for this, perhaps the greatest leonardo masterpiece in the collection of the louvre and no, it is not the mona lisa. it is the virgin of the rocks, 2 versions, multiple copies, and a hidden drawing. was there another symbolic meaning to this beautiful painting that perhaps we just don't understand? the switch for answers store to february 10th on d w. if you're from the city, you might not know that earth worms improve the quality and structure of soil. and they also play a decisive role in el paso with climate change, because they're responsible for storing huge amounts of c o 2 in the ground. but 1st, let's focus on our memory. we stossel show with a report about remembering,

followed by another about forgetting. well come to, to morrow to day. the signs program on d. w. can you still remember your 1st kiss? you 1st date the 1st time you fell in love to dumb, forgettable moments like those get stored in our episodic memory. it's one of various forms of memory that emerge at different stages of life and fulfilled different function. our 1st, the memory traces are formed in utero. the sound of its mother's voice is a fetuses initial introduction to its mother tongue. momentous. right now it's very quiet, left probably sleeping, very relaxed. italy's right lawrence, very crime,

probably sleeping we develop an ability to remember in infancy babies can memorize the faces of their closest family members. although at 6 months, they only remember what they've experienced in the last 24 hours. by the age of 9 months, babies are storing memories for several weeks. and by 20 months, for a full year. at 1st, learning to walk is challenging. what's called procedural memory plays a vital role here. this is a type of implicit memory that aged the performance of particular tasks supported by the body sense of balance and sensory data. it controls actions that we do automatically into old age is by the age of 2 or 3. we've developed and explicit memory enabling the conscious recollection of

events or our earliest childhood memories, usually deep back to this time of the development of linguistic skills and memory are closely linked for language makes it easier to remember information all their life 50 the files fly, vicky hastily gassy, i live in the front to face, out with between the ages of 3 and 5 children begin to plan ahead with the help of their perspective memory. it allows them to remember to do something at a particular time, the basis for planned future oriented behavior. ah, semantic memory develops when children start school, helping them to remember facts to she listen. i, simon, is there a papillon, asia, hans, and comes that plants o kick off clipper,

wasn't gluten de alotted. i'm point learning goes hand in hand with a marked improvement in long term memory. our teenage years and early adulthood occupy a special place in our memory. the intensity and novelty of our 1st sexual experiences. for example, ensure these memories stay with us forever. memories are formed between the ages of 15 and 25 that account for what's known as the reminiscence. bumper o nursing mothers often suffer from temporary memory loss. for a long time, it was thought that their peculiar hormonal balance was responsible. tinney, scientists attribute another cause to the memory loss. the mother's sleep deprivation, awe. episodic memory allows us to go on a journey into the past. it's where very special personal experiences are stored.

but starting at the age of 50, that capacity begins to dwindle and we start forgetting more often. oh, in extreme old age, episodic memory can be badly damaged. but somehow memories from childhood and adolescence still remain intact. ah, in contrast to the short term memories of old people, which often aren't retained at all, we develop routines to give our brains a break. our habits determine 50 percent of our daily decisions means effectively going on, auto pilot, freeing up time to make other more important decisions. it's just as well, we don't have to work out

a new plan every morning for what to wear house and brush our teeth or tire shoelaces. that's where routine habits come in handy. they enable us to drink a cup of tea or coffee while reading the paper. we're so accustomed to these activities from repetition that they're stored in our subconscious and happen automatically. these unnoticed habits are hard wired into our brain in a kind of energy conserving default plan. but we also have routines that govern perhaps less productive aspects of our lives. thus, the after dinner mode hitting the couch, grabbing the t v remote and some candy. and as the couch routine is also embedded in our subconscious, it can be a tough habit to cake. jill price can remember practically everything she's ever experienced. she's one of just a few dozen people worldwide, who've been diagnosed with hypoth. i'm easier name

a certain date, and they will recall their memories of that day in vivid detail. for all the personal pros and cons, the individuals involved could be a blessing for scientists, developing medication in the fight against alzheimer's and dementia. forgetting isn't about our brain failing for scientists. like andrea's proposal to robles remembering and forgetting are 2 sides of the same coin. much is known about the mechanisms of remembering, but he wants to better understand the process of forgetting that q here is to help i brain is designed to forget things. couldn't believe it or not. if forgetting actually uses energy figures, tacoma from that fact alone, we can tell the process of forgetting is very important. fish to go. pussies,

