in a statement following her daughter's death, priscilla described her as the most passionate, strong, and loving woman i have ever known. you are watching the w is just reminder the top story we're following for you. russia says it's forces have taken control of salvatore and eastern new cranium town seen as a stepping stone into the dawn bus region. ukraine denies the claim and says severe product is ongoing. doc film is up next. i'm terry martin. thanks for watching ruth departure into the unknown today. this means flying to a foreign planet. in the 16th century, it meant being a captain and setting sail to discover a route magellan journey around the world. starts january

19th on d, w. ah. ah, south africa. these hills are known as the cradle of humankind. they tell the story of evolution. nowhere else as so many of our ancestors fossils being discovered. but one mystery remains, when exactly did the 1st humans appear. and what with our lives like that's want paleo anthropologist, josie bra gong wants to find out at the crumb dry archaeological site in south africa. he aims to give a voice to the bones of our ancestors. ah,

paleo anthropologist. josie braga is a wild expert in his field, whether with state of the art laboratory equipment or in the dusty savannah, he is searching for the origin of human kind and the missing piece of the puzzle in homo sapiens. family tree. can't also, doris. i luigi moved it, us was a space allocated to lose remark trailer. there's general consensus that all human beings living on the planet to day have their origin in africa around 100000 years ago in west michelson. stuart girls move from one of the see thought, if you go further back around 2000000 is it's a different story. least did you sell? don't pulse. good. humanity results it up out. we just,

we still don't know exactly where the homogeneous emerged and where they was 2 or more like 3000000 years ago. got idea of us to the bottom units. austin, it was changed here in chrome dry close to johannesburg. regard aims to solve this mystery. the site is part of the cradle of human kind and the many fossils in this landscape have revealed the story of evolution. it has been listed as a unesco welled heritage site since 1999 humanities, family tree braunsdorf from the great apes. 7000000 years ago, we and our ancestors are descended from that new genus. the hominy. one of those ancestors is off telepathic us,

of whom several skeletons have been found. some of them over 3000000 years old. but about 2000000 years ago this species died out. the transition from osteopathic us to human still counts as a blind spot in evolutionary history. no fossil has yet been found from the period between 3 and 2000000 years ago. that will give us any clothes for a gar became site manager of the crumb dry archaeological site in south africa in 2002 to try and solve this mystery. at the time the region was mainly living on its reputation. the last relevant

discovery came from the 19 thirties and at 1st regard to finds nothing new, but he doesn't give up. he trusts his instincts and modern technology of it, or what have been quoted using a riches girl. some varies christopher geology got features on top of your for to read burger things, chrome dry is much bigger than originally assumed to find new excavations sites. he uses aerial photo grammar tree to carry out 3 d survey. by combining this and chemical soil analysis, he plans to track down undiscovered fossils and

in the end, the new survey shows that this soil lay i really does stretch far into the north. from dry is 5 times as large as originally thought. the search for fossil treasure in the unexplored region begins the teen gathers a large number of samples. nobody has any idea yet how significant the new fines will be. to sam's, again you gather the cell. jeff gets a piece of eye tooth from a primary to play metal. i'm already in the jaw here. she don't like cedar

even before it's taken out of the ground, it's clear that this is an entire jaw back. what is that from a home in any? it's extraordinary. was unix later off to cancel cleaning, it becomes clear that this is an almost perfectly preserved lower jaw of a child. it's a small sensation. but does it belong to a human child or an osteopathic us? might it even have originated in the mysterious transition period between the 2 genera. boucher mammals, i know specializes in medical imaging. he makes a computerized model of the jaw to find some answers. don't lilian, them to go?

the donation was a community. what i'm on, if you were using your data to create a model of the jaw of the child of chrome dry with its tooth bugs. don't tell to go to 6 hold, you know, it's extraordinary. absolutely. my thought no. jeremy recess. you i've never seen anything like this in an osteopathic is shawna solution up. they never have these long central or lateral in sizes. ha. latan. palazzo not. thank. i tyler, this back soft. my initial impression. scotland question, why have you read? because you look good, let's add some more criteria to make sure this is really a human mandible. detail should promote up what shall mean to be up wifi armies. cool, nice. yeah. i know you can do men. the teeth inside the lower jaw have remained unchanged since the death of the child.

