so base of the government that following multiple sabotage actions by the israeli, i'm is, i never claimed it, but everybody attributes, israel. so the government agency tries to claim that they have been able to deal with this internal kind of unique if you like, within the intelligence establishment of your own. ok, and matching. thanks so much for those. and thank you. coming up after a short break dock film examines the missing link between age and humans. don't forget you can get more news on our website. d, w dot com on the chrysler extra watch. departure into the unknown to day. this means flying to a foreign planet. in the 16th century, it meant being a captain and setting sail to discover

a route. mcellen's journey around the world. starts january 19th on d, w. ah, south africa. these hills are known as the cradle of human kind. they tell the story of evolution. nowhere else as so many of our ancestors fossils being discovered. but one mystery remains, when exactly did the 1st humans appear. and what with our lives like, that's what paleo anthropologist josie bra gong wants to find out at the crumb dry archaeological site in south africa. he aims to give a voice to the bones of our ancestors. ah,

paleo anthropologist. josie braga is a world expert in his field, whether with state of the art laboratory equipment or in the dusty savannah, he is searching for the origin of human kind and the missing piece of the puzzle in homo sapiens, family tree got also to rise ali gina it us was a space allocated to lucy mac trailer. there's general consensus that old human beings living on the planet to day have their origin in africa around 100000 years ago. it was horrible but also still closed loop from one of us. he thought if you go further back around 2000000 years, it's a different story, at least. did you sell?

don't pulse. good humanity results. he got out and just we still don't know exactly where the homogeneous emerged and where they was 2 or more like 3000000 years ago. got idea of us to develop units. oftentimes here in chrome dry close to johannesburg, regard aims to solve this mystery. the site is part of the cradle of human kind and the many fossils in this landscape have revealed the story of evolution. it has been listed as a unesco welled heritage site since 1999 humanities, family tree braunsdorf from the great apes. 7000000 years ago we and our ancestors are descended from that new genus. the hominy.

one of those ancestors is osteopathic us, of whom several skeletons have been found. some of them over 3000000 years old. but about 2000000 years ago, this species died out. the transition from osteopathic us to human still counts as a blind spot in evolutionary history. no fossil has yet been found from the period between 3 and 2000000 years ago that will give us any clothes regard became site manager of the crumb dry archaeological site in south africa in 2002 to try and solve this mystery. at the time the region was mainly living on its reputation. the last relevant

discovery came from the 19 thirties and at 1st regard to finds nothing new, but he doesn't give up. he trusts his instincts and modern technology of it. what has been brought to register some bearings, christopher geological features on top of your for to read burger things, chrome dry is much bigger than originally assumed to find new excavation sites. he uses aerial photo grammar tree to carry out 3 d survey by combining this and chemical soil analysis. he plans to track down undiscovered fossils

and in the end, the new survey shows that this soil lay i really does stretch far into the north. from dry is 5 times as large as originally thought. the search for fossil treasure in the unexplored region begins the teen gathers a large number of samples. nobody has any idea yet how significant the new finds will be to us as humans, again gather facility. it's a piece of eye tooth from a primate to play metal. i'm already in the jaw here. she's on accident.

even before it's taken out of the ground, it's clear that this is an entire job. what is that from a home in any? it's extraordinary. was unix later, after careful cleaning, it becomes clear that this is an almost perfectly preserved lower jaw of a child. it's a small sensation. but does it belong to a human child or an osteopathic us? might it even have originated in the mysterious transition period between the 2 genera. boucher mammals, i know specializes in medical imaging. he makes a computerized model of the jaw to find some answers. don't lilian, them to go?

