ah, is perhaps the greatest leonardo masterpiece in the collection of the louvre and no, it is not the mono laser. it is the virgin of the rocks. was there another symbolic meaning to this beautiful painting that perhaps we just don't understand? the search for answers starts february 10th on the w. ah, if you're from the city, you might not know that earth worms improve the quality and structure of soil. and they also play a decisive role in el paso with climate change. because they're responsible for storing huge amounts of c o 2 in the ground. but 1st, let's focused on our memory. we stossel show with a report about remembering, followed by another about forgetting. well, come to, to morrow to day. the science program on d,

w. b, can you still remember your 1st kiss you 1st day the 1st time you fell in love, unforgettable moments like those get stored in on episodic memory. it's one of various forms of memory that emerge at different stages of life and fulfill different function. our 1st memory traces are formed in utero. the sound of its mother's voice is a fetuses initial introduction to its mother tongue. momentous. right now it's very quiet, left probably sleeping very relaxed. this app it weakens right margaret, very quiet. probably sleeping. oh, we developed an ability remember in infancy babies can memorize the faces of their

closest family members. although at 6 months, they only remember what they've experienced in the last 24 hours. by the age of 9 months, babies are storing memories for several weeks. and by 20 months, for a full year. at 1st, learning to walk is challenging. what's called procedural memory plays a vital role here. this is a type of implicit memory that aids the performance of particular tasks supported by the body sense of balance and sensory data. it controls actions that we do automatically into old age is by the age of 2 or 3, we've developed an explicit memory, enabling the conscious recollection of events, or our earliest childhood memories, usually deep back to this time of the development of linguistic skills and memory

are closely linked language makes it easier to remember information all their life . 50. the files fly vicky hastily through gassy. i live in the fantasies house between the ages of 3 and 5 children. begin to plan ahead with the help of their prospective memory. it allows them to remember to do something at a particular time, the basis for planned future oriented behavior. ah, semantic memory develops when children start school, helping them to remember facts can only do she listen. i, simon, is there a papillon ations plants and comes that plants. auntie cough clipper, wasn't gluten, though not that i don't want learning goes hand in hand with a marked improvement in long term memory. an hour teenage years and early

adulthood occupy a special place in our memory, the intensity and novelty of our 1st sexual experiences. for example, in sure these memories stay with us forever. memories are formed between the ages of 15 and 25 that account for what is known as the reminiscence bumper o nursing mothers often suffer from temporary memory loss. for a long time, it was thought that their peculiar hormonal balance was responsible. tinney, scientists attribute another cause to the memory loss. the mother's sleep deprivation, awe. episodic memory allows us to go on a journey into the past. it's where very special personal experiences are stored. but starting at the age of 50, that capacity begins to dwindle and we start forgetting more often. oh,

in extreme old age, episodic memory can be badly damaged. but somehow memories from childhood and adolescence still remain intact. ah, in contrast to the short term memories of old people, which often aren't retained at all, we develop routines to give our brains a break in our habits determined 50 percent of our daily decisions means effectively going on auto pilot, freeing up time to make other more important decisions it's just as well, we don't have to work out a new plan every morning for what to wear house and brush our teeth, or tiasha laces. that's where routine habits come in handy. they enable us to drink

a cup of tea or coffee while reading the paper. we're so accustomed to these activities from repetition that they're stored in our subconscious and happen automatically. these unnoticed habits are hard wired into our brain in a kind of energy conserving default plan. but we also have routines that govern perhaps less productive aspects of our lives. thus, the after dinner mode hitting the couch, grabbing the t v remote and some candy. and as the couch routine is also embedded in our subconscious, it can be a tough habit to kick jill price can remember practically everything she's ever experienced. she's one of just a few dozen people worldwide who've been diagnosed with high the siamese yes. name a certain date, and they will recall their memories of that day in vivid detail. for all the

personal pros and cons, the individuals involved could be a blessing for scientists, developing medication in the fight against alzheimer's and dementia. forgetting isn't about our brain failing for scientists. like on 3 years, proposal to rob alice remembering and forgetting are 2 sides of the same coin. much is known about the mechanisms of remembering, but he wants to better understand the process of forgetting that can here is to help i brain is designed to forget things, couldn't believe it or not. if forgetting actually uses energy figures, tacoma from that fact alone, we can tell the process of forgetting is very important for us to go purchase. our brain can process the huge amount of input that it. we see every 2nd of every

