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south africa. these hills are known as the cradle of humankind. they tell the story of evolution. nowhere else is so many of our ancestors fossils been discovered. but one mystery remains, when exactly did the 1st humans appear. and what with our lives like, that's what paleo anthropologist josie bra gong wants to find out at the crumb dry archaeological site in south africa. he aims to give a voice to the bones of our ancestors. ah, paleo anthropologist. josie braga is a wild expert in his field,

whether with state of the art laboratory equipment or in the dusty savannah, he is searching for the origin of human kind and the missing piece of the puzzle. in homo sapiens, family tree. god also terrace. i, louisiana. it us was a space allocated to lose you mark trailer. there's general consensus that all human beings living on the planet to day have their origin in africa around 100000 years ago in west holy low. but also, stuart girls moved from one of us. in fact, if you go further back around 2000000 is if it's a different story, at least, did you sell? don't pulse. good humanity resolving it up on. yes, we still don't know exactly where the homogeneous emerged and where they was 2 or more like 3000000 years ago. got idea of us to the about units. austin was

here in chrome dry, close to johannesburg. regard aims to solve this mystery. the site is part of the cradle of human kind and the many fossils in this landscape have revealed the story of evolution. it has been listed as a unesco welled heritage site since 1999 humanities, family tree braunsdorf from the great apes. 7000000 years ago, we and our ancestors are descended from that new genus, the hominy. one of those ancestors is off telepathic us, of whom several skeletons have been found. some of them over 3000000 years old. but about 2000000 years ago this species died out. the transition from osteopathic us

to human still counts as a blind spot in evolutionary history. no fossil has yet been found from the period between 3 and 2000000 years ago. that will give us any clothes regard became site manager of the crumb dry archaeological site in south africa in 2002 to try and solve this mystery . at the time the region was mainly living on its reputation. the last relevant discovery came from the 19 thirties and at 1st regard to finds nothing new,

but he doesn't give up. he trusts his instincts and modern technology of it. what we've been brought to register, some varies. christopher jones got features on top of your for to read burger things. chrome dry is much bigger than originally assumed to find new excavation sites. he uses aerial photo grammar tree to carry out 3 d survey. by combining this and chemical soil analysis, he plans to track down undiscovered fossils and in the end, the new survey shows that this soil lay out really does stretch far into the north . from dry is 5 times as large as originally thought.

the search for fossil treasure in the unexplored region begins the teen gathers a large number of samples. nobody has any idea yet how significant the new fines will be to us as humans are good, gather the so general, it's a piece of i tooth from a primate to paper. i'm already in the jaw here. she's on accident. even before it's taken out of the ground, it's clear that this is an entire jaw back. what is that from a home in any it's extraordinary,

was unix later off to cancel cleaning, it becomes clear that this is an almost perfectly preserved lowered jaw of a child. it's a small sensation. but does it belong to a human child or an osteopathic us? might it even have originated in the mysterious transition period between the 2 genera? boucher mammals, i know specializes in medical imaging. he makes a computerized model of the jaw to find some answers. don't allow them to go in a donation was acquainted, you know what i wanted, we were using your data to create a model of the jaw of the child of chrome dry with its tooth bones. don't el chico 6 hold. no,

it's extraordinary. absolutely. my thought no. jeremy recess you, i've never seen anything like this in an osteopathic us show on the solution up. they never have these long central or lateral in sizes. ha. latan. palazzo not. thank i tyler, this backs up my initial impression. scotland question, why have you read? because you look good, let's add some more criteria to make sure this is really a human mandible. dick. it actually promote up. what shall me to be up? why fi, army? cool. nice. yeah. i know you could human the teeth inside the lower jaw have remained unchanged since the death of the child, their shape and position suggest the genus is houma. but from which precise stage of evolution

