by this time, the exiled turkish journalist meets svetlana itsyana, sky, exiled leader of the opposition and bell ruse. of course i am tired and tired. physically untied, morally, is too much on my shoulders, but i have to hold this weight because i am responsible for the future fall country for the people far behind the boss. gardens of truth starts february 18th on d. w. ah, if you're from the city, you might not know that earth worms improve the quality and structure of soil. and they also play a decisive role in el paso with climate change. because they're responsible for storing huge amounts of c o 2 in the ground. but 1st, let's focused on our memory. we stossel show with a report about remembering,

followed by another about forgetting. well, come to, to morrow to day. the signs program on d. w. can you still remember your 1st kiss? your 1st day? the 1st time you fell in love, unforgettable moments like those get stored in on episodic memory. it's one of various forms of memory that emerge at different stages of life and fulfilled different function. our 1st memory traces are formed in utero. the sound of its mother's voice is of fetuses initial introduction to its mother tongue. momentous. as right now, it's very quiet. life probably sleeping, very relaxed is it leaking right?

aren't very cross. probably sleeping. we developed an ability to remember in infancy, babies can memorize the faces of their closest family members. although at 6 months they only remember what they've experienced in the last 24 hours. by the age of 9 months, babies are storing memories for several weeks. and by 20 months, for a full year at 1st, learning to walk is challenging what's called procedural memory plays a vital role here. this is a type of implicit memory that aged the performance of particular tasks supported by the body sense of balance and sensory data. it controls actions that we do automatically into old age is by the age of 2 or

3, we've developed an explicit memory, enabling the conscious recollection of events, or our earliest childhood memories, usually deep back to this time of the development of linguistic skills and memory are closely linked language makes it easier to remember information all still alive . 50 the files lives in italy. gassy. i live in the face to face house with between the ages of 3 and 5 children. begin to plan ahead with the help of their prospective memory. it allows them to remember to do something at a particular time, the basis for planned future oriented behavior. ah, semantic memory develops when children start school, helping them to remember facts. so she listened as simon is there a papillon aisha's plans and comes that plan. on kickoff,

pluto wasn't gluten de alotted. i'm going to learning goes hand in hand with a marked improvement in long term memory. our teenage years and early adulthood occupy a special place in our memory, the intensity and novelty of our 1st sexual experiences. for example, ensure these memory stay with us forever. memories are formed between the ages of 15 and 25 that account for what is known as the reminiscence bumper o nursing mothers often suffer from temporary memory loss. for a long time. it was thought that their peculiar hormonal balance was responsible. kidney scientists attribute another cause to the memory loss. the mother's sleep deprivation ah, episodic memory allows us to go on a journey into the past. it's where very special personal experiences are stored.

but starting at the age of 50, that capacity begins to dwindle and we start forgetting more often. oh, in extreme old age, episodic memory can be badly damaged. but somehow memories from childhood and adolescence still remain intact. ah, in contrast to the short term memories of old people, which often aren't retained at all, we develop routines to give our brains a breaking our habits determine 50 percent of our daily decisions. it means effectively going on, auto pilot, freeing up time to make other more important decisions. it's just as well, we don't have to work out

a new plan every morning for what to wear house and brush our teeth or tiasha laces . that's where routine habits come in handy. they enable us to drink a cup of tea or coffee while reading the paper. we're so accustomed to these activities from repetition that they're stored in our subconscious, m, happen automatically. these unnoticed habits are hard wired into our brain in a kind of energy conserving default plan. but we also have routines that govern perhaps less productive aspects of our lives. thus, the after dinner mode hitting the couch, grabbing the t v remote and some candy. and as the couch routine is also embedded in our subconscious, it can be a tough habit to cake. jill price can remember practically everything she's ever experienced. she's one of just a few dozen people worldwide, who've been diagnosed with hypoth. i'm myisha name

a certain date, and they will recall their memories of that day in vivid detail. for all the personal pros and cons, the individuals involved could be a blessing for scientists, developing medication in the fight against alzheimer's and dementia. forgetting isn't about our brain failing for scientists. like andrea's proposal to rob alice remembering and forgetting are 2 sides of the same coin. much is known about the mechanisms of remembering, but he wants to better understand the process of forgetting that key here is to help i brain is designed to forget things, couldn't believe it or not. if forgetting actually uses energy figures, tacoma from that fact alone, we can tell the process of forgetting is very important. fish to go purchase.