the donation was a community domains. if you were using your data to create a model of the jaw of the child of chrome dry with its tooth bugs. don't tell. it's a 6 called, you know, it's extraordinary. up, sorry my thought no. jeremy recess. you, i've never seen anything like this in an osteopathic us channel solution up. they never have these long, central or lateral in sizes. hard latan. palazzo not for thank. hi tara, this back soft. my initial impression, scotland question, why have you read pushing it off? because let's add some more criteria to make sure this is really a schuman mandible detail. should promote up wash. tell me to be up off your me. cool. nice. yeah, i'll give you 2 men. ah, the teeth inside the lower jaw have remained unchanged since the death of the child,

their shape and position suggest the genus is houma. but from which precise stage of evolution should be the the con, the i. e learning us was just one guy with minded. what's special about the child of crum dry is that it combines modern and primitive characteristics in a way we've never seen before. with such old fossils, you are the god. you can see very primitive osteopathic as characteristics in this . i tooth to character. look on critic. either goddamn time or dawn, but then we also have very clear human characteristics. he also, if the child had been at a bit more mature stage of development, we would not have been able to say this and you know, i'd occupy because andrews, when i pass on the pharmacy mccorda focus us right in the fact that it's a small child gives us some key information. he's also not sure where we don't yet know what constituted a human from

a couple of 1000000 years ago. and i think it was the way they grew up. but to be able to say that with certainty, we have to find more human infants from this period like this one or not on what makes this fine so valuable is it's early stage of development. but a guy is certain that an immature lower jaw will provide indications of the species . this would not be the case in a fully developed jaw. everything points to the fact that the jaw originated in the transition period between austro lapetrkozi and humans not met, no havoc, no libya. and this is where the problems start with our chrome dry child people and we enjoy some of them. others not so much. i love this one of you, but it will still be complicated. so we have to date the fossil, especially whether it's older or younger than to me in is shops, i'm sudden it's older, but that's not enough. we need proof for all pusan. everything

depends on the fossils age, but neither the dna analysis nor the radio carbon method is able to date such an old fossil. there's only one thing left to try to determine the age of the soil in which the fossil was found with to do this for god put together a team of geologists to look the indications of which iraq the soil and thus the char jones jaw came from verse the team has to learn about the composition of the soil in the newly dark area. the almost square site is boarded by limestone. do you think the blocks or whether we have yes,

totally. that then you said it or go completely wet and it had been, you know, leveled i miss ali? yes, definitely water but it's not circulating under the standing water is a bit of a mystery. there is an entire story behind it. a story from the time this child lived in chrome try the secret lies in the stark fontaine caves close to chrome dry. they found little foot in these limestone caves. the most complete skeleton of an australian pickers ever discovered. it took several years to estimate its age. it was 3700000 years old. la on blue cell headed up the

team at the time. he knew this cave labrenz and its history inside out all night and he can go, he can got the little one years left almost when i got here we have small passages, the mother creation of the cave to fella. you can see the process that she to so we're below ground water level. so everything is under water. i love to have an uncle to water dripped slowly and gradually dissolves bits of carbonate and magnesium. he wants to leave the sand, and anything that dissolves easily is washed out. it will, it is in your case, it's, this is how lab renting granados form and that equal dozens of kilometers long initially at every levant, or we'll push a phillip these discoveries from the stark fontaine caves forced the team in chrome dry to think again. the geologists found the same disintegration process in the rocks of both caves. so the 2 locations seem to be connected on the ground.

the opening to the earth's surface has to be a remnant have collapsed corridors. that means that the sighting crumb dry was once an underground cave full trigger and his team. this is an important realization they want to understand when and how the cave filled up. is this the key to dating the child of chrome dry to an indication of the origin of human kind. sch

only she knows in the counselor's de settled then he said sell when one auster contains larger holes in the middle. it's about 30 meters long and 20 meters wide and about 30 meters high. that's exactly the same size as calm, dry, eval memphis. why? this is interesting because here we have an unfilled cave. we still have a bald separating us from the surface mesh. a good 10 meters of rocks are ridiculous purpose. but we have to imagine that geological changes are making the roof thinner, and at some stage it will open the stones will fallen soil and also animals that we are finding now as fossils good will show, gradually, a pile of rubble will form called talis. like in an hour glass is the same, you know, actually the opening of the trap, but over thousands of years catches what used to be on the surface when it's a time capsule of what was happening outside at the time in the knee. let me walk the skis, bussey, at least tell you that talis rises until the opening is clogged again.