should be viewed upon the eye lug nuts was from godaddy minded. what's special about the child of crum dry is that it combines modern and primitive characteristics in a way we've never seen before. with such old fossils, where the car, you can see very primitive osteopathic as characteristics in this. i tooth to character look politic. either got their own time or down, but then we also have very clear human characteristics. you see also if the child had been at a bit more mature stage of development, we would not have been able to say this angela anaki. debbie can cause any issues when i pass on the pharmacy. look auto focus us. we're right in the fact that it's a small child gives us some key information. we saw santa lucia, where we don't yet know what constituted a human from a couple of 1000000 years ago. and i think it was the way they grew up. but to be able to say that with certainty, we have to find more human infants from this period like this one or not on what makes this fine so valuable is it's early stage of development. but again,

is certain that an immature lower jaw will provide indications of the species. this would not be the case in a fully developed jaw. everything points to the fact that the jaw originated in the transition period between austro lapetrkozi and humans not met, no havoc, no libya. and this is where the problem started with our chrome dry child people. am we enjoy some of them. others not so much. i love this one, but it will still be complicated. so we have to date the fossil, especially whether it's older or younger than to me in is shop. so i'm sudden it's older, but that's not enough. we need proof. we're all approved with everything depends on the fossils age. but neither the dna analysis nor the radio carbon method is able to date such an old fossil

there's only one thing left to try to determine the age of the soil in which the fossil was found with to do this for god put together a team of geologists to look for indications of which iraq, the soil, and thus the cha builds, jaw came from verse. the team has to learn about the composition of the soil in the newly dark area. the almost square site is boarded by line stack. do you think the blocks or whether we could have yes, totally. so then you said it all got completely wet and it will be non effort. i miss ali? yes, definitely water but it's not circulating under the standing water is a bit of a mystery. and as an entire story behind it,

a story from the time this child lived in chrome dry. the secret lies in the stark fontaine caves close to chrome dry. they found little foot in these limestone caves. the most complete skeleton of an australia pickers ever discovered. it took several years to estimate its age. it was 3700000 years old. little home blue cell headed up the team at the time. he knew this cave labrons and its history inside out all night and he can go, he can gal deal with him one years left much when i got here. we have small

passages them out the creation of the cave to fella. you can see the process that she were below ground water level, so everything is under water delivered to a pump. the water dripped slowly and gradually dissolves bits of carbonate and magnesium. he wants to live with sand and anything that dissolves easily as washed out to little nickie. this is how lab renting granados form medical dozens of kilometers long issue luther levant, or we'll push a fellow these discoveries from the stark fontaine caves forced the team in chrome dry to think again. the geologists found the same disintegration process in the rocks of both canes. so the 2 locations seem to be connected under grout. the opening to the earth's surface has to be a remnant of collapsed corridors. that means that the citing crumb dry was once an underground cave for burger and his

team. this is an important realization they want to understand when and how the cave filled up. is this the key to dating the child of chrome dry to an indication of the origin of human kind. sch alicia mills in the gone stella de settled then he said sell wherein one stood contains larger halls in the middle. it's about 30 meters long and 20 meters wide and about 30 meters high. that's exactly the same size as chrome dry. i've all

meant to. so this is interesting because here we have an unfilled cave. we still have a bald separating us from the surface english, a good 10 meters of rock sharika purpose. but we have to imagine that geological changes are making the roof thinner, and at some stage it will open the stones were fallen soil and also animals that we are finding now was fossils good will show. gradually, a pile of rubble will form called talis. like in an hour glass, the some you know, the opening of the trap, but over thousands of years catches what used to be on the surface. one said that it's a time capsule of what was happening outside at the time you need. let me walk the stairs, bessie alex, tell you that talis rises until the opening is clogged again. perhaps due to a collapse. once the whole closes, everything below it becomes fossilized. at the same time style it might grow slowly in the cave. as soon as the whole reopens

a 2nd pile of scree forms on top of the fast in chrome try to form a cave roof was completely eroded. so the screen that the fossils were embedded in was exposed. look on the launch here, we have a snapshot of what com drive must have looked like 45 or 6000000 years ago before the cave open to the surface of english office. at 1st sight, everything seems to come from one source, but electro magnetic measurements show that there are actually different layers, each from a different epoch. the geologist try to date the layer in which the human jaw was found. regard hopes to then be able to estimate the age of the chrome dry child. it's an integral part of the