their shape and position suggests the genus is houma. but from which precise stage of evolution should be beautiful. and i, you know, you just want gotta mind, it's what special about the child of crum dry is that it combines modern and primitive characteristics in a way we've never seen before with such old fossils. why? because you can see very primitive osteopathic as characteristics in this i tooth to character. look on critic either got their own time or down, but then we also have very clear human characteristics. he also, if the child had been at a bit more mature stage of development, we would not have been able to say this angela anaki debbie can cause any issues when i pass the pharmacy. look out if it cost us right in the fact that it's a small child gives us some key information is also associated where we don't yet know what constituted a human from a couple of 1000000 years ago. and i think it was the way they grew up,

but to be able to say that with certainty, we have to find more human infants from this period like this one or not on what makes this fine. so valuable is it's early stage of development. but again, is certain that an immature lower jaw will provide indications of the species. this would not be the case in a fully developed jaw. everything points to the fact that the jaw originated in the transition period between austro lapetrkozi and humans not met, no havoc, no libya. and this is where the problem started with our chrome dry child. when am we enjoy some of them. others not so much. i love this one, but it will still be complicated. so we have to date the fossil, especially whether it's older or younger than to me and is. yep. so i'm sudden, it's older, but that's not enough. we need proof. we're all approved with

. everything depends on the fossils age, but neither the dna analysis nor the radio carbon method is able to date such an old fossil. there's only one thing left to try to determine the age of the soil in which the fossil was found with to do this for god put together a team of geologists to look for indications of which iraq the soil and thus the char jones jaw came from verse the team has to learn about the composition of the soil in the newly dug area. the almost square site is boarded by line stack. do you think the blocks or whether we could have yes, totally. then you said it all got completely wet and it had been uniform. i miss

ali. yes, definitely water, but it's not circulating under the standing water is a bit of a mystery. and as an entire story behind it. a story from the time this child lived in chrome dry. the secret lies in the stock fontaine caves close to chrome dry. they found little foot in these limestone caves. the most complete skeleton of an astro lapetrkozi ever discovered. it took several years to estimated age. it was 3700000 years old. johan blue cell

headed up the team at the time. he knew this cave labrenz at its history inside out all night and he can go, he can go, they looked him one years left so much. when i got here we have small passages them out the creation of the cave to fella. you can see the process that she to so we're below ground water level. so everything is under water delivered to a pump. the water dripped slowly and gradually dissolves bits of carbonate and magnesium. he wants to live in the sand, and anything that dissolves easily is washed out to little nickie. this is how lab renting granados form medical dozens of kilometers long is still new to relieve your dental office fill these discoveries from the stock fontaine caves forced the team in crumb dry to think again. the geologists found the same disintegration process in the rocks of both case. so the 2 locations seem to be connected under ground. the opening to the earth's surface has to be

a remnant have collapsed corridors. that means that the sighting, chrome dry was once an underground cave full for a guy and his team. this is an important realization they want to understand when and how the cave fell down. is this the key to dating the child of krom dry to an indication of the origin of human kind sch

only she knows in the gone stella de settled then he said sell when one auster contains larger halls in the middle. it's about 30 meters long and 20 meters wide and about 30 meters high. that's exactly the same size as calm dry. i've all meant to. so this is interesting because here we have an unfilled cave. we still have a volt separating us from the surface english, a good 10 meters of rock sharika purpose. so we have to imagine that geological changes are making the roof thinner and at some stage and will open the stones, will fallen soil and also animals that we are finding now was fossil good washer. gradually, a pile of rubble will form called tell us like in an hour glass. to this, i mean actually the opening of the trap, but over thousands of years catches what used to be on the surface line. it's a time capsule of what was happening outside at the time the me, the need, let me walk dispossess at least tell you that tireless rises until the opening is clogged again. perhaps due to

a collapse once the whole close is everything below it becomes fossilized. at the same time style it might grow slowly in the cave. as soon as the whole reopens a 2nd pile of scree forms on top of the fast in chrome dry, the former cave roof was completely eroded. so that scream at the fossils were embedded in was exposed. look on the launch here we have a snapshot of what com drive must have looked like 45 or 6000000 years ago before the cave open to the surface of english of us. at 1st sight, everything seems to come from one source, but electro magnetic measurements show that there are actually different layers, each from a different epoch. the geologist try to date the layer in which the human jaw was found. regard hopes to then be able to estimate the age of the chrome try child.