perhaps due to a collapse. once the whole closes, everything below it becomes fossilized. at the same time style it might grow slowly in the cave. as soon as the whole reopens a 2nd pile of scree forms on top of the fast in chrome try to form a cave roof was completely eroded so that scream at the fossils were embedded in was exposed. local nancy here we have a snapshot of what com dry must have looked like for 5 or 6000000 years ago before the cave open to the surface of english office. at 1st sight, everything seems to come from one source. but electro magnetic measurements showed that there are actually different layers, each from a different epoch. the geologists try to date the layer in which the human jaw was

found. regard hopes to then be able to estimate the age of the chrome try child. because if one ha on the inside of a bovine gene. but tease to for vale specializes in animal fossils. he identifies that type and evolutionary stage of the fragments of the bone fragments help date the animal species. this is a fema from what above it. yes. for val thinks this was a small antelope from the same period as the child of chrome dry. but what does that tell us? with either of what i'm trying to put the puzzled together piece by piece not from

the death of this animal to to day these fines help us understand the ecosystem, the hominy developed within me the both it fossils suggest open all wooded savannah, but that says little about the age of the layer, since today's antelopes are too similar to their ancestors, 2000000 years ago. to determine the age of the teams, need to find animals whose anatomy has changed more. after a few hours, they find a solid block containing fossilized bones of an unknown animal. for val carefully exposes the sample with a dentist's canter. he has to be very careful not to damage the fossil

specific dauphin i miss ali bath, proved one. i thought it might be a feline predator 100 after cleaning it. i have the complete gums and say, but teeth of a 2000000 year old feline predator. i am again terry. only younger leon. it's the breakthrough. they were hoping for. this sabre tooth tiger appeared about 3000000 years ago in africa and died out about 2000000 years ago. the layer, the animal gums and the child's jaw were found in is in fact from the transition period between osteopathic us and human. but the team has to date it even more precisely. the geologists get to work again. they use a static might from the former cave to measure the time a while alada leslie,

me look on life. this is these to lag might from chrome dry. the cradle of human kind, dickie is the only one we know we're still in place and it can be backdated and the dice of elder pico, the lady for me. stalagmites at formed from drops containing tiny amounts of uranium over time, the uranium turns to let the ratio of the 2 elements reveals the age of this town. this tallit might, must be between 2 and 2300000 years out. the talis under the style it might, must be older. this proves that the fossils from the thomas below the style might, are also more than 2000000 years out further indications that the child's jaw comes from the transition period from austro lapetrkozi to human with financial school looking office the call

i sandra gives us exactly what we were missing and struck fontaine. are you the connecting piece between australopithecines and how many? in struck fontaine, these layers had been mass due to erosion in chrome. dr. they are still there. here we can bring together the links between all the stories from the cradle of human kind de la soul, destiny beneath it. it's a spectacular discovery. the child of chrome dry is the oldest human child ever excavated. an examination of the lower jaw disclose is the age of the 1st humans. it also shows us what differentiated them from osteopathic us on her, do it manually to life was he remarked, not on his bosom. we can count on the fingers of one hand, the number of fines we have from the period before 2 to 3000000 years ago and never a child awful. but in crum dry, we have this infant who is showing as what humans were like 2000000 years ago. a

kapoor and humor yamil denny anacio center, was it. he knew gum id or offered a part of the linux user. funny, local boy, we made a 3 d image from the data to compare the lower jaw of a 2 year old to day with the chrome dry child in baton child dental founder. com. i hear a come on the original from tongue. the iconic estrella pisec as child clinic. the tongue child was discovered in 1924 in south africa at the time. it was the 1st and only osteopathic us and it didn't generate much interest since it was thought the parcels of children did not provide much information. it's hugely important for regard however, as it helps to differentiate modern day humans from earlier jenner sir louie estrada pacific. his child in red with crum dry and blue, be accurate. that's what it looks like today. we met no procedure without popular