our brain can process the huge amount of input that it receives every 2nd of every day. it perceives everything but doesn't save it all. it completely forgets many things automatically when we're out and about our brain absorbs impressions of everything. people, trees, houses, street cars, everything. if these impressions are retained as memories, nerve cells that take part in the memory process have to be connected by the synopsis. no, but not all impressions, images and memories remain. the majority of synopses are blocked by a certain protein. then they can't bind any more. this results in these impressions not being saved. we don't retain memories from the majority of these impressions,

which balances out the state of remembering and forgetting. andrea's capacity ruthless wants to find out whether a newly discovered gene found in people with hyper thigh messic syndrome acts like a switch that regulates or inhibits forgetting. these guys will we can take with a nema towed helps him in the process. it's smaller than a centimeter long and an optimal research subject for the scientists. it's a model organism. they intend to introduce the gene to the nema tote that prevents memories from being forgotten. if they're successful, they can test how it works. their room had kind of did warm, has no brain that i but it has 302 nerve cells is enough to allow to engage in

complex behavior except for how nima toads can learned and forget. because we know, for example, from ashley that these nerve cells here from these in particular, are very important for learning processes. other nerve cells are important for motor and movement processes before. and that's why we use the nema toasting. preventative isn't form what effect will the gene have on the nema towed? so for this week, as who to yeah little. yeah, it's either. yeah, m and you, here we have a worm and now we can inject the plasma tvs into cuba. the scientists inject the worms with the human gene that prevents forgetting the gene was discovered, and people with hyper thigh mastic syndrome. the gene transfer should produce worms that can't forget. the fluorescent material indicates the nematodes who have been injected with the gene. now the

question is whether or not these worms can forget these exclusive if this is a very important step because we can now research this worm, it's nervous system and what characteristics they have after they've been injected with the gene him. and that's how we get to know how these human genes work with me this mentally again, photo. the scientists hypothesis is that the gene that hinders forgetting, sends out proteins that become active in the synopsis of the brain. that's where the normal process of automatically forgetting is blocked. that has the consequence that all of the impressions and memories don't disappear but are permanently saved in the brain. the researchers worked with 2 groups of worms, the so called untreated wild type,

and the glowing ones that have been injected with genes their behavior should show if and how the human gene impacts the process of forgetting dean isn't off who dom well, genes are there to produce proteins, these is and this is gene is obviously producing a protein that leads to forgetting to forget. so now we can inhibit this protein, put it in hammond. we could do that with various methods. littleton including discovering substances that bind to it and inhibit binda. so hopefully we'll also be able to inhibit forgetting here hoffman account with us for guessing hammond. the discovery could bring researchers closer to curing alzheimer's dementia and other diseases. who's in deco cannon and by our discovery, we can contribute to treating alzheimer's disease. hum, getting them return is most often, hopefully we've now discovered a mechanism that's related to forgetfulness. that one that leads us to forgetting

yes will, because now that we know that, and if we can identify substances that influence this gene, so we'll forget less on flu. so for the fia vinegar, forgetful con, a huge step for scientists and researchers and now on to the humble as well. it's much larger than the tiny nematode in that last report, but it's just as blind and deaf. the biggest populations of ath worms live in europe, the northeastern united states, and new zealand. children in those places learn early on that the terrestrial invertebrates are extremely beneficial. they keep soil air rated and, and show that it has a healthy cr librium which in turn benefits the climate to what impact does increasing drought have on our forests, especially on their ability to store carbon. it's the question that researchers in

switzerland i've been investigating for almost 2 decades. the aggregate parts of a forest and compare them with dryer sections. to their surprise, significant differences became apparent after just a few years. it was in here, the soil here is really black lot, which means it contains a lot of carbon hicho himself thought. so now let's look at the soil on the dry surface. lee, how is it? yeah, is in the soil is far lighter in color, c, f in hello. that means it stores less carbon than the irrigated soil coin stove as an investment plots the importance of forest soils and soaking up c u 2 had been underestimated until relatively recently. this research has highlighted the impact of drought on the ability of soils to store carbon what it was, who hadn't did it before the experiment. we didn't expect to be able to measure any changes in carbon content because it usually takes centuries to millennia for the

carbon reservoir to change significantly. here we have 50 percent more carbon in the topsoil in the irrigated area went off in one minute. i've ordered all the researchers have learned that soils store up to 5 times as much carbon as the vegetation above ground. the big question is, what leads to such a significant carbon increase in the ground over such a short time period? the theory is that organisms in the soil convert the debris or litter layer on top into soil, carbon g ecologist. frank hagedorn uses traps containing food to identify those organisms. they are hoped as that's the main de composers are earthworms, anything besides them. there are also wood lies and might civic life, although they play a far smaller role in the process than earthworms and slaten go. the researcher wants to determine how many earth worms are active in the soil here. for this experiment, he applies a mixture of mustard water to

