oh, are you ready to go to these places in europe are smashing all the records step into more bold, adventure. just don't lose your grip. is the treasure map for modern globetrotters, discover some of european wykard breaking sites on youtube and now also in book form with the joys of spring are highly visible in the animal kingdoms, rights and rituals of courtship displays of prowess and plantation. moving in pursuit of the ultimate plaza, mating. yes, even animals can have sex without offspring. thanks to contraception. that's just

one of our topics this week. mm hm. ah, hello and welcome to tomorrow to day d. w. science magazine. with the rise of spring time can also be seen in zoos. these red panders, still haven't connected yet. and these male blue backed mannequins are going all out to whenever a female. but if all the animals here were to fulfill their natural desires, wazoo would soon become very crowded. the answer is contraception for the males. this is leopold as a responsible bush pig. he takes the pill. this guy could also you set

or this sky male birth control has been around for quite a while now for animals. but it would also work for humans in a similar way. contraceptives are already being used in zoos with mammals are closest relatives in the animal world. thanks. hormones looked exactly the same and all mammals, testosterone, for example, produces horns in one species, facial hair, and another, or a sexually attractive body odor. but in all cases, the hormone is required for sperm production, without which there'd be no babies. oh, you just can't get enough of them. right. that said here in munich, hello quanzhou. there is room for new babies, but not so much that the animals can reproduce as often as they would in the wild

veterinarian. dr. hans pita steinmetz is in charge of contraception, which obviously varies depending on the sex of the animal. in question. in the case of the male bush pigs, he uses hormonal contraception. that means putting lamp hold on the pill, except it's not a pill, but an injection by dimensional pennsville offline with a male bush pigs. you can't just go and give the animal's a shot at a loss for, for oblation, or we have to administer it with a blow gun device. it's repeated at regular intervals as a booster vaccination since it's fi more every 2 or 3 months via oil and most to illustrate how the vaccine works. and importantly, whether it would also be effective with the human male. let's look at house per

production and mammals basically works. imagine a man is a multi story building with the production department on the ground floor. sperm is produced down here in the testicles, along with most of the testosterone to operations are run up top in the brain via the hypothalamus. essentially the boss starting up production and releasing the g n r h hormone the g, an r age instructor. the pituitary gland to produce 2 additional hormones, l, age and f, as h. f s h is responsible for the sperm production line, and l age for testosterone production. and while sperm cells are being turned out to stops, drones swarms out across the man's body, resulting in a little body, hair growth here, and a bit of muscle mass there before returning to the hypothalamus. with that message then operations are now up and running. the boss puts the brakes on g r h

production, but once testosterone is no longer flowing, the order comes for production to start back up again. the whole system is called the hormone feedback loop. and for contraception that lou passed to be interrupted for leopold that happens by a remote injection using a blow gun and a kind of vaccination. in this case, the bush pigs own immune cells are used to interrupt the hormone loop. they've been program to block the g n r h messenger halting production. and that means no more g n are h, no l h or f s age, no sperm and no testosterone either. leopold has all the features of a male bush pig, the tusks, the skillen john. but very small testicles,

no libido and no sexy scent. although he does seem a pretty content little pig the same hole contraception, not a bad idea for disease carrying mosquitoes. some research has already been done on it. it's not needed for the many harmonies musky says they bite, but then just inch, but a female and not for these mosquito can carry malaria. parasites that infect the host, it feeds on to scientists are looking at ways to prevent a malaria infection. scientists, sylvia bought 2 ground, is researching the parasite plasmodium farsi power, m, which the mosquito transmit when it bite, and which can develop into malaria. what am parasites

a dangerous is that they grow inside your red blood cells in and in your blood and they multiply for each paras item within 48 hours, gives rise to $16.00 to $32.00 and you once and as they growing numbers, they and they bind to all the lining of the blood vessels rights and when in very small vessels they can block circulation in these can cause a severe problems mostly in children's causes, a thing called cerebral m malaria. dr. portugal, i learned that the malaria parasite can stay dormant. the body for around 6 months without the person getting sick and inside that can help in finding the disease. vaccine would be helpful. i see very limited possibilities as we've what we have right now for an efficient vaccine against area. but we,

we've seen in many countries that just developments of good hospitals, access to treatment for access to health actually brings numbers tremendously bound and also the heat factor and control the current vaccine still does not offer sufficient protection, access to medical care and many regions with malaria is not sufficient either. mosquito netting treated with insecticide still seems to be the most effective protection against the disease, but the mosquitoes are developing an immunity to these poisons. therefore, further insights into fighting malaria are still needed. russian scientist, yelena, live ashna isn't researching the pathogen itself, but rather the anomalies mosquito that carries the malaria. she learned that not every kind of mosquito transmits the disease based on this insight, researchers are now looking for more targeted solutions. we know about the 3

