of equality ah 75 years ago mahatma gandhi peacefully led the country to independence with what has remained of his vision. where does the world so called the largest democracy stand and where is india headed? this is the moment to unleash on violet bars. gandhi's legacy starts january 28th on d, w. ah, the joys of spring are highly visible in the animal kingdoms writes and rituals of courtship, displays of prowess and flirtation. moving in pursuit of the ultimate pleasure, mating. yes, even animals can have sex without offspring. thanks to contraception. that's just

one of our topics this week. mm hm. ah, hello and welcome to tomorrow to day d. w. science magazine. with the rise of spring time can also be seen in these red pandas still haven't connected yet. and these male, blue backed mannequins, are going all out to whenever a female but if all the animals here were to fulfill their natural desires, wazoo would soon become very crowded. the answer is contraception for the males. this is leopold. as a responsible bush peg, he takes the pill and this guy could also use it. or this guy,

male birth control has been around for quite a while now for animals. but it would also work for humans in a similar way. contraceptives are already being used in zoos with mammals are closest relatives in the animal world. thanks. hormones looked exactly the same and all mammals, testosterone, for example, produces horns and one species, facial hair, and another, or a sexually attractive body odor. but in all cases, the hormone is required for sperm production, without which there'd be no babies. oh, you just can't get enough of them. right. that said here in munich, hellen poland zoo. there is room for new babies, but not so much that the animals can reproduce as often as they would and the wild veterinarian. dr. hans pathos. steinmetz is in charge of contraception,

which obviously varies depending on the sex of the animal. in question, in the case of the male bush pigs, he uses hormonal contraception. that means putting lamp hold on the pill, except it's not a pill, but an injection. by dimensional pens. last line with the mail, bush peaks. you can just go and give the animals a shot at a loss, wolf oblation, or we have to administer it with a blow gun device. it's repeated at regular intervals as a booster vaccination, since it's why fi ball every 2 or 3 months before and most to illustrate how the vaccine works. and importantly, whether it would also be effective with a human male. let's look at how sperm production and mammals basically works.

imagine a man is a multi story building with the production department on the ground floor. sperm is produced down here in the testicles, along with most of the testosterone to operations are run up top in the brain by the hypothalamus. and right next to it, the pituitary gland. the hypothalamus is essentially the boss starting up production and releasing the g n. r. h hormone, the g, an r age instructor, the pituitary gland to produce 2 additional hormones, l h and f s h f s h is responsible for the sperm production line, and l age for testosterone production. while sperm cells are being turned out to stop drones, swarms out across the man's body, resulting in a little body, hair growth here, and a bit of muscle mass there. before returning to the hypothalamus. with that message then operations are now up and running. the boss puts the brakes on g r h

production, but once testosterone is no longer flowing, the order comes for production to start back up again. the whole system is called the hormone feedback loop. and for contraception that loop has to be interrupted for leopold that happens by a remote injection using a blow gun, a kind of vaccination. in this case, the bush pigs own immune cells are used to interrupt the hormone loop. they've been programmed to block the generator messenger halting production, and that means no more g n r h no l h or f s age, no sperm and no testosterone either. leopold has all the features of a male bush pig, the tusks,

the masculine gene. but very small testicles, no libido and no sexy sent. although he does seem of pretty content little pig the same whole contraception, not a bad idea for disease carrying mosquitoes. some research has already been done on it. it's not needed for the many homeless mosquitoes. they bite, but then just ish, but a female and not for these mosquito can carry malaria. parasites that infect the host. it feeds on to scientists are looking at ways to prevent a malaria infection. ah, scientists, sylvia bore to gown is researching the parasite plasmodium farsi power m, which the mosquito transmit when it bite, and which can develop into malaria up. why and parasites