it was a different bar on the inside of a bovine gene. battista for vale specializes in animal fossils. he identifies that type and evolutionary stage of the fragments of the bone fragments helped date the animal species. this is a fema from what above it. yes. for val thinks this was a small antelope from the same period as the child of chrome dry. but what does that tell us? it's either what i'm trying to put the puzzled together piece by piece and not from

the death of this animal to to day. these fines help us understand the ecosystem, the hominy developed within me. the bowwie fossils suggest open all would it savannah? but that says little about the age of the lions, since today's antelopes are too similar to their ancestors 2000000 years ago. to determine the age, the teams need to find animals whose anatomy has changed more. after a few hours, they find a solid block containing fossilized bones of an unknown animal. for, val carefully exposes the sample with a dentist's cutter. he has to be very careful not to damage the fossil

pacific. i feel army thoroughly birth rule one. i thought it might be a feline predator 100, but after cleaning it, i have the complete gums and say, but teeth of a to 1000000 year old feline predator. and again, terry only dr. leon, it's the breakthrough. they were hoping for. this sabre tooth tiger appeared about 3000000 years ago in africa and died out about 2000000 years ago. the layer, the animal gums and the child's jaw were found in is in fact from the transition period between osteopathic us and human. but the team has to dated even more precisely. the geologists get to work again. they use a static might from the former cave to measure the time while alada leslie, me look lice if this is these to lag, might from from dry,

the cradle of human kind is the only one we know we're still in place and it can be backdated earlier the dose of all the pico, a lady for me. stanley mites at formed from drops containing tiny amounts of uranium. over time the uranium turns to lead. the ratio of the 2 elements reveals the age of this town. this tallit might, must be between 2 and 2300000 years out. the talis under the style, it might, must be older. this proves that the fossils from the tanis below the static might, are also more than 2000000 years old. father, indications that the child's jaw comes from the transition period from austro lapetrkozi to human flu. financial misconduct off the call,

i said rom, dry gives us exactly what we were missing and struck fontaine or you the connecting piece between australopithecines and how many instruct fontaine these layers had been mass due to erosion level in chrome. dr. they are still there. here we can bring together the links between all the stories from the cradle of human kind de, la soul, newcastle, even if it's a spectacular discovery, the child of chrome dry is the oldest human child ever excavated. an examination of the lower jaw disclose is the age of the 1st humans. it also shows us what differentiated them from. osteopathic us, on tod, do it on milanni. told it was, he remarked, not on his bosom. we can count on the fingers of one hand, the number of fines we have from the period before 2 to 3000000 years ago and never a child awful. but in crum dry, we have this infant who is showing as what humans were like 2000000 years ago. a

good poetic on humor, yamil, denny anacio and some of what he knew from id or offered a bottle. the linux user phony local boy. we made a 3 d image from the data to compare the lower jaw of a 2 year old to day with the chrome dry child. and the tong child dental founder come here of a come on the original from the iconic australopithecines child clinic. the tong child was discovered in 1924 in south africa at the time. it was the 1st and only osteopathic us and it didn't generate much interest since it was thought the parcels of children did not provide much information. it's hugely important for regard. however, as it helps to differentiate modern day humans from earlier jenner, sir lee, you stroller pacific is child in red with crum dry and blue with the actual that's what it looks like today. or we may no procedure without popular clamp of in

