic plates. these separated and drifted apart to form today's continents. ah, the geological trigger for these movements can be found beneath the earth's crust. this layer is around 30 kilometers thick. nothing compared to the radius of the planet, which is around 6000 kilometers. between this crossed and the earth's core, there's an upper mantle around 650 kilometers deep. this mantle consists of currents of molten rock circulating around each other. they act like a conveyor belt display seeing the plates of beakers crust. this is called convective movement. for millions of years, these plates have been drifting apart by several centimeters per year. they slide separate and collide in italy,

the african plates slides under the eurasian plate. the contact points can reach such high temperatures. that part of the mantles rock fuses, bringing about what's known as subduction. the molten rock or magma builds up in the crevices of the earth's crust and forms magma chambers eventually magma combined with gas, will rise to the surface and form a volcano. to balance the structure of the earth's crust, surplus heat and energy is discharged, and magma ejected triggering of volcanic eruption. ah, one of the world's most active volcanoes is located around 600 kilometers south of naples. mount etna in sicily.

this volcano, which is more than 3000 meters above sea level, is nicknamed manji bellow, or the mountain of mountains. in contrast to the neapolitan volcanoes, aetna erupts on a regular basis almost 80 times during the last century. in fact, eugenio privy terra has been analyzing it for many years. fulfill me then i believe it when he saw no fender, they brought up the that we can find all these lap halima, which is dupree from explosion. so the piece is a small and very light. this is because they're full of air bubbles. originally gas . but i've got my de la showing that it can also find volcanic cash. and as you can see, it's like very fine black sand more. and here is a lovely vall coming on,

it's quite big, but not as big as some produced by bulk that some bombs can be the size of small, costly dia. this rock was produced from within a mac mccollum in it. and when the gas bubbles reached the surface and expand on to my project into the air, the part of the magma situated above the gospel, he went into the fi shit. but i had 13, i, yep. or the, or the video break. diddy? labatt did him argue, marcus, the, some of the bowl. aetna is constantly creating new craters. book. a new ova is the youngest of the 4 craters on the summit. it appeared in 1968 to the west of the central crater cone. unlike the volcanoes of the bay of naples, aetna is situated at the crossroads of several tectonic plates. it's in contact not only with the eurasian and african plates,

also with the micro plates of the geranium and ione, and sees these geological confrontations produce huge quantities of magma. which in turn generate intense activity. the mac, my is relatively fluid, and the gas bubbles move freely. therefore they rise to the surface quicker than the magnetic fluid. in contrast, the magma within vesuvius and the flip green fields, is much more viscous. this means it's harder for the gas bubbles to escape, causing a build up of pressure. this could generate explosive eruptions with huge destructive power. the prevailing theory to date has been that in the case of mount etna, small gas bubbles merged to make larger ones. these rise in the vents faster than the mach matic fluid. when they reached the surface,

they burst creating many explosions that project the magma into the air. once separated from the gas, the magma spreads and forms relatively slow lava flows known as if use of eruptions . but vulcan ologist, so unsettled by some of the latest findings and wondered if of if, if you're a fan, be available, i will duffle aetna, acre you one of the most recent discoveries we made about that the nice, well is that the chemical composition of the my has been changing over the last few decades fit, that there is now an increase in potassium compared to before, when there was more sodium. this chemical variation could explain the rise and explosive activity that i noticed over the last few years. yeah. and the fall in the fuse if activity lucila ah

just how long or so how is it to the eugenio? so i'm in the middle checking the signals, but for the moment i can see any significant variations on it. despite its huge surface area of around 1200 square kilometers, aetna is one of the most monitored volcanoes in the world. researchers track its activity in numerous laboratories. the tiniest variations could be precursors to an imminent eruption. and there is another danger lurking not far away. several kilometers north of aetna in the mediterranean is europe's largest active volcano, the underwater volcano. marcy lee is situated at a depth of around 3500 meters. there's another underwater volcano. near the elian island chain off the island of panorama. francesco italiano and his team have been

observing it since it was discovered in 2002. but another, a quickly re center is another. can you see? look, you can really see the bubbles that arising to the surface money. these are the most intense hydrothermal emissions that we've seen here in panorama. it's all carbon dioxide said philip, and a lot of hydrogen sulfide loudy. you can smell the sulfur in the air, and that's the 1st thing we noticed when we came to study pen ariano. but we didn't expect the time. was that under the sea, there was a whole world we couldn't see from above level minimum. this underwater volcano has actually been extinguished for millennia. regardless of praise under rascal breed. okay. it was a huge surprise. discovered that the fluids were rising to the surface in chimneys 3 to 4 meters high. it was such a surprise because it meant that the fluid will finding their way upwards through