a dangerous is that they grow inside your at bell south in and in your blood. and they multiply for each pass, i think within 48 hours gives rise to $16.00 to $32.00 and you once and as they, they growing numbers they am, they binds to all the lining of the blood vessels heights and in very small vessels that can block circulation in these can cause a severe problems mostly in children causes a thing called a cerebral m malaria. dr. portugal i learned that the malaria power site can stay dormant, the body for around 6 months without the person getting sick and insight that can help in fighting the disease. vaccine would be helpful, i see very limited possibilities as with what we have right now for an if he sent a vaccine against malaria. but we,

we've seen in many countries that just development of good hospitals, access to treatment for access to health, actually brings numbers tremendously bound. and also, mosquito vector control, the current vaccines still does not offer sufficient protection, access to medical care and many regions with malaria is not sufficient. either. mosquito netting treated with insecticide still seems to be the most effective protection against the disease. but the mosquitoes are developing in immunity to these poisons, therefore, further insights into fighting malaria are still needed. russian scientist, yelena liver. sheena is researching the pathogen itself, but rather the anal felice mosquito that carries the malaria. she learned that not every kind of mosquito transmits the disease. based on this insight, researchers are now looking for more targeted solutions. we know about

a 3 contract mosquito spacious worldwide. so it's really not quite the number of different species, and many of them are complex suspicious, so they are inside. there are still subspecies sofa. are the same species and out of nose, i would say around 30, it's believe globally, again, they're on the world of those which can transmit, right? and so the numbers are anything from them in the particular area will be a one to really they the, the most efficient of act us one method scientists are working on is called gene dr . technology. the mosquitoes are genetically modified, so they either become sterile or no longer are able to absorb the malaria pathogen . this means they can no longer transmit the disease. this technology can be used to very, ah, let's say a specific way. and that,

and there are many tools now which will be val upping now to contain it. so you could basically stop spreading off with insects. and of course, you don't want to pull you to the world with new spacious or something genetically modified without really being sure of that. of this a safe promising research approaches to start the transmission of malaria from mosquitoes to humans. but there's still a lot of work to be done before the bloodsuckers finally become a little less scary. vaccination against malaria already exists with more in the research pipeline. like some covered vaccinations, one min area vaccine is based on em are in a technology m r. renee is constantly being creative in the nucleus of every so it's full name is messenger rival nucleic acid. after it has copied genetic

information, the m r n a leaves the nucleus and it's called the blueprint, tells the cell to make a required protein. it's quite literally the genomes messenger before the pandemic . hardly any one had even heard the name a marin a. so what's behind its sudden overwhelming success ah mathias henson has been researching m r n a for decades. he leads the european molecular biology, laboratory, and heidelberg. it's new to him that so many are interested in his research. thus long about getting out about m r and a at a dinner table conversation is something that never happened before the pandemic up on the new involved mr game m r n a. serves an important function in the body, because it's mo bile, it can transport blueprints. these blueprints are saved on the equivalent of hard

drives and our body, specifically in the dna on the chromosomes. they stayed there undisturbed, to build proteins, genetic information must be translated m r n a contains the same information, but is more mobile. it's the way the blueprints are transported. it leaves the nucleus and brings the information to the resumes. this is where the m r. any is read all the possible protein combinations can now be billed from the generic specifications transmitted the body needs them for pretty much all of its processes. m r n a was long neglected by researchers. chemically. it's not much different than dna. however, it's more stable and therefore easier to handle the scrub she much

earlier there were exciting findings about dna and already was a bit of a late comer. but that late comers really caught up in the last few years, elijah of boyhood. still some people believed in the application of m r n. a early on, one was in my her while doing his ph. d here in tubing, and he discovered that he could bring em renee and all its information into cells without any special packaging. at 1st he thought he'd made a mistake and hopped on a mother then very carefully, i repeated everything's about documenting, controlling at all. exactly. and got the same results off. so then there was this eureka moment. you know, really when i thought the club, my god, if this actually works, it'll be revolutionary. lindsey on with his colleagues her later found at the company cure a vac pc's great advantages and the medical application of m. renee,