a small section of grown if with a kite interclean once the mixture has filtered down into the soil, the mustered water irritates the earth worms and forces them to creep up to the surface where we can pick them up, grins it on from the above. laker o flayson isn't guns clear. we have a very small newly hatched worm. excuse me, a baby and baby one. he comes a total of 50 earthworms per square meter when projected to cover all forest soils . that's an enormous bio mass. so the earth worms must be why the carbon content has increased so much. in the irrigated section of the forest, the chief scientist repeats the taste in the part of the forest that was not irrigated. how many worms are working the soil here? yet we waded ages without seeing a single worm of he discovered that earth worms are no longer active with the water content of below 20 percent. to determine the exact carbon balance. he measures c o

2 emissions from the soil to miss owned outs, measuring the c o 2 balance shows the dry soils bind much less c o 2 than irrigated soil the fuel and this is due to less carbon, being distributed in by earthworms in the topsoil. inst offs to which we can go line demi nod wooden silicon. but as the large scale irrigation of kenneth bruce forests is not a viable solution. frank hagedorn is looking for alternatives. and nature delivers here to a comparison test he conducted showed that 20 times as many earthworms live in deciduous forests as it cannot for his one's a result that suggests a change. of course, in forestry management, only sales wise by storing more carbon, would require increasing the proportion of hard was felt. this would stimulate earthworm activity, meaning more carbon is stored in the organic soil layer in the long term winful

with escalate. more organic soil or humus could also increase the proportion of carbon and soil and agriculture. scientists from the german center for integrative bio diversity in leipzig, a found that next to no earthworms are active intensively farm soils. it's a very different story with organic farming. yet he got off when you break up the aggregates here in the ground, where you can see that despite the soil being so dry, there's still a little bit of water, okay, haul. and that crumbling texture is characteristic of earthworm activities look disconnected. if this is something we're mocking. humus is the largest carbon reservoir on land, but there's been precious little research carried out into the role of earthworms in this. researcher garrett angst wants to find out how the convert dead plant matter. on the sugar it contains in the process,

storing carbon in the soil. for centuries. he's discovered that in addition to secrete ng stable carbon, the earth worms improve the carbon balance in the soil via their skin. if it ever counters what's less known for what was not known at all, is that the mucus secreted by earth worms it stimulates the microbes in the soil to such a degree that they grow and build up bio mass maximum of your muscle. and this bio mass as ultimately stabilized in the soil, when the microbes die, much to the carbon is then bound in the soil and can no longer be emitted. a c o 2 oscar, resulting in a cooler climate schema cruet. with that, every year about 10 times more c o 2 escapes from soils into the atmosphere. and it's produced by burning fossil fuels, earthworms, and hybrid forests and organic farming helped to store carbon over the long term. the unlikely little helpers in the fight against climate change or toys. that's

a nice specimen. climate change means that species traditionally at home in the south, a migrating further and further north. the procession every month is native to southern and central europe, but is now also spreading to germany and sweden. the caterpillars ball has can cause serious irritation for human skin. responses range from cutting down trees to setting the nest and the hostess on fire. the spraying of pesticides is also widespread, but there is a progressive solution even if it might not additionally look like it. denisha carlos is pulling out the big guns to get rid of some little pest from a suitable distance. he fires into the nest of the o procession every caterpillars next to an outdoors swimming pool. the idea is to introduce a deadly fungus to the nests via these red gelatin balls. they were created by

scientists from the university of applied sciences and gutting and, and are being tested in the field today of classic meat almond and play from a 30 meters away. the fungus spreads out about the size of a fist. yes, the nets are bigger than that was so we need one or 2 shots to cover the whole nest . well, if we 1st look at the tips of the leaves and, and once we found areas that had been eaten, we tracked down the nest by following them towards the trunk of the red balls contain bavaria, bossy ana of fungus that spreads inside the insects and kills them would not be willing glenworth until professor both gun loya has spent years researching the various methods of combating the pesky oak procession. every caterpillar, his favorite is firing, the deadly fungus directly into the nest. decamp not tuning poor is, is on, and it's a naturally occurring animal, pathogenic fungus, which is a fancy way of saying that it kills insects. in half hour. we extracted the fungus