contract unless ghetto, spacious, worldwide. so it's really yeah, quite a number of different species and many of them are complex suspicious, so they are inside. there are still subspecies sofa. this same species and out of nose, i would say around 30, it's believe globally again there on the world of those which can transmits, right? and so the numbers are alias and if and then in the particular area will be a one to really the, the most efficient of actus one method scientists are working on is called gene dr . technology, the mosquitoes are genetically modified, so they either become sterile or no longer are able to absorb the malaria pathogen . this means they can no longer transmit the disease. this technology can be used to vary a, let's say a specific way. and,

and there are many tools, nar, which will be age val upping. now to contain that. so you could basically stop spreading off with insects. and of course, you don't want to pull you to the world where a few spacious or something genetically modified without really being sure of that . of this a safe promising research approaches to stop the transmission of malaria from mosquitoes to humans. but there's still a lot of work to be done before the bloodsuckers. finally become a little less scary. vaccination against malaria already exists with more in the research pipeline. like some coven vaccinations, one min area vaccine is based on em are in a technology em. renee is constantly being created in the nucleus of every cell. it's full name is messenger rival nucleic acid. after it has copy genetic

information, the m r n a leaves the nucleus and it's called the blueprint, tells the cell to make a required protein. it's quite literally the genomes messenger before the pandemic . hardly any one had even heard the name a marion a. so what's behind its sudden overwhelming success and mathias henson has been researching m r n a. for decades. he leads the european molecular biology, laboratory, and heidelberg. it's new to him that so many are interested in his research. thus long by getting out about m r and a at a dinner table conversation is something that never happened before the pandemic. up on the new evolve, mr game m r n a. serves an important function in the body, because it's mo bile, it can transport blueprints. these blue prints are saved on the equivalent of hard

drives and our body, specifically in the dna on the chromosomes. they stay there undisturbed. to build proteins, genetic information must be translated m r n a contains the same information, but is more mobile. it's the way the blueprints are transported. it leaves the nucleus and brings the information to the resumes. ah, this is where the m r any is read. all the possible protein combinations can now be billed from the generic specifications transmitted the body needs them for pretty much all of its processes. m r n a was long neglected by researchers. chemically. it's not much different than dna. however, it's more stable and therefore easier to handle. the scrub,

he muttered earlier, there were exciting findings about dna and already was a bit of a late comer. but that late comers really caught up in the last few years, the light of boyhood. still, some people believed in the application of m r n. a early on, one was in my her while doing his ph. d here in tubing. and he discovered that he could bring m r n a and on let's information into cells without any special packaging. at 1st he thought he'd made a mistake and hopped on a mother's got then very carefully, i repeated, everything's about documenting, controlling it all. exactly. and got the same results also then there was this eureka moment. really, when i thought the please, my god, if this actually works, it'll be revolutionary roots. your with his colleagues, her later found at the company cure evac pcs. great advantages and the medical application of m renee them on yet. so i'm on the modifying other vaccines requires

a lot of animal testing to see how well it works with renee and i just have to modify the sequence the order of the letters if you will. i can, you can talk to the body and just move it, that's the vision. and it's the same production process, whether you're developing an arna for polio or for corona with it's the same in terms of production. when researchers know the genetic sequence of a protein, they're now able to derive the corresponding m, r, n, a. it's produced artificially packaged and introduced into the body, which then builds the desired protein all by itself. that's also the principle behind m r n a. coffee vaccines. the body gets the blueprints for viral spike proteins and uses them to train the immune system. but there was the problem at 1st. because when m r n a moves about freely our bodies view it as

a foreign substance and sound the alarm. cut to lean, cutting co together with her calling, drew weisman, solve this problem. they used to trick and modified the m r. any so the body no longer attacked it. finding the change that would produce that effect was the case of trial and error. and it was, you know, caught, coming down from, wanted a different modification and you are just expecting that finally you have 3, maybe at least one of those, you know, which is not the mother. jenny can logo for all day and he's made of so that's what we found. that was the breakthrough. still it took decades of research to enable the development of an m r. n. a coven vaccine, and record time in 20. 20. had the pandemic occurred a decade earlier, this would not have been possible. mathias hanser has great hopes for this new type of vaccine. the 1st and this is an obviously m r n a as new law

as minus eastern when i consider that a positive a positive in center. and it's true that messenger r renee is very unstable. instability the highest i. what that means is it enters the cells, does its job, and then breaks down and disappears housing the nist existence. so the coven, 19 vaccines are very likely only the beginning for m. r. n a technology? ah, so an m r in a vaccination doesn't alter gene. but there are effects on the way to alter the genes of some living creatures to produce. ingredients for medication guides are especially interesting to they can produce a substance that prevents from pisces o blood class gates that make medicine for humans.

there's one situation where a solitary goat can beat 90000 people producing and he from been doesn't ring a bell. then let's start from the beginning. researchers have been using the option of introducing foreign genes into organisms in the hope of producing medicine. diabetics have to regularly inject insulin for a long time. doctor's obtained supplies of the hormone from the pancreas is of pigs, but supplying the world's diabetics will require the insulin from one and a half 1000000000 sluggard, pigs per year, which exceeds the local population. in the late 19 seventies researchers began producing the gene responsible for insolent artificially when it was introduced to equal i bacteria. they began producing intellect.

