ah, well come to take, talk with him about hackers, paralyzed me to your societies. computers that out some are you and governments that go crazy for your data. we explain how these technologies work, how they can go rules and for. and that's how they can also go terribly watch it now. new to their bodies are built for flight to date. birds are the only creatures with feathers, though they are descended from dinosaurs, a few of which had feathers to stow birds were the 1st to use their feathers to fly and they develop quite remarkable brains. find out how intelligent beds are and the

extraordinary things they can do that in mo, coming up. ah, hello and welcome to to morrow to day. the d. w. science show a dead life begins here in an egg. some penguins don't bother building a mess, perhaps they young. they just rest the eggs on their feet and cover them with a brood pouch, a thought of warm skin. in the egg yolk, the bird embryo develops a little hard forms and starts to beat. but that only happens if a fertilized egg is incubated to ensure it doesn't crack under pressure bed eggs are cleverly constructed. the egg, although nourishing as a food stuff, it was designed to be an intelligent incubation. so it's extremely robust. it takes

real effort for chicks to hatch from michelle south will nevada not why it really is a wonder of nature, but i, and it's also important because actually the ag or the ng shell is there to protect the check. the hand turns the eggs several times a day and also sits on it. so it has to endure a lot of the egg as so stable. that when a chick is ready to hatch, they need a special, a tooth to break. open the shell from the inside. i saw them done front in d, sharla oft suppression. our eggs really that strong. and if so, how we set up a little experiment to find out for ourselves how easy it is to break an egg. easy. is it possible to crush a raw egg in your hand?

amazing. even big hands and strong muscles could not break. yes. even one of our viewers from brazil gave it his best shot without any success. evidently by my coming. yeah. how is that possible? the reason eggs are so stable is partly due to their shape. the curved shape distributes pressure evenly across the shell surface. the egg structure also plays a role and eggshell is normally 0.3 to 0.4 millimeters thick and consists of 90 percent calcium carbonate, making it very hard. it is made up of many tiny crystal and pillars patched tightly together. they form a stable structure. the many pours give the shell

a certain elasticity but they are also responsible for air exchange. carbon dioxide is released, fresh oxygen is absorbed. moisture is also absorbed so that the egg does not dry out. a cleverly designed protection for new life, which came 1st, the chicken or the egg. the chicken, at least that's what a glimpse inside an egg reveals. because all birds eggs have an air pocket which supplies the embryo with oxygen. but 1st, there has to be a chicken there to lay such a big egg with an air pocket in the 1st place. and pockets might have been important in evolutionary terms. so birds could develop the unique respiratory system that allows them to fly. fed entry beds mainly hung around their home turf. wild migratory birds embark on long journeys. but birds,

migration patton seemed to be changing as a group of researchers in switzerland as observing nighttime over lake geneva high up in the swiss alps on the coltish a mom mountain pass. leo. now marie is on his way to his nets. he catches migratory birds for research purposes. when he founded this bird watching center 30 years ago when he was still a student to the, the next or 9 to 20 meters high, the tallest in switzerland. still we catch just the small fraction of the passing birds may be warned out of every 1000 or 10000, depending on the species since birth. though the wind conditions aren't ideal, molly checks the nets and finds a surprise. up there, a bag that's a bit unexpected. so late in the fall, most bands don't migrate,

but rather seek shelter at higher altitudes in winter. about 20 bad species can be found here at the cul de shaman, pass mama, he has been observing them for a while and has seen their numbers fall over the years. intensive agriculture is threatening their food supply little so we thought that is the local, the bats are protected, but they've suffered a lot due to pesticides which have greatly reduced the number of insects. now like what did i say? a less is that ongoing or have things stabilized her sayings, i quoting on their numbers, keep decreasing, self up archiving things don't look good for insect, a force, notably birds in battery. in through it. then the bat disappears into the night. meanwhile, the wind conditions have changed. most migratory birds fly at night. so at dawn, it's time to get to work. this is only possible thanks to the help of

volunteers. like nikolai, the biologist has spent almost 3 months at the observation center. that premier phony drama during the 1st morning round. we catch lots of birds that were migrating at night. they take a break and come down to the ground to eat and fly into the net workers. they fly lower than at night, pre bucher. full nor any carefully they remove the birds from the nets. in october, there were lots of robins that were on the way to the mediterranean. who pleasure. the birds are collected in cloth sacks and hung up in order. the most sensitive creatures come 1st. then each bird is banded and examined. it's wingspan and the amount of fat under its feathers are checked before the bird is released. only certified inspectors may do this other little building by go to put any down. i got

my bird bending permit last year, and you need to train for it beforehand and give you. and as i've been doing this since i arrived, i've gotten the hang of it off of him. on a records the data which helps provide statistics on migratory birds. even though few of them are caught again, the number of spotting provides an overview of the bird populations. uncoated among leona mama, he has observed the impact of climate change for decades. that's what is made species like this ring was l. a rare sight then his best, his hi, this is a species that's become rarer due to global warming, while the alpine population is moving to higher ground because they're being driven out by black birds, which themselves are moving to higher grounds. this nordic subspecies is retreating more and more to northern europe. this north would retreat as a result of climate change. i don't presume. no, no yelling annuity bear though. there are winners and losers. the mediterranean