from the soil, packed it into a ball and shot it into the nest of the o procession area within 8 hours. if he killed the caterpillars, stone and to take out am up here in germany. the oak procession every month has become a real summer plague in recent years. it has few natural enemies. local authorities have been spending tens of thousands of euros on combating the caterpillars and even vacuuming them up. deisel put this into the nurse, the real danger from the o procession ary moth is that it goes through several different life cycles on during the 1st 2. they don't yet have any bristles or set day on. they start developing the 3rd larval stage. at that point, they're very small and fine and wouldn't bother an adult human. but as of the 4th stage, they could cause caterpillar dermatitis, all homes get mentioned. in some cases, it can lead to an ant aflac shock from a reading of the eyes, lytle wood, and even lung problems loom because the hairs get stuck there. he put another in

the lucas, the to another substance being sprayed on trees contains bacillus 3, g n 's us or b t ah, it's considered a bio side because the bacteria disables and kills the oak procession every month. but it also kills other beneficial insects. both gung boy and his team did some tests on how the substance works. the shocking results prompted him to advise against any large scale deployment. it turns out that the bt spray also kills the few remaining natural predators of them off, such as each newman wasps and certain types of ants. lung face to say stuff, okay. the problem is that we're killing their enemies at the same time. so in the long run, we may even be strengthening the oak recessionary population. so speed on last year's test showed that for every 2 dead o procession, every moths,

one beneficial insect died as well with the own device. they included beetles, various bugs, ants, and if newman wasps shook rest. so is the rifle method more sustainable with less collateral damage. experts from various authorities are curious to see the 1st results general life. this is what a nest looks like. after just 8 hours. the caterpillars are completely infested and dead and were assured that the fungus is also dead and won't spread outside the nest. the pin is van, the fungus is heat sensitive at $25.00 degrees celsius zach's, it's growth. start slowing down and stops completely at $28.00 degrees if ice. so if it comes into contact with a warm blooded body, it stopped growing very quickly and even die sooner. some press vertebrates of it is completely harmless, as if it was. yep, akira. it's a hellish hom doors, the pellets are shant directly into the nests so that the fungus doesn't impact any

insect outside of the affected area. the conditions here, that's kind, we can't guarantee it that even a few and, and an organisms could be affected either. but only in very small numbers it up and circling at san juan with liberty to ride. one visitor asks what happens afterwards to the projectiles launched in the trees beyond from hoping me to lay on my in. if i left, i said to say she at the fly, they dissolve and disappear, that they go out gooey and completely melt away. we've already done attached the course of extra outspoken a to release. the red ammunition is made out of gelatin and not plastic. arborists then project collaborator, dennis at couriers, takes things a step further and wraps the areas around the nests with glue. re, i seen that in the water was again the arms holes. normally they go out to find food in the evening and starting at the tapes, eat out the skeletons of the lease. in the morning they returned to the mass look. so you'd expect to find a line of moth,

caterpillars on the glue. but since we can't see that, it means that the fungus work left from a good book. the only real drawback is the red tape. german regulation stipulate that most gardeners 1st need a permit to be able to use the souped up air rifle in public. oh, that's it with this addition of tomorrow today, d, w signs magazine. thanks for watching and see you next time until then they curious . ah, ah ah .

ah. 3 with africa and russia, it's a complicated relationship. mm hm. what do young people think about russia not one year since the invasion of your friends, in terms of influence? we see russia has a power that come to the chair of hopes and fears were trying to fight in africa

form back. it's defined for the african people to want to collaborate, the 77 percent, and then a rating news with hackers, paralyzing the tire societies. computers that are some are you and governments that go crazy for your data. we explain how these technologies work, how they can go in for and how they can also go terribly

what you know on you too. many of them what i am svetlana seattle's tie. yeah. i am running for president of the republic. stella, a small leaky ah. like everyone else for a long time, i thought it was best not to get involved in politics. hugh, she is a wife of an upcoming politician in a dictatorship and then in a moment where she tries to stand up for her husbands, who destiny changes. and she, herself becomes a school teacher type gender searches for the truth. again, this time, the exiled to turkish journalist meets svetlana at seattle sky, exiled leader of the opposition and bella roost. of course and tides and tides, physically untied morally, is too much on my shoulders. but i have to hold this weight because i'm responsible

for the shoes shall fall country for the people far behind the bosh. guardians of truth starts february 18th on d. w. ah ah, this is dw news coming to live from berlin, the massive earthquake. it's a wide area in turkey and syria, cruz a rescuing people from the rubble, but the death toll is rising fast in both countries amid widespread disruption. turkey has reported death since 7 problems. also coming up tensions.