inside of a buzzard. jom battista for vale specializes in animal fossils. he identifies that type and evolutionary stage of the fragments of the bone fragments help date the animal species. this is a fema from what above it. yes. for val thinks this was a small antelope from the same period as the child of chrome dry. but what does that tell us? face either of what i'm trying to put the puzzled together piece by piece not from the death of this animal to to day these fines help us understand the ecosystem, the hominy developed within me. the both it fossils suggest open or would it savannah? but that says little about the age of the lion,

since today's antelopes are too similar to their ancestors. 2000000 years ago. to determine the age of the teams, need to find animals whose anatomy has changed more. after a few hours, they find a solid block containing fossilized bones of an unknown animal. for val carefully exposes the sample with a dentist's cutter. he has to be very careful not to damage the fossil perfectly caffeine army fairly bus route one. i thought it might be a feline predator, but after cleaning it i have the complete gums and say, but teeth of a 2000000 year old feline predator. and again, terry only jungian it's the breakthrough. they were hoping for. this saber tooth

tiger appeared about 3000000 years ago in africa and died out about 2000000 years ago. the layer, the animal gums, and the child's jaw were found in is in fact from the transition period between austro la pickers and human but the team has to dated even more precisely. the geologists get to work again. they use a static might from the former cave to measure the time while alada leslie, me look on life. this is these to lag might from kron dry. the cradle of human kind is the only one we know we're still in place and it can be backdated only the dose of all the pico related to for me. stanley mites are formed

from drops containing tiny amounts of uranium. over time, the uranium turns to let, the ratio of the 2 elements reveals the age of this town. this dallas might, must be between 2 and 2300000 years out. the talis under the style at night must be older. this proves that the fossils from the tanis below the salad might are also more than 2000000 years out further indications that the child's jaw comes from the transition period from austro lapetrkozi to human minimal sca knocking off the call. i said, rom, dry gives us exactly what we were missing and struck fontaine, are you the connecting piece between australopithecines and how many in struck fontaine, these layers had been mass due to erosion level in chrome. dr. they are still there

. here we can bring together the links between all the stories from the cradle of human kind de la soul, new best to live in it. it's a spectacular discovery. the child of chrome dry is the oldest human child ever excavated. an examination of the lower jaw disclose is the age of the 1st humans. it also shows us what differentiated them from osteopathic us on her, do it on yield any to life was he remarked, not on his bosom. we can count on the fingers of one hand, the number of fines we have from the period before 2 to 3000000 years ago and never a child awful. but in chrome dry, we have this infant who is showing as what humans were like 2000000 years ago. good pereta and humor, yamil denny anacio loosened what he knew from id or offered a bottle, the linux user phony local boy. we made a 3 d image from the data to compare the lower jaw of

a 2 year old to day with the chrome dry child, an baton child, an awful new com. i hear a victim on the good often tongue. the iconic estrella pisec his child clinic the tongue child was discovered in 1924 in south africa at the time. it was the 1st and only osteopathic us and it didn't generate much interest since it was thought the parcels of children did not provide much information. it's hugely important for burger, however, as it helps to differentiate modern day humans from earlier jenner. sir lee, you stroller pacific is child in red with chrome dry and blue be actual. that's what it looks like today. we met no proceed. you perform popular clamp often said he tell me john, jehovah cooper, we can get into about half of the jar here. all super 2 or 8, the tom child really has no chin. it's slanted whitmore beacon of i'm a receding chin to aliyah be being mother da. com are you the chrome dry child has

quite a vertical profile. very different to this here. when you do saw, not her mother's gala, the chin does not receive as strongly as the tongue. 1 may remember last year old who says this symphony, this area is also less broader. so the us wild t and there is the morphology of the tooth, one dish, which dip is the light from the australia, whitaker's. i feel like he permitted up your bottle or would we have a series of characteristics here? that suggested is closer to a modern day child than to an australia pickers. something where he changes everything. it's much more modern than we thought he's gonna have rocco sampras, his enemies bassetti on the other. so the criteria that defined what humans are, and now our dated marya began walking upright using tools the large brain she knew now we know that the australopithecines also used tools and walked up right or sick who g settles holidays. the large brain didn't develop until after the 1st humans appeared, laid upon you. luke was walking to day, the belief is more that the criteria for becoming human have to do with development