my money it's and i'm on the modifying other vaccines requires a lot of animal testing to see how well it works with renee and i'm just have to modify the sequence the order of the letters if you will. you can talk to the body and just move it, that's the vision. and it's the same production process. whether you're developing an arna for polio, or for corona, it's the same in terms of production. when researchers know the genetic sequence of a protein, they're now able to derive that corresponding m r renee. it's produced artificially packaged and introduced into the body, which then builds the desired protein all by itself. that's also the principle behind m. r n a cove. it vaccines, the body gets the blueprints for viral spine proteins and uses them to train the immune system. but there was a problem at 1st because when i'm are in a move about freely our bodies view it as

a foreign substance and sound the alarm cut to lean, cutting co together with her calling. drew weisman, solve this problem. they used to trick and modified the m r. any so the body no longer attacked it. finding the change that would produce that effect was the case of trial and error. and it was, you know, caught, coming down from, wanted a different modification and you are just expecting that finally you have 3, maybe at least one of those, you know, which is not the will the jamaican logo for all day and he's made them so that's what we found that was the breakthrough still, it took decades of research to enable the development of an m r. n. a coven vaccine . in record time, in 2020, had the pandemic occurred a decade earlier. this would not have been possible mateus, hence it has great hopes for this new type of vaccine. the 1st and this is an

obviously m r n a is new of all of my nose eastern when i consider that a positive, a positive in center. and it's true that messenger r renee is very unstable. info ws the highest i. what that means is it enters the cells and does its job and then breaks down and disappears housing in mr. existence . so the coven, 19 vaccines are very likely only the beginning for m. r. n. a technology. ah, so an m r in a vaccination doesn't alter a gene. but there are effects on the way to alter the genes of some living creatures to produce ingredients for medication. goats are especially interesting to they can produce a substance that prevents from both east o blood clots. gates that make medicine for humans.

there's one situation where a solitary goat can beat 90000 people producing at the from ben doesn't ring a bell. then let's start from the beginning. researchers have been using the option of introducing foreign genes into organisms in the hope of producing medicine. diabetics have to regularly inject insulin for a long time. doctor's obtained supplies of the hormone from the pancreas is of pigs, but supplying the world's diabetics will require the insulin from one and a half 1000000000 slaughtered pigs per year, which exceeds the global population. in the late 19 seventies researchers began producing the gene responsible for insulin artificially, when it was introduced, eco lie, bacteria. they began producing intellect. ah,

am depressing the bacteria. researchers were able to isolate the insulin to the relief of animal loving diabetics. many other drugs are developed in this way produced by genetically modified bacteria. but the method also has its limitations . the bacterial cells then also modified the desired substances. the end result is not always ideal for humans because our cells also processed substances except in a completely different way than the bacteria do. one solution to this problem is to use organisms that are more closely related to us, such as plants, despite the superficial differences, their cells convert the active ingredients in a similar way to ours, which is why they're often better tolerated by humans. right now, researchers are experimenting on tobacco plans to see if they can produce

a vaccine to fight cobit 19. and in addition to plants, certain animals are also a potential source of solutions. researchers. we're able to engineer a goat with a gene that's responsible for the production of anti thrombin 3, which inhibits blood clotting. but it's not produced in sufficient quantities by some people in certain situations. after surgery, for example, it then has to be administered. anti from 3 can be obtained from the blood of healthy people, all be it only in small amounts. and this is where the goats come into play. the anti thrombin gene was placed in them in such a way that the desired active ingredient appears. me animals, milk one leader yields 10 grams of at the, from been 3 over an entire year. that means a single go produces as much as the blood of $90000.00 humans were. so goats are