these ancient structures on for the whole fed by a volcano, killing me. so we deduced with that there was a major hydrothermal system that we needed to take a closer look at what aforesaid burmal toyota manner. over the centuries, these fluids forged more than $200.00 chimneys. oh, they consist of iron oxide and have a red orange color. this mineral forest is only 70 meters below the surface, which makes it an exceptional observation site for scientists or elsewhere in the world. this type of geological formation is only found at much greater ocean depths . whole it was here that francesco juliano made an extraordinary discovery. so they're going to leave me for a mother who she v r c. the federal with these grains from iron oxide shells which

form around each other creating what we call, what are some of it's the same type of deposit that has been photograph or mars. we know that or not either the origin of life is linked to hydrothermal systems, or maybe in which life forms use chemical elements to survive. seeing that we have the same underwater hydrothermal system on mosque could mean that the reforms of light from the red planet to, if he got a little mountain along can in the submarine. volcano of tanner, ria is now a giant laboratory. and scientists are only just beginning their investigation in the torrini and see the volcanoes are anything but quiet across the water from the island of con area. there is another volcano, feared by humans for centuries. the strum boley. it's one of the most active volcanoes on the planet.

it spews its incandescent lava james night, owning the nickname, light house of the mediterranean. at 926 meters high, it's classified as a strato volcano, built up by many layers of hardened lava. woken ologist explore the northern flank of the island. the shot at the photo, the stream of fire. it's a horseshoe shaped depression. with a highly unstable, 36 degree slope. in december, 2002. the stream of fire was the scene of a spectacular event. 20000000 cubic meters of rock crashed into the sea. triggering astronomy with waves of up to 10 meters high.

scientists now know what caused this dramatic event. as magma rose to the surface, it warped this section of the volcano which began to swell. the rock began to crack in numerous places, triggering the land slide, which in turn brought on a tidal wave book in ologist bout arossi and his team have developed a new technology to bring this unstable fact under control. if he should. what's the radar? reading on a stable on the sharon, thanks to this high resolution radar, the scientists can now track the slightest movement in the ground 24 hours

a day period zayden we managing to produce images of the movements of the shower del fuko is it machine works like a photocopier each if there have been any shifts of land tamela, these will be picked up by comparing 2 images and study them. and it could mean that there's a risk in the shower, they'll for co collab, mike, and he won't be ticklish. so they forgot what he said he found out at the 2000 to sue nami, remains bout arossi of a terrible event that took place in the 14th century, as described by the italian rider pet rock chest. that's all i now believe in grande prairie. there was a huge tremor in naples and a loud noise during the night which woke every one of our v. 8 durant, they illema d now quite in the morning, down at the port corpses and wounded people were scattered in the water. get us

that will d, laptop, a new the shit he wrote, broken like soft eggs floating on the water, a job on the meadow, a la carte one doll. and now pin. so specter can eat due when the theory was put forward that he do could have been the cause of his debbie nami. that's when i decided to come to stromboli, because some of it was to look for evidence that a tidal wave had indeed taken place at that precise time. they do not sit on me. i've been open when momentous is from room on the island of stromboli. the vulcan ologist found traces of this disaster buried one meter under ground. ah, well, okay. then we'll throw bottle shuttle the method. yeah, we found this brown color. laconic materials, the motor metal on it. yeah. see what i mean. thing reasonable konica let about 15 . that is something the most interesting part is this sand layer, a cake cook yankee. it contains round pebbles and is irrefutable proof that it was

indeed created by astronomy. serrato queen. after all, by nick we will cabella k, great louisiana region. it up to nami, sub piano key means rambo. eco. bonaparte thought, be she me by measuring the radio carbon in the underlying layer, we were able to data to the mid 14th century shantel queen the only thought that each coincides with astronomy observed by patriarch and naples. cast out all said rattled up. it's like a novel by measuring the thickness of this layer and its distribution across the island mouth, arossi was able to prove that the tidal wave reached a height of over 20 meters. in 2019 tourists were nearly drowned by a similar wave. ah, since then, the whole island has been under a permanent tsunami alert motto is convinced that we might very well see

a repeat of the deadly tidal wave that hit naples in the 14th century. what i say for all she full self, all my silly little ceramic glossy dementia, only calif another. soon ami was form because of a landslide on the shot of the focal law. the resulting way would travel northwards and reached the port of naples in about 20 minutes. if i ginger ebay impulsively, not fully alone, she came in to me. no, it wouldn't take long for the port of naples and surrounding area to be completely destroyed by a giant wave. another potential threat for the region given the threat of the fleet green fields, the service aetna, the undersea volcano of tanner, ria and stromboli, some 4000000 inhabitants of the gulf of naples have had to learn to live with