clamp of it said he tell me, john, which of all the cooper we can get into about half of the jar here. all super 2 or 8, the tongue child really has no chin. it's slanted, and whittemore beacon of m a receding chin to aliyah be being mother da. com. are you the chrome dry child has quite a vertical profile. very different to this here. when you do the song, not a mosquito, the chin does not receive as strongly as the tongue. 1 may remember, luxury auto said this symphony, this area is also less broader. so they are so huddled here and there is the morphology of the tooth, one dish, which dip is the light from the australia, whitaker's. i feel like you've damaged it up your bottle or would we have a series of characteristics here? that suggested is closer to a modern day child than to an australia pickers. something when he changes everything. it's much more modern than we thought it was good. for oper, sampras his enemies bassetti on the other. so the criteria that defined what humans are, and now our dated mar, begun walking upright using tools, the large brain,

new t. now we know that the australopithecines also use tools and walked up right, or sick who g settles holidays. the large brain didn't develop until after the 1st humans appeared, laid upon you. luke was open today, the belief is more that the criteria for becoming human have to do with development . if i are vision yelling, and with the fossil of this infant, we are able to answer that for the 1st time. was you the baby? or to upon a point of what i promised christian? the paleo anthropologists realised that this find will revolutionize their research at prom dry. they hope to find out what originally made humans human. while the 3 d images are being analyzed, the search for more information continues that the chrome dry site. geology

provides the researchers with new details. the cave filled up until the talus reached the ceiling. it's possible that predators then moved in the fossils from the talis, were probably their prey. and they tell us about the lives of the 1st humans. finance a jacket, denial, any 2000000 years ago we were primarily scavengers, benefiting from others, leftovers and it was at the same time we were breaking. it was easy to eat it as dinner, so it's exciting to find the remains of our ancestors who were pray. it brings up new questions around how we continue to develop and change from one avery. to find out more about the 1st humans, the researchers look for new fossils. a comparison of the 3 jones of the austro le pictures to chrome dry, child,

and modern day humans alone is not enough to rewrite human history. a comparison is also needed with parent purpose. another home, an ingenious paratroopers means alongside humans and is considered our close relative. it appears around the same time as the homo genus. there is disagreement about whether it is an australia pickers or descends from the 1st branch or post was discovered in 1938 close to chrome dry. lapointe humor, 80 point ball hope so compress. monday. the 1st humans and 1st representatives of the genus are very different from one another, but the parent or birth has spectacular facial features. with an overdeveloped mastic atory apparatus, there it was vegetarian and specialized in consuming hard plants. contrary to the 1st humans,

digital studies suggest that they aid both plans and meet chrissy for his humor. it is all so much made, in fact, that traces of it can be found as a geo chemical signature inside their tables in class and senior your yoshika until you're the don't to permission rick are wants to unravel the origins of human kind. to do this, he would have to compare how human children and parents rip as children developed over 2000000 years ago. the problem is that no parent purpose child has yet been discovered. regard hopes to find one in chrome try he brings a specialist on board to find out where to dig. man, tom beaten galle,

we'll use the latest technology to lead him to the right place. she can predict where the largest number of fossils are to be found. my specific area studies is on the 3 d reconstruction of the site and understanding spatial patterning. you saying 3 d, digitization methods. these are actually the fossils whose coordinates they've collected using the turtle. satan, enraged, you have the above ins and, and green. you have the hominids and in yellow we have convoys. so what we found from our 3 d spatial analysis as that we actually have 4 main classes. cluster one and 2 contained the most fossil. so this is the most dense vision of the site i challenge, he is very destructive process and part of the discovery is destruction by my focus within my ph. d is to ensure that we can actually preserve

data in such a way that future generations can have an image of what it looked like before it was removed compared to the off i t times, i think now there's a lot more knowledge and awareness of this and a lot more representation as well. so for me, for example, being a black woman studying this. it's very rare, but we are pioneering and opening spaces for us to know our history and disseminated as well. regard digs where enjoy locates the highest probability of finding prominent fossils. searchable so follow most of the false tickets more. this was a part of a task completely disintegrated on brazil,

the muffled walkie won't with alterations, the ivory goes in all directions. a typical fine that tells us absolutely nothing for super boots to, to marya feel mozilla until it only shows as the inclination angle of the layout variables. angie, come over here of waterloo. i think we have an inside the here that's in the opposite direction to the layer with the parents were bas. we go only a troll news. suppose come so i we, we, lady, yes, that's clearly north to south. it fits the hypothesis that we have. another entrance is for and another source of material to have a don't not hoisin agreement that even older more people. yes. all dental that indicates a much longer, more complex history. the elephant task is important after all its position at right angles to the other. fines reveals that it belongs to a different thomas,

