for new hope in the development of drugs against alzheimer's and dementia. so please, don't forget to watch to morrow to day on d. w ah, with secrets my behind these walls discover new adventures in 360 degrees. and explore fascinating world heritage sites. d, w, world heritage, 360, get the app now with if you're from the city you might not know that earth worms improve the quality and structure of soil. and they also play a decisive role in el paso with climate change, because they're responsible for storing huge amounts of c o 2 in the ground. but 1st, let's focused on our memory. we stossel show with a report about remembering,

followed by another about forgetting. well come to to morrow today, the signs program on d. w. can you still remember your 1st kiss? you 1st date the 1st time you fell in love to dumb, forgettable moments like those get stored in an episode, memory. it's one of various forms of memory that emerge at different stages of life . and so different function our 1st memory traces are formed in utero. the sound of its mother's voice is a fetuses initial introduction to its mother tongue. momentous. right now it's very quiet. life probably sleeping very thanks to says ethan leaking right. aren't very

cross, probably sleeping. we develop an ability to remember in infancy. babies can memorize the faces of their closest family members. although at 6 months, they only remember what they've experienced in the last 24 hours. by the age of 9 months, babies are storing memories for several weeks. and by 20 months for a full year. at 1st, learning to walk is challenging. what's called procedural memory plays a vital role here. this is a type of implicit memory that aged the performance of particular tasks supported by the body sense of balance and sensory data. it controls actions that we do automatically into old age is by the age of 2 or

3, we've developed an explicit memory, enabling the conscious recollection of events or our earliest childhood memories, usually deep back to this time. the development of linguistic skills and memory are closely linked before language makes it easier to remember information all still alive. 15 foul lies indeed, hastily ghastly. i live in the fantasies house with between the ages of 3 and 5 children. begin to plan ahead with the help of their prospective memory. it allows them to remember to do something at a particular time, the basis for planned future oriented behavior. ah, semantic memory develops when children start school, helping them to remember facts. so she listened as simon is there a papillon aisha's plans and comes that on kick off clipper. wasn't gluten de

alotted. i'm point learning goes hand in hand with a marked improvement in long term memory. our teenage years and early adulthood occupy a special place in our memory, the intensity and novelty of our 1st sexual experiences. for example, insured these memories stay with us forever. memories are formed between the ages of 15 and 25 that account for what's known as the reminiscence bumper o nursing mothers often suffer from temporary memory loss. for a long time. it was thought that their peculiar hormonal balance was responsible to day scientists attribute another cause to the memory loss. the mother's sleep deprivation, awe. episodic memory allows us to go on a journey into the past. it's where very special personal experiences are stored.

but starting at the age of 50, that capacity begins to dwindle and we start forgetting more often. oh, in extreme old age, episodic memory can be badly damaged. but somehow memories from childhood and adolescence still remain intact. ah, in contrast to the short term memories of old people, which often aren't retained at all, we develop routines to give our brains a break in our habits determined 50 percent of our daily decisions means effectively going on auto pilot, freeing up time to make other more important decisions it's just as well, we don't have to work out

a new plan every morning for what to wear house and brush our teeth or tie our shoe laces. that's where routine habits come in handy. they enable us to drink a cup of tea or coffee while reading the paper, where so accustomed to these activities from repetition that they're stored in our subconscious and happen automatically. these unnoticed habits are hard wired into our brain in a kind of energy conserving default ma'am. but we also have routines that govern perhaps less productive aspects of our lives. thus, the after dinner mode hitting the couch, grabbing the t v remote and some candy. and as the couch routine is also embedded in our subconscious, it can be a tough habit to kick jill price can remember practically everything she's ever experienced. she's one of just a few dozen people worldwide, who've been diagnosed with hypoth, amelia name,

a certain date. and they will recall their memories of that day in vivid detail. for all the personal pros and cons, the individuals involved could be a blessing for scientists, developing medication in the fight against alzheimer's and dementia. forgetting isn't about our brain failing for scientists like on 3 years. possibly robles remembering and forgetting are 2 sides of the same coin. much is known about the mechanisms of remembering, but he wants to better understand the process of forgetting that q here is to health. i brain is designed to forget things, couldn't believe it or not. if forgetting actually uses energy home figures from that fact alone, we can tell the process of forgetting a very important to god. what's his our brain can