omnipresent danger. the catastrophe that devastated the city of pompei 2000 years ago shows what interruption might do. in august of the year 79, a. d, pompei, a city 30 kilometer south of naples, was consumed by ash. the soviet had been dormant for 800 years. but that night, the volcano came to life ah, to day after many centuries of excavation, the remains of pompei or a unique treasure trove for scientists. this exceptional archaeological site has

enabled claudio scar party to conduct a detailed examination of the evolution of the russian and its destructive impact on the human population. cool, okay. video mclee a. to tell us what we can see here is the whole sequence of events that occur in 7981. there are 2 main layers for a lower layer, which has made a promise up with stones of different sizes you barrier. and there's a clear separation. and the up astronomy is composed of layers of ashley is that these are the 2 main phases of the russian. she poly farsi, the little sure. these observations have enabled scientists to partially reconstruct the 1st phase of the eruption. a massive column from deep inside the volcano, rows at an average speed of 400 meters per 2nd. it contained millions of tons of ash and to pumice. the energy released was

$100000.00 times greater than that of the hiroshima bomb. according to the scientists calculations, the eruption ejected around 4 cubic kilometers of stone and lava. the plume of smoke reached 32 kilometers into the sky. that's almost 30 times higher than vesuvius itself. at this altitude, the column assumed the form of a pine tree witnessed by the plenty. this kind of a rupturing is now known as a pliny interruption. pumice and ash then rain down on pompei people had no time to flee and were buried in an instant. the corpses eventually decomposed, leaving a hollow imprint in the compacted ash. scientists later filled the cavities with plaster. these plaster casts of the people of pompei show their desperate attempts to escape the deadly ash move.

mm . shush yamuna, fat chevy jam, or you can see the expression on the face and the position of the body. this is vitally important because it allows us to capture the person's last moments love and to understand what actually caused that bad quality. so not yet ain't the general did any novel. i'm often he wasted was the best after 19 hours of this devastating ash rain, the eruption entered its 2nd even more deadly phase. as the gas pressure dropped, the 32 kilometer plume of smoke imploded. this triggered an avalanche of fire, called pyro plastic flows,

traveling down the sides of the volcano at hundreds of kilometers an hour in the ruins of this roman villa, archaeologists covered victims from the 2nd phase of the eruption. one person seemed to be desperately trying to protect another by putting an arm around them. ah, those services also are the link there. no, do not luba moment of these victims found themselves inside a cloud, which was probably doesn't. if no hundreds of meters, they actually provide a cloud of ash if you could miss or, and volcanic gases, you probably reaching temperatures of

a 100 degrees that they were undoubtedly suffocated by the density of the ash which was found in the pyre. cluster close with the going to milk and they would have died within minute is judy akani not cloudy, or scar. party scientific approach is to examine the remains of the past in order to anticipate the future. and he is not the only scientist to ask the worry in question. could naples ever become another pompei? i wasn't. there isn't the key fossil it knowledge interesting is that generations born off to the last a rupture. 1944 o'clock. i have never seen the volcano erupt, either one or they've never seen the famous cream of smoke about vesuvius. visual and so they see a volcano to calm torment channel, and that doesn't need to be fit the but on the country. it's a very active volcanoes. it was a which could erupt intensely at any time, can we don't know when in september with how much force renewed year. we know for certain that it will happen

a in the bay of naples. the highest priority remains the surveillance of the flag green fields. after sunset, scientists begin their monitoring work. they are looking for the slightest tremors changes that could affect the lives of millions to night and recon maroka and her assistant are observing the pirelli for moral with the thermal camera if and i mean violet capital, i think that would alga alike i'm in, i'm a good, vital that the sun's rays don't influence the temperature of the magnetic chamber. so that's why we work at night. i was at the moment, we can see the maximum temperature is 85 degrees inquiry. if we move the camera to focus on the full moral zone, but we can see that there's a huge amount of energy val and considerable gas emissions when something which wasn't happening 10 years ago. and i couldn't believe it's impossible to go there.

now visual, this one, so that's why we use drones, who did it the only little interval this drone can fly up to an altitude of 100 meters and cover the entire picture rally area, which is growing rapidly. we updated and here for example, we have a surface area of around a kilometer. so we can see straight away which are the zones with the greatest thermal anomalies finish over time. we can work out if these abnormal zones are rising or falling in temperature. this then gives us an idea of the situation of the meg magic system and rican now repeats these procedures every month. as the signs of the volcanic activity become more concerning but eruptions aren't the only dangers linked to the volcanoes. the town of puts wally is located close to the pressure rarely from rural. a very rare geological