presumably from another opening in the cave roof. this thomas is partially covered by the one that contains the 1st humans and parentheses. so it's colder, but how old? exactly? the excitement grows as when you eat this layer is very rigid, loose the yellow pods or bones. don't come to know what they are. you have to take them out even with already, but it's too hard for the tool. you will need other tools for that natalie home. recovering the fossil from the solid graham takes time, but too much air exposure can damage the bones. to avoid this large

block said cut up and taken to the step fontaine lebrun tre. they're the fossils are extracted. the stern fontaine lamb belongs to robin clark, the discoverer of little foot. he rarely opens his lab, but bargains find awakens his curiosity from you. wow. now if this piece corresponds to the right maxine of that specific so it still needs some preparation. so you don't but wow, this is your,

this is all ready picking my interest this doesn't look like a parameter between you me. yeah. and at the moment in the matrix, not that easy to tell, we talked about, but if you look at the pre, if you look at your prima silva, doesn't look like him yet. here in the i mean yeah, you're just you know, for the long comparison and also to 50 two's to okay. the roof, the more i look at this the more i feel was one of these to the 1st turn now chrome dry. you have no strong with be the go see signal. i'm sure that i'm so please put that on your least. i'm pleased for the science because this,

this had so much to knowledge of the way these homeowners were developing. and the, and the different species that exist to do any one time. sure world and the last fossil brings, the real sensation. crum dry is the only site in the well, that preserves the transition from osteopathic us towards parents of us and man. these other 3 crucial pieces of the puzzle to unravel the origin of human kind, settle solid particular you did to propose. dude, us in this australopithecines specimen is very close to the fork in the family trade, or it may be one of the last before paratroopers separated from humans. and what's interesting in from dry is that in the lay with the skull, we found both the oldest parents purposes and the oldest humans. so it really

records the moment when the transition happened. to find in estrella, pithy gets that lived well before the split or a parent robust long after that is quite interesting. you're more present the most goals. you have, the better car, but i'm more interested in the blank page in the history books. and the moment when the species separated. lubo moles, se about to 2nd burger knows he's witnessing an historical moment. one that many of his colleagues will envy him, fall north toyota. we are touching our ancestors here and their descendants. what we saw no crumb dry is the time machine. ah. but burger is missing one essential element. what exactly was the difference between human and parents for pest children 2000000 years ago? he's convinced that this is the key to understanding how humans came to be. finding

another parent roper's baby towards the end of the dig. seems unlikely. well crumb dry reveal it last secret. after all look, i have the bottom teeth. another row of 10 peter. lucy. progress. those and yes, i have the in sizes loo, apollonia for the 1st time we are coming face to face with the paratroopers baby, or mold. i shall quote, every time i'm here with hope to find either a human baby or a paratrooper space or cinnamon and they the ball top when they build them up again, look on welcome. little parents for person was upon local choice. well, on

a lot from this child, when we compare it to which a human baby, whose joy we also found emily rid of the piece of joy, is the pinnacle of brick ars whack. at last he can compare a parent purpose baby with the human baby that he found at the beginning. what can the parent trip his baby tell us about becoming human? welfare this child is the new star of south african paleo anthropology is the 1st parents with his child skull ever discovered worldwide. all of them at no cost was mostly self with home halt. ha toyota. rather, using a particle accelerator called a synchrotron, we are creating a 3 dimensional x ray image of the inside of the 2 that you give us with the policy