a major life, so we'll know what comes out of an a death. and what comes out of the back end of grazing animals is something completely different . but it isn't just ways go, sheep and cattle droppings are important for the ecosystem islands of life to pull insects and animals, one and average cow patty, ways to lows, measures 30 centimeters and diameter is 2 centimeters thick. each animal unloads at least 10 of them on the pasture a day. they are excellent fertilizer. wherever one lands it stimulates growth, creating a clump of grass. but cow patties are much more than fertilizer. and one wild meadow in the tell by geese and nature reserve near fryeburg,

insect expert, jo ann, buddha and biologist. how but nichol are searching for fresh dung. here we have a fairly old patty. mike, you can tell the surface of the paddy is dried out of and has a relatively thick crust with what we are already able to see. the 1st larval stage is developing inside. you can see that here, fly larvae like that, that grows in the dung is in turn, food for other insects. if we mainly find these bugs inside them is here, for example, we have a clown beetle and it's relatively small, but there are significantly larger species. 2 of these are purely predatory, which they have a very large mouths, similar to a butcher's cutting machine limit with which they chop larvae into small pieces and, and then eat them. this is a very complex food web. cal, patty's are little islands of life. the dung provides food and shelter for thousands of creatures. the colonization of a patty starts after

a couple of seconds of his existence already with the arrival of dung flies that want to lay their eggs and the warm patties. so in the 1st dung beetle flip here, they did passageways for their offspring. these in turn, our pray for spiders and predatory bunks. 2 weeks later, the earthworms arrive soon, the patties themselves will disappear in their environs. there is always lots of life. birds and other meadow inhabitants, such as lizards come to help themselves to the insects. dog, dog catalogues, o predatory beetles who birds from dawn and then birds of prey are street thus with those represent 5 trophic levels as, as an end of what a patty generates has huge functional complexity ones o'clock. and if the paddies weren't, there does last, the cows stayed in the should, then we would lose elements of the landscape room. one grazing cow produces up to

one ton of dung per month. that generates 20 kilograms of insects, which can feed 10 kilograms of birds. 3 storks, for example. or 30 starlings for this equation to work out natural farming is required. like an ta bargenson. mm. mm hm. ah, here 40 animals live on 70, hector is a forest, and 30 heck dares of pasture. it's never mowed. ah,

to day habit nichol wants to take stock of who is living on this pasture. with a modified leaf blower, he vacuums up a sample and finds over a 100 different species. it isn't open this sample there. often cicadas in bugs is interval. there are also beatles and very often spider unless you, british even everything that jumps around above ground behind you look inside and you can't imagine it. you can no longer find that kind of diversity in a normal meadow bag. there is a normal cow pasture near by. the meadows of this operation were recently mowed. the biologist takes another sample for comparison. and he can't even find a dunsen species, as if you really are far fewer kinds insect. it's a disaster for insects and birds. there's almost nothing left. and what about the

col paddy's themself? many animals in this pastor are given medication to ward off parasites, which affects the done as he's any financing. i don't see a single beetle. i don't see any vital holes. low, no creatures at all. welcome back to the wild meadows and the nature reserve habit nichol boonies. we could easily preserve this wonderful realm of flora and fauna in man dodge function. if just 5 percent of germany has pastors, were wild 1000 more extensive all season and past year lease must insect life would get a massive grooves. reflecting even on the smallest spaces like this one, we could double or triple biodiversity and was in species and individual numbers within 2 or 3 years. in fact, i've seen it work here. it is, it tries to say, ah,

none of that would have been possible without the humble cow patty. oh, more from the wonderful world of science, visit our website, or join us on twitter. that's all for now from tomorrow to day. go to venice, signs paragraph. please do join us again next week until then. stay curious. with, [000:00:00;00]

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but also to my financial and adventure full of hardships, dangers and death. but jillions journey around the world starts january 19th with this is dw news live from berlin russians. defense ministry says its forces have taken control of sola. dar, you've crane, who denies the claim and says its troops are still there. the eastern ukrainian town could be strategically important for russia in the dumbass region. also clean