our brain can process the huge amount of input that it. we see every 2nd of every day. it perceives everything but doesn't save it all. it completely forgets many things automatically when we're out and about our brain absorbs impressions of everything. people, trees, houses, street cars, everything. if these impressions are retained as memories, nerve cells that take part in the memory process have to be connected by the synopsis. no, but not all impressions, images and memories remain. the majority of synopses are blocked by a certain protein. then they can't bind any more. this results in these impressions not being saved. we don't retain memories from the majority of these impressions,

which balances out the state of remembering and forgetting. andrea's capacity rope, alice wants to find out whether a newly discovered gene found in people with hypoth. i message syndrome acts like a switch that regulates or inhibits forgetting. these guys where we can take with eyes with anemia, towed helps him in the process. it's smaller than a centimeter long and an optimal research subject for the scientists. it's a model organism. they intend to introduce the gene to the nema tote that prevents memories from being forgotten. if they're successful, they can test how it works. their room had kind of the worm has no brain that i, but it has 302 nerve cells that's enough to allow to engage in complex behavior

exist how nematodes can learned and forget because we know for exam and lastly that these nerve cells here reference at these in particular, are very important for learning processes. other nerve cells are important for motor and movement processes before, and that's why we use the nema toasting. preventative isn't form what effect will the gene have on the mima towed. so for this i am just as quick as who to yeah, live in could see them. yeah, yeah. and you, here we have a worm and that we can inject the plasma tvs into cuba. the scientists inject the worms with the human gene that prevents forgetting the gene was discovered, and people with hyperthyroid mastic syndrome. the gene transfer should produce worms that can't forget. the fluorescent material indicates that mima totes,

who have been injected with the gene. now the question is whether or not these worms can forget these as with this, if, if this is a very important step because we can now research this worm, it's nervous system and what characteristics they have after they've been injected with the gene, him and he, that's how we get to know how these human genes work with me this mentally again, photo. the scientists hypothesis is that the gene that hinders forgetting, sends out proteins that become active in the synopsis of the brain. that's where the normal process of automatically forgetting is blocked. that has the consequence, that all of the impressions and memories don't disappear, but are permanently saved in the brain. the researchers worked with 2 groups of worms, the so called untreated wild types,

and the glowing ones that have been injected with genes. their behavior should show if and how the gene impacts the process of forgetting. dim isn't of the dom. well genes are there to produce proteins. these is and this machine is obviously producing a protein that leads to forgetting to for guessing. now we can inhibit this protein, put it in hammond. we could do that with various method is looking to, including discovering substances that bind to it and inhibited binda. so hopefully we'll also be able to inhibit forgetting here. hopefully south us for guessing hammond. the discovery could bring researchers closer to curing, alzheimer's dementia and other diseases. who's in deco cannon and by our discovery with can contribute to treating alzheimer's disease. hum gets an amazon is most often. hopefully we've now discovered a mechanism that's related to forgetfulness hug that one that leads us to

forgetting yes will, because now that we know that, and if we can identify substances that influence this gene, so we'll forget less unfruitful, legacy of vinegar. forgetful con, a huge step for scientists and researchers and now on to the humble as well. it's much larger than the tiny nematode in that last report, but it's just as blind and deaf. the biggest populations of ath worms live in europe, the northeastern united states, and new zealand. children in those places learn early on that the terrestrial invertebrates are extremely beneficial. they keep soil air rated and, and show that it has a healthy cr librium which in turn benefits the climate to what impact does increasing drought have on our forests, especially on their ability to store carbon. it's the question that researchers in

switzerland i've been investigating for almost 2 decades. the irrigate parts of a forest and compare them with dry our sections, to their surprise, significant differences became apparent after just a few years. it was in here, the soil here is really black lot, which means it contains a lot of carbon hicho himself thought. so now let's look at the soil on the dry surface. lee, how is it? yeah, is in the soil is far lighter in color. if you hello, that means it stores less carbon than the irrigated soil coin stove as an investment plots the importance of forest soils and soaking up c u 2 had been underestimated until relatively recently. this research has highlighted the impact of drought on the ability of soils to store carbon whatever. so hutton did it before the experiment. we didn't expect to be able to measure any changes in carbon content because it usually takes centuries to millennia for the carbon reservoir to