day. it perceives everything but doesn't save it all. it completely forgets many things automatically when we're out and about our brain absorbs impressions of everything. people, trees, houses, street cars, everything. if these impressions are retained as memories, nerve cells that take part in the memory process have to be connected by the synopsis. no, but not all impressions, images and memories remain. the majority of synopses are blocked by a certain protein. then they can't bind any more. this results in these impressions not being saved. we don't retain memories from the majority of these impressions, which balances out the state of remembering and forgetting. andrea's

capacity rope, alice wants to find out whether a newly discovered gene found in people with hypoth. i messed ec syndrome acts like a switch that regulates or inhibits forgetting. these guys with eyes with anemia. towed helps him in the process. it's smaller than a centimeter long and an optimal research subject for the scientists. it's a model organism. they intend to introduce the gene to the nema tote that prevents memories from being forgotten. if they're successful, they can test how it works. their room had kind of, the worm has no brain that i, but it has 302 nerve cells. that's enough to allow to engage in complex behavior, exist how nematodes can learned and forget because we know for exam and lastly that

these nerve cells here reference at these in particular, are very important for learning processes. other nerve cells are important for motor and movement processes, and that's why we use the nema toasting. preventative isn't poem. what effect will the gene have on the nematode? so for this i am just as good. yeah. little. yeah. if you see them. yeah. yeah, and you, here we have a worm and now we can inject the plasma tvs into cuba. the scientists inject the worms with the human gene that prevents forgetting the gene was discovered. and people with hyper thigh mastic syndrome. the gene transfer should produce worms that can't forget. the fluorescent material indicates that mima totes, who have been injected with the gene. now the question is whether or not these worms can forget these as with this, if, if this is

a very important step because we can now research this worm, it's nervous system and what characteristics they have after they've been injected with the gene, him and he, that's how we get to know how these human genes work this mentally again, functionally, the scientists hypothesis is that the gene that hinders forgetting, sends out proteins that become active in the synopsis of the brain. that's where the normal process of automatically forgetting is blocked. that has the consequence, that all of the impressions and memories don't disappear, but are permanently saved in the brain. the researchers worked with 2 groups of worms, the so called untreated wild types, and the glowing ones that have been injected with genes. their behavior should show if and how the gene impacts the process of forgetting gene is enough. the dom

well genes are there to produce proteins. these is and this is gene is obviously producing a protein that leads to forgetting to forget. now we can inhibit this protein, put it in hammond. we could do that with various methods, wouldn't tune including discovering substances that bind to it and inhibit binda. so hopefully we'll also be able to inhibit forgetting here. hopefully south us for guessing hammond. the discovery could bring researchers closer to curing, alzheimer's dementia and other diseases. who's in deco cannon and by our discovery with can contribute to treating alzheimer's disease. hum, getting them return is most often hopefully we've now discovered a mechanism that's related to forgetfulness. that one that leads us to forgetting yet, because now that we know that, and if we can identify substances that influence this gene. so we'll forget less.

i'm fossil this via vinegar, forgetful con, a huge step for scientists and researchers. and now on to the humble us when it's much larger than the tiny nematode in that last report, but it's just as blind and deaf the biggest populations of ath worms live in europe . the northeastern united states and new zealand children in those places learn early on that the terrestrial invertebrates are extremely beneficial. they keep soil air rated and, and show that it has a healthy cr librium which in ton benefits the climate to what impact does increasing drugs have on our forests, especially on their ability to store carbon. it's the question that researchers in switzerland i've been investigating for almost 2 decades. the irrigate parts of a forest and compare them with dry our sections, to their surprise,

significant differences became apparent after just a few years. it was in here, the soil here is really black lot, which means it contains a lot of carbon hicho himself thought. so now let's look at the soil on the dry surface, lee, how is it? yeah, and the soil is far lighter in color. if you hello, that means it stores less carbon than the irrigated soil coin stove as an investment plot. the importance of forest soils and soaking up c u 2 had been underestimated until relatively recently. this research has highlighted the impact of drought on the ability of soils to store carbon whatever. so hutton did it before the experiment. we didn't expect to be able to measure any changes in carbon content because it usually takes centuries to millennia for the carbon reservoir to change significantly. here we have 50 percent more carbon in the topsoil in the irrigated area went off in one minute. i've ordered all the researchers have