certain medium multiple we can get into about half of the jar here, the most, all super to rate the tongue child really has no chin. it's slanted with more beacon of m a receding chin to well we're luby being mother to comma either crum dry child has quite a vertical profile. very different to this here. when you do saw not, and modesty law, the chin does not receive as strongly as the tongue. 1 may remember allows you to set this synthesis area is also less broader. so the actual hazeltien and there is the morphology of the tooth one did, which differs the light from the australian whittaker's. i feel like you've damaged it up your bottle, or would we have a series of characteristics here that suggested is closer to a modern day child than to an australia pickers. something where he changes everything. it's much more modern than we thought he was gonna have rocco sample christmas underneath bassetti on the other. so the criteria that defined what humans are, and now our dated marya began walking upright using tools, the large brain routes he, lou,

now we know that the australopithecines also use tools and walked up right. while sick who g settles holidays, the large brain didn't develop until after the 1st humans appeared laid upon you. luke was open to day. the belief is more that the criteria for becoming human have to do with development, the bio vision, yelling, and with the fossil of this infant. we are able to answer that for the 1st time. foresee the baby, or to a bullet point of what i'm almost christian. the paleo anthropologists realised that this find will revolutionize their research at chrome dry, they hope to find out what originally made humans human. while the 3 d images are being analyzed, the search for more information continues that the chrome dry site. geology provides the researchers with new details. the cave

filled up until the tireless reached the ceiling. it's possible that predators then moved in the fossils from the talis will probably that prey. and they tell us about the lives that the 1st humans finance a jacket dimming underneath 2000000 years ago. we were primarily scavengers, benefiting from others. left overs. hm. it was at the same time we were breaking. it was easy to eat it as dinner, so it's exciting to find the remains of our ancestors who were pray. it brings up new questions around how we continue to develop from and change from one avery. to find out more about the 1st humans, the researchers look for new fossils. a comparison of the 3 jones of the austro le pick us to chrome dry child, and modern day humans alone is not enough to rewrite human history. a comparison is

also needed with parent purpose. another home, an ingenious paratroopers means alongside humans and is considered our close relative. it appears around the same time as the homo genus. there is disagreement about whether it is an austro lapetrkozi or descends from the 1st veran troopers was discovered in 1938 close to chrome dry. the point is mercury point ball hope. so concrete model. the 1st humans and 1st representatives of the genus are very different from one another. the paratroopers has spectacular facial features central with an overdeveloped mastic atory apparatus. there it was vegetarian and specialized in consuming hard plans. contrary to the 1st, humans over budgeting study suggest that they ate both clans and meet chrissy for

his humor. it is all so much made, in fact that traces of it can be found as a geo chemical signature inside their table. in class with senior care solutions guarantee are they don't to promise you rick are wants to unravel the origins of human kind. to do this, he would have to compare how human children and parents rip has children developed over 2000000 years ago. the problem is that no parent purpose child has yet been discovered. regard hopes to find one in chrome try. he brings a specialist on board to find out where to dig. man, tom beaten galle, we'll use the latest technology to lead him to the right place. she can predict

where the largest number of fossils are to be found. my specific area studies is on the 3 the reconstruction of the site and understanding spatial patterning using 3 d digitization methods. these are actually the fossils whose coordinates they've collected using the total station and rate you have the buffets and in green you have the hominids and in yellow we have carnivores. so what we found from 3 d facial analysis as that we actually have 4 main testers. cluster $1.00 and $2.00 contained the most fossil, so this is the most dense region of the site. actually 2 very destructive process and part of the discovery is destruction. but my focus within my ph. d is to ensure that we can actually preserve data in such

a way that future generations can have an image of what it looked like before it was removed compared to the if i 2 times, i think now there's a lot more knowledge and awareness of this and a lot more representation as well. so for me, for example, being a black woman studying this that's very rare. but we pioneering and opening spaces for us to know our history and disseminated as well. regarding swear, gilroy locates the highest probability of finding hominy and also follow him also. the false key conquered more. this was a part of a task completely disintegrated. on brazil, the muffled walkie warned,

with alterations the ivory goes in all directions. a typical fine that tells us absolutely nothing for super boot stick to my affair. no said until it only shows as the inclination angle of the layout intervals angie come over here while the low. i think we have an inside the here that's in the opposite direction to the layer with the parent therapist. we go only or tony's if suppose come so i we, we ladies, yes, that's clearly north to south. it fits the hypothesis that we have. another entrance is for and another source of material to have a don't not whole. if you know your mother even older, more people. yes. older that indicates a much longer, more complex history. the elephant task is important after all its position at right angles to the other. fines reveals that it belongs to a different thomas, presumably from another opening in the cave roof.