process the huge amount of input that it receives every 2nd of every day. it perceives everything but doesn't save it all. it completely forgets many things automatically. when we're out and about, our brain absorbs impressions of everything. people, trees, houses, street cars, everything. if these impressions are retained as memories, nerve cells that take part in the memory process have to be connected by the synopsis. oh, but not all impressions, images and memories remain. the majority of synopses are blocked by a certain protein. then they can't bind any more. this results in these impressions not being saved. we don't retain memories from the majority of these impressions,

which balances out the state of remembering and forgetting. andrea's purpose or to rope, alice wants to find out whether a newly discovered gene found in people with hypoth. i messic syndrome acts like a switch that regulates or inhibits forgetting. these guys we can take with eyes with anemia. towed helps him in the process. it's smaller than a centimeter long and an optimal research subject for the scientists. it's a model organism. they intend to introduce the gene to the nema tote that prevents memories from being forgotten. if they're successful, they can test how it works. their room had kind of the worm has no brain that i, but it has 302 nerve cells that's enough to allow to engage in complex behavior

exists for how nematodes can learn and forget. because we know for example, but that these nerve cells here from these in particular are very important for learning processes. other nerve cells are important for motor and movement processes, spivey and that's why we use the nema toasting preventing the of isn't poem. what effect will the gene have on the me matos? so for this we're down to them. you see them? yeah, m and you here we have a worm and now we can inject the plasma tvs into cuba. the scientists inject the worms with the human gene that prevents forgetting the gene was discovered, and people with hyper thigh mastic syndrome. the gene transfer should produce worms that can't forget. the fluorescent material indicates the nema totes, who have been injected with the gene. now the question is

whether or not these worms can forget these as with this, if this is a very important step because we can now research this worm, it's nervous system and what characteristics they have after they've been injected with the gene give. and that's how we get to know how these human genes work with me. this mentally, again, hopefully at the scientists hypothesis, is that the gene that hinders forgetting, sends out proteins that become active in the synopsis of the brain. that's where the normal process of automatically forgetting is blocked. that has the consequence that all of the impressions and memories don't disappear, but are permanently saved in the brain. the researchers work with 2 groups of worms, the so called untreated dialed types,

and the glowing ones that have been injected with genes their behavior should show if and how the human gene impacts the process of forgetting gene isn't off the dom . well, genes are there to produce proteins. these is, and this is gene is obviously producing a protein that leads to forgetting to for guessing. now we can inhibit this protein, put it in hammond. we could do that with various methods, wouldn't tune including discovering substances that bind to it and inhibited binda . so hopefully we'll also be able to inhibit forgetting here. hopefully help with us for guessing. hammond cut the discovery could bring researchers closer to tearing alzheimer's dementia and other diseases. once again, decor cannon and by our discovery, we can contribute to treating alzheimer's disease. hum gets an amazon is most often . hopefully we've now discovered a mechanism that is related to forgetfulness that the one that leads us to

forgetting yes will, because now that we know that, and if we can identify substances that influence this gene, so we'll forget less i'm flu, so let us here, vinegar forgetful con, a huge step for scientists and researchers and now on to the humble ass when it's much larger than the tiny nematode in that last report. but it's just as blind and deaf. the biggest populations of ath worms live in europe, the northeastern united states, and new zealand. children in those places learn early on that the terrestrial invertebrates are extremely beneficial. they keep soil air rated and, and show that it has a healthy librium which in turn benefits the climate to what impact does increasing drone have on our forests, especially on their ability to store carbon. it's

a question that researchers in switzerland i've been investigating for almost 2 decades. the aggregate parts of a forest and compare them with dryer sections. to their surprise, significant differences became apparent after just a few years. it was in here, the soil here is really black lot, which means it contains a lot of carbon hicho himself thought. so now let's look at the soil on the dry surface, lee, how is it? yeah, and the soil is far lighter in color. if you hello, that means it stores less carbon than the irrigated soil coin stove as an investment plots the importance of forest soils and soaking up c u 2 had been underestimated until relatively recently. this research has highlighted the impact of drought on the ability of soils to store carbon whatever. so hutton did it before the experiment. we didn't expect to be able to measure any changes in carbon content because it usually takes centuries to millennia for the carbon reservoir to