learned that soils store up to 5 times as much carbon as the vegetation above ground. the big question is, what leads to such a significant carbon increase in the ground over such a short time period? the theory is that organisms in the soil convert the debris or litter layer on top into soil, carbon g, u, ecologist. frank hagedorn uses traps containing food to identify those organisms they are hoped as that's the main de composers are earthworms in league. besides them, there are also wood lies and might civic life, although they play a far smaller role in the process than earthworms. as lingo, the researcher wants to determine how many earth worms are active in the soil here . for this experiment, he applies a mixture of mustard water to a small section of grown if with a kite incorrectly once the mixture have filtered down into the soil. the mustard

water irritates the earth, arms, and forces them to creep up to the surface where we can pick them up. grins it hung from the above. lay here, o flayson isn't guns clear. we have a very small, newly hatched worm. excuse me, a baby. and baby one. he comes a total of 50 earthworms per square meter when projected to cover all forest soils . that's an enormous bio mass. so the earth worms must be why the carbon content has increased so much. in the irrigated section of the forest. the chief scientist repeats the test in the part of the forest that was not aggregated. how many worms are working, the soil here? yet we waited ages without seeing a single worm of he discovered that earth worms are no longer active with the water content of below 20 percent. to determine the exact carbon balance. he measures c o 2 emissions from the soil to miss owned outs,

measuring the c o 2 balance shows the dry soils bind much less, c o 2, and then irrigated soil the fuel. and this is due to less carbon, being distributed in by earthworms in the household when stuffs, dwindling belie damina, hardwood and silica. but as the large scale irrigation of kenneth bruce forests is not a viable solution, frank hagedorn is looking for alternatives. and nature delivers here to a comparison test he conducted showed that 20 times as many earthworms live in deciduous forests as it can net for his ones. a result that suggests a change, of course, in forestry management, only sales wise by storing more carbon, would require increasing the proportion of hard was felt. this would stimulate earthworm activity, meaning more carbon is stored in the organic soil air in the long term waste off with escalate. more organic soil or humus could also increase the proportion of

carbon and soil and agriculture. scientists from the german center for integrative bio diversity in leipzig, a found that next to no earthworms are active and intensively farmed soils. it's a very different story with organic farming. yet he got off when you break up the aggregate bit of water. okay. oh, and that crumbling texture is characteristic of earthworm activities. looked as characterless as is flipping them up. he said. she must is the largest carbon reservoir on land. but there's been precious little research carried out into the role of earthworms in this researcher, get it. angst wants to find out how they convert that plant matter and the sugar it contains in the process, storing carbon in the soil for centuries. he's discovered that in addition to secreted stable carbon, the earth worms improve the carbon balance in the soil via their skin.

if it ever counters what's less known for what was not known at all, is that the mucus secreted by earth worms it stimulates the microbes in the soil to such a degree that they grow and build up bio mass maximum of your muscle. and this bio mass has ultimately stabilized in the soil when the microbes die cool, much to the carbon is then bound in the soil and can no longer be emitted. a c o 2 oscar resulting in a cooler climate schema crude. with that, every year about 10 times more c o 2 escapes from soils into the atmosphere and is produced by burning fossil fuels, earthworms and hybrid forests and organic farming helped to store carbon over the long term. the unlikely little helpers in the fight against climate change. toys, that's a nice specimen. climate change means that species traditionally at home in the south,

a migrating further and further north. the oak recessionary moth is native to southern and central europe, but is now also spreading to germany and sweden. the caterpillars ball has can cause serious irritation for human skin responses range from cutting down trees to setting the meth and their hosts on fire. the spraying of pesticides is also widespread, but there is a progressive solution even if it might not additionally look like it. denisha carlos is pulling out the big guns to get rid of some little pest from a suitable distance. he fires into the nest of the o procession every caterpillars next to an outdoor swimming pool. the idea is to introduce a deadly fungus to the nest via these red gelatin balls. they were created by scientists from the university of applied sciences in getting and, and are being tested in the field today of classic meat almond and play from

a 30 meters away. the fungus spreads out about the size of a fish. yes, the nets are bigger than that were, so we need one or 2 shots to cover the whole nest will. if we 1st look at the tips of the leaves and, and once we found areas that had been eaten, we tracked down the nest by following them towards the trunk. of the red balls contain bavaria, bossy ana of fungus that spreads inside the insects and kills them would not be willing one with them until professor both gun loya has spent years researching the various methods of combating the pesky oak procession. every caterpillar, his favorite is firing, the deadly fungus directly into the nest. decamp not tuning poor is, is on, and it's a naturally occurring animal, pathogenic fungus, which is a fancy way of saying that it kills insects in your house. we extracted the fungus from the soil, packed it into a ball, and shot it into the nest of the o procession area within 8 hours. if he killed the caterpillar student to take out, am up. here in germany, the oak procession every month has become