this thomas is partially covered by the one that contains the 1st humans and parentheses. so it's colder, but how old? exactly? the excitement grows less when you eat. this layer is very risky and lose the yellow pods or bones. you don't want to know what they are. you have to take them out even with already, but it's too hard for the tool. you will need other tools for that. not only home william, recovering the fossil from the solid ground takes time, but too much air exposure can damage the bones. to avoid this large

block said cut up and taken to the step fontaine lebron tre, there. the fossils are extracted. the stern fontaine lab belongs to robin clark, the discoverer of little foot. he rarely opens his lab, but brigands find awakens his curiosity from you. wow. now if this piece corresponds to the right maxine of that specific so it still needs some preparation. yeah. so you don't, but wow, this is you. this is all ready picking my interest this

doesn't look like a parameter between you me. yeah. and at the moment in the matrix is not that easy to tell. we talked about, but if you look at the pre, if you look at her prima silva, doesn't magog from? yeah, here in the, i mean the, yeah. you just, you know, for the long for comparison and also to 50 two's to okay. roof the more i live is this the more i feel this one of these for the 1st time now chrome dry. you have to know strong be the goosey signal. i'm sure that i'm so pleased for you than on your least. i am pleased for science because this, this had so much to a knowledge of the way these homeowners were developing. and the,

and the different species that exist to do any one time. so world in the last fossil brings, the real sensation from dry is the only site in the well, that preserves the transition from osteopathic us towards parents of us and man. these other 3 crucial pieces of the puzzle to unravel the origin of human kind. settle some particular you did propose, do less if this australopithecines specimen is very close to the fork in the family tree. also, it may be one of the last before paratroopers separated from humans. and what's interesting in from dry is that in the lay with the skull, we found both the oldest parentheses and the oldest humans. so it really records the moment when the transition happened. to find in estrella,

pithy get us that lived well before the split or a parent robust long after that is quite interesting. you're more present. most girls you have the better car, but i'm more interested in the blank page in the history books from the moment when the species separated. lieberman was esl to sacramento burger knows he's witnessing and historical moment. one that many of his colleagues will envy him, fall north toyota. we are touching our ancestors here and their descendants crumb dry is the time machine but burger is missing one. his central element. what exactly was the difference between human and parents for past children? 2000000 years ago, he's convinced that this is the key to understanding how humans came to be finding another parents propos, baby towards the end of the dig,

seems unlikely. well, crumb dry reveal its last secret. after all. look, i have the bottom teeth as we move another row of 10, peter, was he 30 progress so those and yes, i have the in sizes, legal, apollonia, for the 1st time we're coming face to face with the paratroopers baby, or mold a sha closure. me every time i'm here, but i hope to find either a human baby or a paratroopers babies. all cinnamon ali, the vault, hopefully be enough. he fell up again. look on welcome. little parents for person was upon local choice. well on a lot from the child. when we compare it to which a human baby,

whose jaw we also found him only rid of the piece of joy is the pinnacle of brick ars whack. at last he can compare a parent purpose baby with the human baby that he found at the beginning. what can the parent trip his baby tell us about becoming human? of at his child is the new star of south african paleo anthropology is the 1st parents with his child. skull ever discovered world wide. all of them at no cost was mostly self with him, halted latoya did i don't using a particle accelerator called a synchrotron. he said we are creating a 3 dimensional x ray image of the inside of the 2. you give us with the policy. she's on be, be thought opal. she's avima on these 5 micro meters. thick structures correspond