change significantly. here we have 50 percent more carbon in the topsoil in the irrigated area went off in one minute. i've ordered all the researchers have learned that soils store up to 5 times as much carbon as the vegetation above ground. the big question is, what leads to such a significant carbon increase in the ground over such a short time period? the theory is that organisms in the soil convert the debris or literally or on top into soil, carbon g ecologist. frank hagedorn uses trucks containing food to identify those organisms. they are hoped as that's the main de composers are earthworms in the league. besides them, there are also woodlands and might civic life. although they play a far smaller role in the process than earthworms i. slayton, go. the researcher wants to determine how many earth worms are active in the soil here. for this experiment, he applies a mixture of mustard water to

a small section of grown if with a kite incorrectly once the mixture has filtered down into the soil, the mustard water irritates the earth worms and forces them to creep up to the surface where we can pick them up printed on from the obamacare of flayson. isn't guns clear. we have a very small, newly hatched worm. excuse me, a baby. and baby one. he counts a total of 50 earthworms per square meter when projected to cover all forest soils . that's an enormous bio mass. so the earth worms must be why the carbon content has increased so much. in the irrigated section of the forest. the geosciences repeats the taste in the part of the forest that was not aggregated. how many worms are working? the soil here yet we waded ages without seeing a single worm off. he discovered that earth worms are no longer active with the water content of below 20 percent to determine the exact carbon balance. he

measures c o 2 emissions from the soil. to miss owned outs, measuring the c o 2 balance shows the dry soils bind much less, c o 2 and be than irrigated soil the fuel and this is due to less carbon, being distributed in by earthworms in the topsoil. winced offs dwindling. the aligned demi nod wooden silica, but as the large scale irrigation of kenneth bruce forests is not a viable solution. frank hagedorn is looking for alternatives. and nature delivers here to a comparison test he conducted showed that 20 times as many earthworms live in deciduous forests. as it can net for us, one's a result that suggests a change. of course, in forestry management, only sales wise by storing more carbon, would require increasing. the proportion of hard was felt. this would stimulate earth warm activity, meaning more carbon is stored in the organic soil air. in the long term,

westoff would escalate. more organic soil or humus could also increase the proportion of carbon in soil and agriculture. scientists from the german center for integrative bio diversity in leipzig, a found that next to no earthworms are active intensively farm soils. it's a very different story with organic farming. yet he got off when you break up the aggregates here in the ground where you can see that despite the soil being so dry, there's still a little bit of water, okay, haul. and that crumbling texture is characteristic of earth warm activities look discounted hostages. flying vomiting, tete julius is the largest carbon reservoir on land. but there's been precious little research carried out into the role of earthworms. in this, researcher garrett angst wants to find out how the convert that plant matter and

the sugar it contains in the process, storing carbon in the soil for centuries. he's discovered that in addition to secrete and stable carbon, the earthworms, improve the carbon balance in the soil via their skin. whatever, countess, what's less known for what was not known at all is that the mucus secreted by earth worms it stimulates the microbes in the soil to such a degree that they grow and build up bio mass maximum of your muscle. and this bio mass as ultimately stabilized in the soil, when the microbes die, much to the carbon is then bound in the soil and can no longer be emitted a c o 2 scott, resulting in a cooler climate, ca crude. with that, every year about 10 times more c o 2 escapes from soils into the atmosphere and is produced by burning fossil fuels, earthworms, and hybrid forests and organic farming helped to store carbon over the long term. the unlikely little helpers in the fight against climate change told that's on

a specimen. climate change means that species traditionally at home in the south, a migrating further and further north. the oak recessionary moth is native to southern and central europe, but is now also spreading to germany and sweden. the caterpillars. ball has can cause serious irritation for human skin. ah, responses range from cutting down trees to setting the nest and their hosts on fire . the spraying of pesticides is also widespread, but there is a progressive solution even if it might not additionally look like it. dennis zacharias is pulling out the big guns to get rid of some little pest from a suitable distance. he fires into the nests of the oak procession airy caterpillars next to an outdoor swimming pool. the idea is to introduce a deadly fungus to the nests via these red gelatin balls. they were created by

scientists from the university of applied sciences and gutting and, and are being tested in the field today of classic meet on the play from a 30 meters away. the fungus spreads out about the size of a fist. yes, the nets are bigger than that was so we need one or 2 shots to cover the whole nest will. if we 1st look at the tips of the leaves and, and once we found areas that had been eaten, we tracked down the nest by following them towards the trunk. of the red balls contain bavaria bus yana of fungus that spreads inside the insects and kills them would not be willing one with us until professor both gun loya has spent years researching the various methods of combating the pesky o procession. every caterpillar. his favorite is firing the deadly fungus directly into the nest. the company to unit for is, is on and it's a naturally occurring animal, pathogenic fungus, which is a fancy way of saying that it kills insects in house. we extracted the fungus from