. she's on the ball over. she's avima on is these 5 micro meters? thick structures correspond to the enamel that is deposited in a baby in 24 hours. dip was l. mankato similar to the annual rings of trees from the thick of the deposit that the foster, the tooth has grown. the football top we found that the teeth of the small per anthropocentric, were significantly faster than the teeth of small human. the financials it as a general solution. yes, you do call. we also saw differences in geochemistry. those a short took the ratio of calcium isotopes and the human and parent therapist teeth well gave us information about nutrition as the to the former. you who are due to form a stronger said this is important because the isotope ratio changes during the transition from lactation. to solid food intake or so did it go up always or to feed back well fed screwed on that a gross tooth analysis showed that the parentheses were weaned. very early southern more was i don't order any salt, probably shortly, or

a few months after birth liquids 0 who humans on the other hand were waned much later. not until about age 3, our sizes because we have them all this had implications for social life. since raising a child that was waned, much later required much more effort from the parents and the group than a child waned early, are smoldered above all, being not a model about develop a correlation between the duration of childhood and social structure can already be observed in great tapes, a connection that may be transferable to the 1st humans sabrina tree and studied the behavior of different primates in the jungle and supports for gar in his analysis. so gather legally. yeah. this of hygiene guerrillas are weaned much earlier than chimpanzee losolsi longer. i've wonderful women in the metabolism that focuses on brain

development and cognitive skills. or do you have acre, russell david opinion capacity could they learn to walk and climb later already from shore? lucas, with his wife, is also very of what have younger than the young chimpanzee clings to its mother's belly and is completely dependent on her, the same era intercept her picture. if you've ever heard more, the community helps to defend the youngest on his own living journey peculiar, hardly move and go here. will complete young guerrillas on the other hand, could become independent, much earlier than chimpanzees, et cetera. what in any pre, pray, country to what you might think that this shortens the learning period to early is under use one of as a portia in washington, d. c. chimpanzees, starting to use tools during a longer learning phase. this takes time and the sport of the big wireless randall

was actually cause i'd say when i watch chimpanzees, i feel very close to them. why even? but they're like, part of my family have acre quarter. and if you imagine the 1st humans how they lived together, when i said it was like this is awesome, do you feel probably more like a lag on? the big difference with humans is that the chimpanzees to was remain the same to this day. one get home, they pass on the knowledge to the next generation. i say probably more, but there was no progress. no further development of italy, men, keystone commute. and that's probably the difference which human mistakes uni our culture grew steadily. yes, we perfected our tools bit. i better digging a hash roaring, asher. so primitive humans, childhood was much longer than that of the parents were bas. ah,

the analogy to today's great apes allows conclusions to be drawn about how hominy organized their societies. 2000000 years ago. the 1st groups of people seemed to be united by one main goal to protect their offspring. this makes the group vulnerable, but apparently favors the passing on of knowledge for burger and his colleagues. this is the long sought after key to being human. mister holmes or paul combines upon qu, sylis, latisha. does you, michaela become dry is to prove that humans strategy was the better one. since the paratroopers disappeared 1000000 years ago. when humans, on the other hand have evolved in an original way compared to the estrella, pithy goes and paratroopers. the human reproductive strategy means giving birth to offspring their need

a lot of energy and attention to develop their brains. this strategy prevail? yeah, i did. it allowed us species to populate the entire planet, aka mommy, as descendants of a species that i am to bendhill from already lived as we do g o. this passes high key v vi at least as far as the relationship with their children was concerned all to girls equal sound. a little hopper, vio, doleful. bergen, spectacular finds, bring us closer to our ancestors. the fossil molars show that the secret of our species is the long lactation parent. this evolutionary step is what made the unique development of humans possible. aah! with dancing to get the current coiling. this called m. glad go to make partying sustainable. by using a unique technology that converts body heat into energy with scott,

show us how it works. the hotter the dancers, the smaller the electricity bill, euro mags. in 30 minutes on d, w. o. in a least in question about life, the universe and everything. you know the answer. well then give it here for the to the answer to almost everything our documentary series with whatever crazy and ground breaking punishment. can we go into the afterlife? are we getting dumber and dumber? how can we feed every one questions for the present

a future emp heads filled with idea for so get really for the brain. a 42. the answer to almost everything starts january 15th on d, w. ah, this is d. w. use live from berlin. air raid sirens sound in key after a barrage of explosions hits the ukrainian cap on the battlefield. russia claims to have taken control of a key town in the east. ukraine, however denied, but sola dar.