change significantly. here we have 50 percent more carbon in the topsoil in the irrigated area went off in one minute. i've ordered all the researchers have learned that soils store up to 5 times as much carbon as the vegetation above ground. the big question is, what leads to such a significant carbon increase in the ground over such a short time period? the theory is that organisms in the soil convert the debris or litter layer on top into soil, carbon geo, ecologist. frank hagedorn uses trucks containing food to identify those organisms. they are helped us at so the main de composers are earthworms in the league. besides them, there are also woodlands and might civic life. although they play a far smaller role in the process than earthworms slaten go. the researcher wants to determine how many earth worms are active in the soil here. for this experiment, he applies a mixture of mustard water to

a small section of grown if with a kite interclean once the mixture has filtered down into the soil, the mustered water irritates the hurt arms and forces them to creep up to the surface and where we can pick them up, grins it on from the obamacare of flayson isn't guns clear. we have a very small, newly hatched worm which gives me a baby and baby one. he comes a total of 50 earthworms per square meter when projected to cover all forest soils . that's an enormous bio mass. so the earth worms must be why the carbon content has increased so much. in the irrigated section of the forest. the geosciences repeats the taste and the part of the forest that was not aggregated. how many worms are working? the soil here yet we waited ages without seeing a single worm off. he discovered that earth worms are no longer active with the water content of below 20 percent to determine the exact carbon balance. he

measures c o 2 emissions from the soil. to miss owned outs, measuring the c o 2 balance shows the dry soils bind much less c o 2 and be than irrigated soil the fuel and this is due to less carbon being distributed in by earthworms in the topsoil. in stuff's dwindling, bill lined. i mean, i wouldn't silica, but as the large scale irrigation of kenneth bruce forests is not a viable solution. frank hagedorn is looking for alternatives. and nature delivers here to a comparison test he conducted showed that 20 times as many earthworms live in deciduous forests. as it can net for us, one's a result that suggests a change. of course, in forestry management, only sales wise by storing more carbon, would require increasing. the proportion of hard was felt. this would stimulate earth warm activity, meaning more carbon is stored in the organic soil air in the long term voice off

with escalate. more organic soil or humus could also increase the proportion of carbon in soil and agriculture. scientists from the german center for integrative bio diversity in leipzig, a found that next to no earthworms are active intensively farms soils. it's a very different story with organic farming. yet he got off when you break up the aggregates here in the ground where you can see that despite the soil being so dry, there's still a little bit of water. okay, haul. and that crumbling texture is k terrific of earthworm activities. look, this counter, this is fling them up to you. tet julius is the largest carbon reservoir on land, but there's been precious little research carried out into the role of earthworms. in this researcher, garrett angst wants to find out how to convert that plant matter. and the sugar it

contains in the process, storing carbon in the soil for centuries. he's discovered that in addition to secreted stable carbon, the earthworms improve the carbon balance in the soil via their skin. if it ever counters what's less known for what was not known at all, is that the mucus secreted by earth worms it stimulates the microbes in the soil to such a degree that they grow and build up bio mass maximum of your muscle. and this bio mass has ultimately stabilized in the soil when the microbes die, much to the carbon is then bound in the soil and can no longer be emitted a c o 2 got resulting in a cooler climate schema crude with that every year about 10 times more c o 2 escapes from soils into the atmosphere and it's produced by burning fossil fuels, earthworms, and hybrid forests and organic farming helped to store carbon over the long term. the unlikely little helpers in the fight against climate change. told that's on

a specimen. climate change means that species traditionally at home in the south, a migrating further and further north. the oak recessionary moth is native to southern and central europe, but is now also spreading to germany in sweden. the can. there hosts on fire. the spraying of pesticides is also widespread, but there is a progressive solution even if it might not additionally look like it. denisha carlos is pulling out the big guns to get rid of some little pest for suitable distance, he fires into the nests of the oak procession every caterpillars next to an outdoor swimming pool. the idea is to introduce a deadly fungus to the nests via these red gelatin balls. they were created by scientists from the university of applied sciences and gutting and,