. see, by our vision yelling and with the fossil of this infant, we're able to answer that for the 1st time. foresee the b, b, or boo. upon a point of what i promise it gets to the paleo anthropologists realised that this find will revolutionize their research at crohn dry. they hope to find out what originally made humans human. while the 3 d images are being analyzed, the search for more information continues at the chrome try site. geology provides the researchers with new details. the cave filled up until the talus reached the ceiling. it's possible that predators then moved in the fossils from the talis,

will probably their prey. and they tell us about the lives of the 1st humans finance or jackie had them in underneath 2000000 years ago, we were primarily scavengers, benefiting from others, leftovers. when it was at the same time we were breaking, it was easy to eat or it has been so it's exciting to find the remains of our ancestors who were pray. it brings up new questions around how we continue to develop from and changed from one avery. to find out more about the 1st humans, the researchers look for new fossils. a comparison of the 3 jones of the austro le pictures, the chrome dry child, and modern day humans alone is not enough to rewrite human history. a comparison is also needed with parent purpose. another home, an ingenious paratroopers means alongside humans and is considered our

close relative. it appears around the same time as the homo genus. there is disagreement about whether it is an austro lapetrkozi or descends from the 1st branch. her purse was discovered in 1938 close to chrome dry. the point is mercury point ball hope. so concrete model. the 1st humans and 1st representatives of the genus are very different from one. another aspect of the paratroopers has spectacular facial features. with an overdeveloped mastic atory apparatus, though it was vegetarian and specialized in consuming hod plans. contrary to the 1st humans over budgeting study suggest that they ate both clans and meet chrissy for his humor. it is all so much made, in fact, that traces of it can be found as a g o chemical signature inside their table in class, in senior care solutions guarantee are they don't to promise you

regard wants to unravel the origins of human kind. to do this, he would have to compare how human children and parents rip as children developed over 2000000 years ago. the problem is that no parent purpose child has yet been discovered. regard hopes to find one in chrome try he brings a specialist on board to find out where to dig. man tom beaten galloway will use the latest technology to lead him to the right place. she can predict where the largest number of fossils are to be found. my specific area studies is on the 3 d reconstruction of the site and understanding spatial

patterning. you saying 3 d, digitization methods. these are actually the fossils whose coordinates we've collected using the total station and red. you have the buffets and green. you have the hominids and in yellow we have carnivores. so what we found from our 3 d spatial analysis as that we actually have 4 main classes. cluster one and 2 contained the most fossil. so this is the most dense region of the site. archaeology is very destructive process, and part of the discovery is destruction by my focus within my ph. d is to ensure that we can actually preserve data in such a way that future generations can have an image of what it looked like before it was removed compared to the off i t a times i think now there's a lot more knowledge and awareness of this and

a lot more representation as well. so for me, for example, being a black woman studying this. it's very rare, but we are pioneering and opening spaces for us to know our history and disseminated as well. regarding swear. enjoy locates the highest probability of finding prominent fossils . santa monica, so follow him also. the false congress more. this was like part of a task completely disintegrated all brazil. you'd be muffled walkie, warned with all to reasons. the ivory goes in all directions. a typical find that tells us absolutely nothing for super boot stick to marya phil russell until it only shows as the inclination angle of the layout articles and g come

over here. walter taylor, i think we have an insider here that is in the opposite direction to the layer with the parent therapist. we go only are tony's suppose come so i, we, we ladies, yes, that's clearly north to south. it fits the hypothesis that we have. another entrance is for and another source of material to have a goal, not hoisin agreement that even older, more people. yes, older that indicates a much longer, more complex history. the elephant task is important. after all, it's position at right angles to the other. fines reveals that it belongs to a different thomas, presumably from another opening in the cave roof. this thomas is partially covered by the one that contains the 1st humans and parentheses . so it's older. but how old exactly?