event occurred here in 19 eighties known as brady se ism brady say as a means that the ground rises and falls very slowly. when magnetic fluids in flat layers of rock rise, the rock is warped and lifted upwards. this deformation creates cracks. if these reached the surface, they can cause earthquakes. the heat from the magma can then escape through the flu morales. when the magnetic fluid subside, the rock is warped in the opposite direction and the ground collapses. almost as though the volcano was breathing with falcon ologist moto devito believes the situation has become even more dangerous since the 1980s. oh lambda solomon did his double knell demila

say a very slow uplift began in 2006 stage by stage accompanied by seismic activity. and then from 2018, the rhythm has been more or less constant with an important increase which is still going on today. hello, she thought the total defamation from 2006 to the present day is around 70 centimeters in the central zone. a put wally mapquest along me that this is certainly one of the reasons that i'm worried, but i can't give it a timescale. we can't know or say if the next to rupture will take place to morrow . in 6 months or in 20 years up. no man, he fuzzy, amazed if it had been danny scientists believe that if an eruption did take place, it could look like this. and eruptive column around 15 to 20 kilometers high, rejecting huge blooms of magma and tons of ashes, which the wind would carry to naples and beyond.

ah, it's estimated that there would be just 30 minutes to evacuate. the 4000000 people living nearby. at the put sorely civil protection center security teams are on maximum alert in the event of an eruption of the flag green fields. this is the area facing the greatest threat that's happening to thank you, everyone for your assessment of the situation of fighting, frankly, should. as soon as the stromboli vulcan ologist moto rossi is also responsible from monitoring operations in the region. every 2 months he meets civil protection professionals and volunteers to plan for the potential evacuation of thousands of people of them and think well obviously if the conditions were such that we had to pass to a level orange alert,

the evacuation plan for the whole of the flag re and zone did happen in 2 ways. either autonomy really using their own vehicles or by assisted evacuation for those physically incapable of leaving on their own home in get out and get them back up on them. although everything's ready on paper so far, the plans haven't been put to the test in towns with winding frequently congested streets. lou, this isn't simply a logistical problem. despite the ever present danger, locals feel a deep sense of attachment to the land. it is going to fly. let me i prefer to die here where i was born and where all my ancestors were born because i'm an old puts you, alonzo. it's in my blood. it's not something you can explain. your born, you live and you die. hell! what the scientists say is both true and worrying, but we're staying here still and what will be robert,

will p. humans have always lived here alongside the volcanoes. the burning mountains are an integral part of their culture. if an eruption does one day appear, eminent, scientists want to be able to issue a timely warning ah, in the pano rear region, with its active underwater volcano, they've made an unexpected discovery. so we're on the phone line. this time biologists are exploring the area by one time. and can you see where we are on what we should be there suddenly, with yes, this is the chimneys on with on 2015 of curve ethanol shuttle. to better understand this zone with 200 chimneys scientists are using a remote controlled underwater vehicle or r o v. yes o, it's equipped with

a high definition camera and an articulated arm which can be operated from the ship . the device enables unprecedented exploration of the hydrothermal vents. what was the only gum haney yet be almost okay, when these are the chimneys that we discovered 5 years ago, one of them will be celestial, with striking is all the living creatures surrounding them. because around the chimneys, there are fairly extreme conditions, for example, and very acidic ph level and c o 2 emissions, which are higher than in others. and let me, sony, anything i got on the, on my daughter who spent all on the entire area is full of life. and so it seems organisms have adapted to their environment. me how was on a doggy jobs, and yet it's an astonishing ecosystem. in such extreme conditions with high gas levels, life ought not to be viable. the biologists explain this by the presence of

bacteria, which feed on the minerals produced by the gas, by transforming them into energy. the bacteria sustained the whole area. a clear sign that in a val cannick environment where explosions can be deadly, new life can emerge. again. one of the scientists, primary goals, is to continue research into this paradox of nature. the bay of naples and area of volcanic turbulence where the end of one world could mean the beginning of another. europe's plastic waste recycling in disposing of it is a global business, worth billions, riddled with money laundering, and corruption who profits from it. who

suffers from it? and where does all the plastic waist actually end up global 3000 in 30 minutes on d. w. o africa ah, rising sea levels has a growing threat. sick donna's coast, 9 more and more communities are getting swept away. scientific thought desperately searching for solution. is it too late? eco africa. in 90 minutes on d. w. o. and from the melting

reporter tracks down the or major players with lucy rouse dangerous game. people overseas that yeah, we are here. we're patrolling the area now, the cards are being re, shuffles, who has the best handed. russia is a quite active economic in the arctic. if you see something that looked like james bond, it has to do with the military picking starts december 23rd on d w. ah, this is dw news, and these are our top stories. argentina's world cup winning football team has abandoned its open top bus parade through buenos i raise the players began the journey showing off their trophy to extend.