to the enamel that is deposited in a baby in 24 hours. dip was l. mankato similar to the annual rings of trees from the thicket. the deposit that the foster, the tooth has grown, the football top, we found that the t is the small parents purposes grow significantly faster than the teeth of small human financials. it as a general solution, you just, you do call. we also saw differences in geochemistry also took the ratio of calcium isotopes and the human and parent therapist teeth well gave us information about nutrition as the to its former. you who are doing for my shoulder said this is important because the isotope ratio changes during the transition from lactation to solid food intake also need if you're so up always look back. well fed scrolling degrass tooth analysis showed that the parameter passes were weaned very early, so nothing more was i don't order any sulfur could probably shortly or a few months after birth liquids 0 who humans on the other hand were waned much

later than i was not until about age 3, our side is because we view them all. this had implications for social life. since raising a child that was waned, much later required much more effort from the parents and the group than a child waned earlier. molded about will be able to model about develop a correlation between the duration of childhood and social structure can already be observed in great tapes. a connection that may be transferable to the 1st humans sabrina tree and studied the behavior of different primates in the jungle. and supports for gar, in his analysis. for legal. yeah. elusive hygiene gorillas are weaned much earlier than chimpanzee losolsi longer. i've wonderful women in the metabolism that focuses on brain development and

cognitive skills. or do you have acre, should ever been in any capacity? couldn't they learn to walk and climb later already from shore? lucas with his wife is also very of what have younger the young chimpanzee clings to its mother's belly and is completely dependent on her for intercept protexture. they have on the home or the community helps to defend the youngest on his entropy . junior. presume there hardly a complete young guerrillas on the other hand, could become independent, much earlier than chimpanzees, et cetera. what in any pre, pray, country to what you might think that this shortens their learning period to early is under you so busy portia. in washington d. c. chimpanzees, starting to use tools during a longer learning phase. this takes time in this sport. if the big wireless route

was actually cause i'd say, when i watched him pansies, i feel very close to them why each went back to the like, part of my family. so i could go to and if you imagine the 1st humans how they lived together, when i said it was like this evil, awesome dear. probably more like lag on. the big difference with humans is that the chimpanzees to was remain the same to this day. i guess they pass on the knowledge to the next generation. i say probably more, but there was no progress. no further development of italy mankey from camila. and that's probably the difference which human mistakes uni our culture grew steadily. yes, we protected our tools bit identity during a hash roaring. asher. so primitive humans childhood was much longer than that of the parent therapists. the analogy to today's great apes allows conclusions to be drawn about how harmony

organized their societies. 2000000 years ago. the 1st groups of people seemed to be united by one main goal to protect their offspring. this makes the group vulnerable, but apparently favors the passing on of knowledge for burger and his colleagues. this is the long sought after key to being human. mister holmes of home combines upon qu celeste leather. she did you make a deliberate prom dry? is the proof that humans strategy was the better one or since the paratroopers disappeared 1000000 years ago. when humans on the other hand have evolved in an original way compared to the estrella, pithy goes and paratroopers. the put, the human reproductive strategy means giving birth to offspring their need a lot of energy and attention to develop their brains. strategy prevails. yeah,

i did. it allowed our species to populate the entire planet academy as descendants of the species that i am convinced already lived as we do. the other spaces is high g v, at least as far as the relationship with their children was concerned. alt gorski cassandra apo via did all awful regard. spectacular fines bring us closer to our ancestors. the fossil mowers show that the secret of our species is the long lactation period. this evolutionary step is what made the unique development of humans possible detail africa. they are hot commodities. b, b, chimpanzees, are being illegally treated as caps and guinea and rangers that the upper niger national parks are fed up. they want to raise awareness of the issue with

a wide range of projects to protect to pansy. pico africa in 30 minutes on d. w. o. mm hm. discovery stories. change your mind. just a click away. find out best documentaries on you to see the world through already subscribe. now t d w documentary ah

ah ah ah ah dw is leih from berlin, an explosion hit a key gas natural pipeline. in central lithuania, the operator says no one was injured and there is no immediate evidence of an attack that's promised to investigate all possible options. also coming up, russia defense ministry says it forces.