the excitement grows as when you eat this layer is very risky unless the yellow pods are bones. you don't want to know what they are. you have to take them out even for an order together, but it's too hard for the tool. will need other tools for that. natalie home were young recovering the fossil from the solid ground takes time. but too much air exposure can damage the bones. to avoid this large block said cut up and taken to the stern fontaine laboratory. there the fossils are extracted.

the stern fontaine lab belongs to ron clark, the discoverer of little foot. he rarely opens his lab, but brigands find awakens his curiosity. wow. now is this piece corresponds to the right maxine of that specimen. so it needs some preparation. yeah, it certainly does, but wow. this is, this is already taking my interest this doesn't look like a parameter between you, me. yeah. and at the moment in the matrix, it's not that easy to tell, talked about. but if you look at the pre,

if you look at the prima silva, doesn't mcgraw come here and i mean, but yeah, you just, you know, for them all comparison and also to 50 two's people can see the roof. the more i look at this, the more i feel is it's one of the hist for the 1st time now chrome drive you have to know strong bid because single. i'm sure that i'm so pleased for you than on your least. i'm pleased for science because this, this had so much to any knowledge of the way these homeowners were developing and under different species that exist to do any one time. so well down

the last fossil brings, the real sensation from dry is the only site in the well, the preserves, the transition from osteopathic us towards parenthesis and man these other 3 crucial pieces of the puzzle to unravel the origin of human kind, settle some particular do to propose, dude us, if this australopithecines specimen is very close to the fork in the family trade, or it may be one of the last before paratroopers separated from humans. and what's interesting in from dry is that in the lay with the skull, we found both the oldest parenthesis and the oldest humans. so it really records the moment when the transition happened. toy to find in estrella. pithy gives that lived well before the split or a parent robust long after that is quite interesting. you're more present in most girls. you have the better car, but i'm more interested in the blank page in the history books from the moment when

the species separated, loom also sibyl, the 2nd magus burger knows he's witnessing and historical moment. one that many of his colleagues will envy him fall. he also toyota. we are touching our ancestors here and their descendants. we saw no crumb dry is the time machine. ah, but burger is missing one essential element. what exactly was the difference between human and parents for past children 2000000 years ago? he's convinced that this is the key to understanding how humans came to be finding another parent purpose baby towards the end of the dig seems unlikely. well, from dry reveal its last secret. after all, look,

i have the bottom teeth. another row of 10, peter a pro grant sales, and yes, i have the in sizes loo, apollonia for the 1st time we had coming face to face with a parent or pis baby, or mold. a shock wasn't every time i'm here was that hope to find either a human baby or a poor anthropic baby. all cinnamon and baby bald hall, poorly big enough. he fell up again. look on welcome little parents for persons upon local shows. well, and a lot from the child when we compare it to which a human baby, whose jaw we also found emily rid of the piece of jaw is the pinnacle of brick ars whack. at last he can compare a parent purpose baby with the human baby that he found at the beginning.

what can the parent trip his baby tell us about becoming human? welfare this child is the new star of south african paleo anthropology is the 1st parents with his child scull ever discovered worldwide. all of them at no cost was he mostly self with home halter latoya elder. i don't using a particle accelerator called a synchrotron. we are creating a 3 dimensional x ray image of the inside of the to give us with a policy she's on be the ball. hope she's on the bmo on these 5 micro meters. thick structures correspond to the enamel that is deposited in a baby in 24 hours. depos yeoman cattle similar to the annual rings of trees from the thicket, the deposit that the foster, the tooth has grown. the put you ball top,