a real summer plague. in recent years. it has few natural enemies. local authorities have been spending tens of thousands of euros on combating the caterpillars and even vacuuming them up. dice put this into the nurse that the real danger from the o procession ary moth is that it goes through several different life cycles on during the 1st 2. they don't yet have any bristles or set day on. they start developing the 3rd larval stage. at that point, they're very small and fine and wouldn't bother an adult human. but as of the 4th stage, they could cause caterpillar dermatitis, all homes get mentioned. in some cases, it can lead to an ant aflac shock from a reading of the eyes eiffel wood and even lung problems loom because the hairs get stuck, their people in her, in the lucas that's another substance being sprayed on trees contains bacillus 13 g n 's us or b t ah, it's considered

a bio side because the bacteria disables and kills the oak procession every month. but it also kills other beneficial insects. both gung boy and his team did some tests on how the substance works. the shocking results prompted him to advise against any large scale deployment. it turns out that the bt spray also kills the few remaining natural predators of the mouth, such as each newman wasps and certain types of ants. lung face to face to face. the problem is that we're killing their enemies at the same time. so in the long run, we may even be strengthening the oak recessionary population. so last years test showed that for every chu, dead oh procession, every moths, one beneficial insect died as well. the own device, they included beetles, various bugs, ants, and if newman wasps shook chris, so is the rifle method more sustainable with less collateral damage. experts from

various authorities are curious to see the 1st results, general life. this is what a nest looks like after just 8 hours. the caterpillars are completely infested and dead and were assured that the fungus is also dead and won't spread outside the nest. the pin is van, the fungus is heat sensitive at $25.00 degrees celsius zach's, it's growth. start slowing down and stops completely at 28 degrees as ice. so if it comes into contact with a warm blooded body, it stops growing very quickly. and even di smith press vertebrates of it is completely harmless, as if it was yep, akira. it's a hellish handles. the pellets are shunt directly into the nests so that the fungus doesn't impact any insect outside of the affected area. the conditions in this case, we can't guarantee it that even a few and, and an organisms could be affected either,

but only in very small numbers it up and circling at san juan level. the cool good one visitor asks what happens afterwards to the projectiles launched in the trees beyond from hoping me to lay on my on a flight last i said to say at the fly, they dissolve and disappear that they go all gooey and completely melt away. we've already done tests, of course of extra hours will be at a to let the read. ammunition is made out of gelatin, and not plastic arborists and project collaborator, dennis at couriers, takes things a step further and wraps the areas around the nests with glue re. i see that in the water was again the arms. also, normally they go out to find food in the evening and starting at the tapes, eat out the skeletons of the lease. in the morning they returned to the mass look. so you'd expect to find a line of moth, caterpillars on the glue. but since we can't see that, it means that the fungus worked low from a good book. the only real drawback is the red tape. german regulation stipulate that most gardeners 1st need

a permit to be able to use the souped up air rifle in public. oh, that's it. this edition of tomorrow today, d, w signs magazine. thanks for watching and see you next time until then they curious . ah, ah ah ah. ah,

with who i the lifestyle of the super rich is a nightmare for the climate. the wealthy produce weigh more than their fair share of c o. 2. while ordinary people bear the consequences could a c, o 2 cap and trade program for individuals help we investigate climate change and the rich close up. in 30 minutes on d w. o.

you become a criminal pre climb aol. already news with hackers, paralyzing the tire societies, computers that out some are you and governments that go crazy for your data. we explain how these technologies work, how they can go in for. and that's how they can also go terribly. watch it now on you too. many of them. i am so glad that see i was i am running for president of the republic of valera. small the key.

ah. like everyone else is for a long time. i thought it was best not to get involved in politics. hugh, she is a wife of an upcoming politician. i think dates we should win them in a moment where she tries to stand up for her husbands, who destiny changes and she, herself becomes a school teacher and john dunder searches for the truth. again. this time, the exiled turkish journalist meets svetlana at seattle sky, exiled leader of the opposition and bella roost. of course and tides untied physically untied, morally, is too much on my shoulders, but i have to hold this way because i'm responsible for the future of our country. for the people far behind the boss gardens of truth starts february 18th o d, w ah

ah, this is the w news live from berlin desperately searching for earthquake survivors in turkey and syria. many people remain trapped off to quakes devastated towns and cities across a wide area. more than 5000 people are now known to have died in syria. the effect .