and are being tested in the field today. of classic mid aman toy from a 30 meters away. the fungus spreads out about the size of a fist if the nets are bigger than that with so we need one or 2 shots to cover the whole nest. well, if like we 1st look at the tips of the leaves. and once we found areas that have been eaten, we track down the nest by following them towards the trunk of the red balls contain bavaria. bassy ana of fungus that spreads inside the insects and kills them. we're not even going with a professor. both gung hoya has spent years researching the various methods of combating the pesky o procession. every caterpillar. his favorite is firing, the deadly fungus directly into the nest that natalia nish poor is on. and it's a naturally occurring animal, pathogenic fungus, which is a fancy way of saying that it kills insects in house. um, we extracted the fungus from the soil, packed it into a ball, and shot it into the nest of the oak procession area. within 8 hours. it killed the

caterpillar's stone and carried it to home up here in germany. the oak procession every month has become a real summer plague. and recent years it has few natural enemies. local authorities have been spending tens of thousands of euros on compelling the caterpillars and even vacuuming the mob. deisel put the seal to the nurse, not the real danger from the oak procession airy moth is that it goes through several different life cycles on during the 1st 2. they don't yet have any bristles or set a on. they start developing the 3rd larval stage at that point, they're very small and fine and wouldn't bother an adult human. but as of the 4th stage, they could cause caterpillar dermatitis all at homes get mentioned. in some cases it can lead to an, an aflac shock. them a reading of the i phone would and even long problems lou, because the hairs get stuck there. keep on hold in the lucas that's hulu. another substance being sprayed on trees contains bacillus 13 g n 's us or

b t it's considered a bio side because the bacteria disables and kills the oak procession every months . but it also kills other beneficial insects. lou, both gung boy and his team, did some tests on how the substance works. the shocking results prompted him to advise against any large scale deployment. it turns out that the bt spray also kills the few remaining natural predators of the mouth, such as each newman wasps and certain types of ants. good luck face to face as hoping that the problem is that we're killing their enemies at the same time. so in the long run, we may even be strengthening the oak recessionary population. so last years test showed that for every chu, dead o procession every moths, one beneficial insect died as well. with the own device, they included beetles,

various bugs, ants, and ec, newman wasps shook question. so is the rifle method more sustainable with less collateral damage? experts from various authorities are curious to see the 1st result. so this is what a nest looks like. after just 8 hours. the caterpillars are completely infested and dead and were assured that the fungus is also dead and won't spread outside the nest. the pin is van, the fungus is heat sensitive. at 25 degrees celsius locks, its growth starts slowing down and stops completely at 28 degrees if ice. so if it comes into contact with a warm blooded body, it's growing very quickly and even die, some fresh vertebrates, stuff, it is completely harmless, as if it was, yep, akira, isa, foolish hom doors. the pellets are shant directly into the nests so that the fungus doesn't impact any insects outside of the affected area. the conditions in that

case, we can't guarantee it that even a few unintended organisms could be affected ivy, but only in very small numbers it up. i'm sick, i got san juan with liberty food like one visitor asks what happens afterwards to the projectiles launched in the trees in the am from hoping he stopped midway on mine. as far as i said to say at the fly, they dissolve and disappear that they go out gooey and completely melt away. we've already done tests, of course we have what i was popular to the list. the read ammunition is made out of gelatin, and not plastic arborists and project collaborator, dennis at couriers, takes things a step further and wraps the areas around the nests with glue re. i see that in the bottom, isaac india, on tulsa. normally they go out to find food in the evening and starting at the tips, eat out the skeletons of the lease. in the morning they returned to the mass look. so you'd expect to find a line of moth, caterpillars on the glue. but since we can't see that it, it means that the fungus work live from a good book. the only real drawback is the red tape. german regulation stipulate

that most gardeners 1st need a permit to be able to use the souped up air rifle in public. oh, that's it with this addition of tomorrow today, d w signs magazine. thanks for watching and see you next time until then they curious. ah ah ah, with

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