ah. after compressing the bacteria, researchers were able to isolate the insulin to the relief of animal loving diabetics. many other drugs are developed in this way produced by genetically modified bacteria. but the method also has its limitations. the bacterial cells then also modify the desired substances. the end result is not always ideal for humans because our cells also processed substances exempt in a completely different way than the bacteria do. one solution to this problem is to use organisms that are more closely related to us, such as plants, despite the superficial differences, their cells convert the active ingredients in a similar way to ours, which is why they're often better tolerated by humans. right now, researchers are experimenting on tobacco plants to see if they can produce

a vaccine to fight cubic 19. and in addition to plants, certain animals are also a potential source of solutions. researchers we're able to engineer a goat with a gene that's responsible for the production of anti thrombin 3, which inhibits blood clotting. but it's not produced in sufficient quantities by some people in certain situations. after surgery, for example, it then has to be administered anti from 3 can be obtained from the blood of healthy people, all be it only in small amounts. and this is where the goats come into play. the anti thrombin gene was placed in them in such a way that the desired active ingredient appears. me animals milk one leader yields 10 grams of at the from and 3 over an entire year. that means a single go produces as much as the blood of $90000.00 humans were provided. so

goats are a major life, so we all know what comes out of an adult. and what comes out of the back end of grazing animals is something completely different . but it isn't just wait, go, sheep and cattle droppings are important for the ecosystem islands of life to pull insects and animals. one and average cow patty ways to elosa measures 30 centimeters and diameter is 2 centimeters thick. each animal unloads at least 10 of them on the pasture a day. they are excellent fertilizer. wherever one lands it stimulates growth, creating a clump of grass. but count patties are much more than fertilizer and one wild meadow in the tell by geese and nature reserve near fryeburg. insect

expert jo and buddha and biologist. how but nichol are searching for fresh dung. here we have a fairly old paddy. mike, you can tell the surface of the paddy is dried out and has a relatively thick crushed what we are already able to see. the 1st larval stage is developing inside. you can see that here, fly larvae like that, that grows in the dung, is in turn food for other insects. if we mainly find these bugs inside amazon here, for example, we have a clown beetle on, it's relatively small, but there are significantly larger species. 2 of these are purely predatory, which they have a very large mouths. similar to a butcher's cutting machine i met with which they chopped larvae into small pieces and then eat them. this is a very complex food web. cal patty is our little islands of life. the dung provides food and shelter for thousands of creatures. the colonization of

a patty starts after a couple of seconds of his existence already with the arrival of dung, flies that want to lay their eggs and the warm patties. so in the 1st dung, beetles appear. they did passageways for their offspring. these and turn our prey for spiders and predatory bunks. 2 weeks later, the earthworms arrive soon the patties themselves will disappear in their environs . there's always lots of life. birds and meadow inhabitants such as lizards come to help themselves to the insects. dog, dog tags, o, predatory beetles, hold birds from dawn and then birds of prey has been thus with those represent 5 tropic levels. as i didn't know what a patty generates has huge functional complexity, ones o'clock. and if the paddies weren't their window, if the cows stayed in the shed, then we would lose elements of the landscape. room. one grazing cow produces up to

one ton of dung per month. that generates 20 kilograms of insects, which can feed 10 kilograms of birds. 3 storage, for example, or 30 starlings for this equation to work out natural farming is required. like an ta bargenson. mm hm. mm hm. ah, here 40 animals live on 70, hector is a forest, and 30 heck dares of pasture. it's never mowed. ah,

today how about nichol wants to take stock of who was living on this pasture? with a modified leaf blower, he vacuums up a sample and finds over a 100 different species. it isn't open this sample. there are often cicadas and bugs as intervals. there are also beatles and very often a spider left you with everything that jumps around above ground behind you look inside and you can't imagine it. you can no longer find that kind of diversity in a normal meadow, but there is a normal cow pasture nearby. the meadows of this operation were recently mowed. the biologist takes another sample for comparison. and he can't even find a dunsen species as if he'd been here far fewer kinds. exactly. it's a disaster for and seconds and birds. there's almost nothing left. and what about

the col? patti's themself? many animals in this pastor are given medication to ward off parasites, which affects the done of his ini financing. k. i don't see a single beetle. i don't see any beetle holes. low, no creatures at all. welcome back to the wild meadows and the nature reserve habit. nickel believes we could easily preserve this wonderful realm of flora and fauna. mm hm. mindy, and i told frank it's just 5 percent of germany. his pastures were wild as more extensive all season and past year lease must insect life would get a massive grooves. reflecting even on the smallest spaces like this one i, we could double or triple biodiversity, and species individual numbers within 2 or 3 years that i've seen it work here. is it it tries to ah,

none of that would have been possible without the humble cow patty. oh, more from the wonderful world of science, visit our website, or join us on twitter? that's all for now from tomorrow to day door to venice, science paragraph. please do join us again next week until then. take curious with, [000:00:00;00]

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