the soil, packed it into a ball, and shot it into the nest of the o procession area within 8 hours. if he killed the caterpillar student to take out, am up. here in germany, the oak procession every month has become a real summer plague. in recent years. it has few natural enemies. local authorities have been spending tens of thousands of euros on combating the caterpillars and even vacuuming them up. dice put this into the nurse, the real danger from the o procession ary moth is that it goes through several different life cycles on during the 1st 2. they don't yet have any bristles or set day on. they start developing the 3rd larval stage. at that point, they're very small and fine and wouldn't bother an adult human. but as of the 4th stage, they could cause caterpillar dermatitis, all homes get mentioned. in some cases, it can lead to an ant aflac shock from a reading of the eyes vital wood and even lung problems loom, because the hairs get stuck there. he put another in the lucas that so another

substance being sprayed on trees contains bacillus 3, g n 's us or b t ah, it's considered a bio side because the bacteria disables and kills the oak procession every month. but it also kills other beneficial insects. both gung boy and his team did some tests on how the substance works. the shocking results prompted him to advise against any large scale deployment. it turns out that the bt spray also kills the few remaining natural predators of the mouth, such as each newman wasps and certain types of ants. lung face to face as for fear. the problem is that we're killing their enemies at the same time. so in the long run, we may even be strengthening the oak recessionary population. so speed on last year's test showed that for every chu, dead o procession, every moths,

one beneficial insect died as well with the own device. they included beetles, various bugs, ants, and if newman wasps shook chris, so is the rifle method more sustainable with less collateral damage. experts from various authorities are curious to see the 1st results. so this is what a nest looks like. after just 8 hours. the caterpillars are completely infested and dead and were assured that the fungus is also dead and won't spread outside the nest. the pin is van, the fungus is heat sensitive at $25.00 degrees celsius zach's, it's growth. start slowing down and stops completely at 28 degrees as ice. so if it comes into contact with a warm blooded body, it stopped growing very quickly and even die sooner. some fresh vertebrates of it is completely harmless, as if it was. yep, akira. it's a hellish hom doors, the pellets are shant directly into the nests so that the fungus doesn't impact any

insect outside of the affected area. the cornish content that's kind, we can't guarantee it that even a few and, and an organisms could be affected either. but only in very small numbers it up and circling at san juan global the com. good. one visitor asks what happens afterwards to the projectiles launched in the trees in beyond from hoping she saw me play on mine. if i left, i said to say she at the fly, they dissolve and disappear, that they go all gooey and completely melt away. we've already done tests, of course, of extra outspoken a to release. the red ammunition is made out of gelatin and not plastic. arborists then project collaborator, dennis at couriers, takes things a step further and wraps the areas around the nests with glue re, i see that in the water was again the om, tulsa. normally they go out to find food in the evening and starting at the tapes, eat out the skeletons of the lease. in the morning they returned to the mass look. so you'd expect to find a line of moth,

caterpillars on the glue. but since we can't see that, it means that the fungus work live from a good book. the only real drawback is the red tape. german regulation stipulate that most gardeners 1st need a permit to be able to use the souped up air rifle in public that since with this edition of tomorrow today, d w signs magazine. thanks for watching and see you next time until then they curious. ah. ah ah

ah with a lifestyle of the super rich is a nightmare for the climate. the wealthy produce weigh more than their fair share of c o 2. while ordinary people can bear the consequences, could a c,

o 2 cap and trade program for individuals help we investigate climate change and the rich close up. in 30 minutes on d. w. a pulse with the beginning of the story that moves us and takes us along for the ride. it's own about the perspective culture information. this is dw and d, w made from mines a. she's got any issues with all it, say what great a no,

no da vinci's, mysterious masterpiece. it's perhaps the greatest leonardo masterpiece and the collection of the louvre. and no, it is not them on the lease. it is the virgin of the rocks. was there another symbolic meaning to this beautiful painting that perhaps we just don't understand? search for answers start to february 10th on the w t that you still wouldn't don't correction. can you mouth, right? yeah. we'll send this to the th and the grossman. the end of a superpower. the collapse of the soviet union rushes more in ukraine. one year since the invasion began. we take

a look back and into the future. in the new building, slowly, in february on d, w. ah ah. ah. this is dw news live from berlin, a massive earthquake. it's parts of turkey and syria with a 2nd tremor just 2 hours later, adding to the devastation in the cold and dark rescue. true cruise work to find.