we found that the t is the small parents purposes grow significantly faster than the teeth of small human financials. it as a general solution. yes, you do call. we also saw differences in geochemistry. those are short, took the ratio of calcium isotopes and the human and parent therapist teeth well gave us information about nutrition as the to the former. you who are doing for my shoulder said this is important because the isotope ratio changes during the transition from lactation to solid food intake. so if you're so up always looking back well fed screwed already. grierson, tooth analysis showed that the parentheses were weaned very early, is often more was, i don't order any salt, probably shortly, or a few months after birth liquids 0 who humans on the other hand were waned much later, but not until about age. 3 south side is because we view them all. this had implications for social life. since raising a child that was waned, much later required much more effort from the parents and the group than

a child waned earlier. smoldered about will be not a modern about develop a correlation between the duration of childhood and social structure can already be observed in great tapes. a connection that may be transferable to the 1st humans sabrina tree and studied the behavior of different primates in the jungle. and supports for gar, in his analysis. for legal. yes. this is highly gorillas are winged much earlier than chimpanzee losolsi longer. ivan wonderful women in the metabolism focuses on brain development and cognitive skills. oh, dear. yeah. baker. residential opinion. okay. bessie did. they learn to walk and climb later, already from shore. looking with his wife is also very of what had younger the young chimpanzee clings to its mother's belly and is completely dependent on her

for intercept extra you they have on the home or the community helps to defend the youngest on his entropy junior peculiar harbor. leah will complete learning guerrillas on the other hand, can become independent, much earlier than chimpanzees, et cetera. what in any pre pre country to what you might think that this shortens the learning period to early and useful. busy portia in washing you see chimpanzees starting to use tools during a longer learning phase. this takes time and the sport of the big while mr. adult was actually caught up. so when i watched him pansy's, i feel very close to them. why each but they're like, part of my family, have acre quarter. and if you imagine the 1st humans how they lived together,

when i said it was like this, you also see if you feel probably more, le, le gone. the big difference with humans is that the chimpanzees tools remain the same to this day. one gets from they pass on the knowledge to the next generation. i say probably more, but there was no progress. no further development of the tools men keys on cumulate and that's probably the difference with human mistakes uni. our culture grew steadily. yes, we perfected our tools bits. i bent her during a history warning. asher, so primitive humans, childhood was much longer than that of the parents were both the analogy to today's great apes allows conclusions to be drawn about how hominy organized their societies. 2000000 years ago. the 1st groups of people seem to be united by one main goal to protect their offspring.

this makes the group vulnerable, but apparently favors the passing on of knowledge for burger and his colleagues. this is the long sought after key to being human. mister holmes of home combines upon kuhn said, as long as she did you, my k w p from dry is the proof that humans strategy was the better one will be she. since the paratroopers disappeared 1000000 years ago, when humans on the other hand have evolved in an original way compared to the estrella petticoats and paratroopers failed to put, the human reproductive strategy means giving birth to offspring that need a lot of energy and attention to develop their brains, this strategy prevailed here. it allowed us species to populate the entire planet army, as descendants of the species that i am to vincent from already lived as we do deal this philosophy, hockey v, at least as far as the relationship with their children was concerned. alter goals

equal sound, a little hopper, vio, doleful. burger spectacular finds, bring us closer to our ancestors. the fossil molars show that the secret of our species is the long lactation period. this evolutionary step is what made the unique development of humans possible. ah, south africa. they are hot commodities. phoebe chimpanzees are being illegally treated as paps. and guinea and rangers at the upper niger national park are fed up. they want to raise awareness of the issue with a wide range of projects to protect, to pansy. pico africa in 30 minutes on d. w. don't smoke. i

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ah ah, this is dw news lie from berlin, germany is defense minister step down christine alarm. christ offers her resignation to chance, are all up shawls following a series of missteps. most recently and new year's video message widely criticized for being tone. death. also coming up, hopes of finding more survivors are fading in april after a russian cruise missile destroyed a residential building in the central ukrainian city. 35 people are confirmed dead . dozens of others are still unaccounted for.