species are the winners, at least from a swiss perspective, where we have species that weren't here before. uh huh. but we've also noticed that they've disappeared from southern european countries like portugal. so there's been a sort of northward shift, thus overhaul nicholas delano. leona and mama, he plans to keep monitoring these changes to better understand the plight of migratory birds on their journey south. a few species of bad stay home all year round. these magpies even keep the place tardy. in this experiment, they throw away bottle caps and snap up a treat every time. pretty clever. especially given the fact that birds brains lack a neocortex. the folded part of the mammalian brain, responsible for cognition,

and other complex behavior. yet that demonstrate astonishing cognitive ability. once the explanation for this researchers at ro university bolcom are looking for answers. the scientists here work with ravens. so yes, this is athena giggles. i'm taking her for her daily training. and i i lean cloud works with athena. are you region cro, a song bird from the raven family? ravens are thought to be especially intelligent. but athena is rather shy. it's better if we keep our distance. strange people are objects like our camera can distract the bird. it's hence right

here. okay, a one. very good. there athena, another one, a member of the kind of unknown faces me. it's okay. just like always, honestly alive. she brings athena into the testing area. here the bird will pick at a monitor with its beak memorizing specific patterns and sequences in the process. as long as i can, we can watch athena from above other the other that she's working now the most on do you think she's to pack the point on these 3 monitors, a pick a black point to pass and she must walk over and respond. athena must also memorize the sequence in which she picks the points so that she can enter the exact same pattern into a 4th monitor the flies clarify. so she got that raleigh. let's see. the monitors briefly turned black to signal that you have it. let's see if she gets it right

this time michael flops. if it, if this month each location corresponds to an abstract symbol which doesn't appear there. the monitor above stands for camping. the monitor on the right stands for toilet and left is port. a black point is the only thing shown on the screen. athena must confirm the sequences on the control monitor using the correct symbols, camping toilet port. she got it right here once again because it went so fast camping toilet port and her reward. so by see if, if she elses correctly, she gets feed on the foot, feet pallets come out this automatic dispenser altogether than the next task begins, which i lost a little is known about how birds brains function or neuroscience just eunice woes and his team hope such experiments will help them

figure out how ravens retrieve info from short term memory, which could be a key to understanding birds intelligence. lessons this to his team, but it's an important system. as it forms the foundation of degrees of higher cognition and its characteristics, make it attractive to study its capacity is limited and we can't recall endless numbers of things. and it's fragile. info gets lost when we're distracted from actually follow on. this gives us the chance to see how it performs compared to other species, and this is how good is a crow compared to a monkey. for example, hands like lies. how much can they recall in fear? how flexibly can they work with these kinds of subjects? again, i'll dba in this experiment, a cro is learning that only the tube on the right will help it raise the water level in the middle and bring the food closer. when it throws in stones on the left,

nothing happens. ah, the amazing thing. it's learning from experience alone and even employing tools that points to complex thought patterns or besides, ravens, owls and parents are also of interest to brain researchers, even pigeons, weight pigeons. oh, of course says bio psychologist, own or good june. one of the world's foremost pigeon researchers. he also works in both him and has been examining the birds cognitive abilities for years is marked as a teal as he up isn't. i really like these animals does it and they're not the superstars of learning. that's the crows and parents, but they have something really great, a kind of meticulous persistence in carrying out a given task like men should they work on it for hours and that's ideal for

scientists as the mistakes they, mike provide incredible insight into how the thought process functions vida, stinking from to near to measurement. that's why they great research animals in as i love them, he busy i. in mammals, the brains cortex is responsible for complex problem solving. it was assumed birds lacked such a cortex. but with the help of a laser scientists found cortex like structures visible in the cross section of a birds brain. the typical horizontal and vertical strands that make complex thought possible. human, he that he kind the vertical strands enable an extremely detailed analysis of everything. they perceive the horizontal helped him connected altogether. alice me down under a microscope, it becomes clear with the vertical and horizontal structures are capable of, but is in ice in what we see are individual dark and nerve cells with the

technology we've applied here, we can see when the dark and cells communicate with other nerve cells and of them. so in a way we're seeing who's communicating with whom he did to me to him. it's astonishing discovery. no one expected a birds brain could be as complex as a mammals. in instantly, at 1st glance, the brain seems so different than the uh, the further in you go and the more carefully you look, the more you find the same basic principles. the closer you look in, the more similar they are, levine shown. in other words, brain structure is a decisive factor in determining an animal's cognitive melodies. ah, some features of beds grains could already be seen in their forefathers the dinosaurs. that's an indication of the close relationship between beds and

dinosaurs. just like they get a genetic analysis shows chickens, and ostriches, a more closely related to the tarana sorres' rex than any other living species. but one of the obvious differences is this size adult at the relative from mexico wants to know why did dinosaurs grow so big? giraffe saw the tallest land animals alive to day, reaching heights of up to 6 meters. they tower over all other creatures. yet they're shrimps, compared to the dinosaurs. the largest ones were known as sorrow pods. these giant herbivores 1st walked the earth some 230000000 years ago. 66000000 years ago they became extinct. findings of their bones reveal that some of these dinosaurs were more than 35 meters long, 17 meters tall,

and weighed almost 70 tons. that's about as heavy as a herd of elephants. there are several reasons why dinosaurs grew to be so large. one is likely because they didn't you their food, they chore of branches and leaves with their teeth and swallowed them whole as this simulation at a dinosaur park shows. so they could consume vast quantities of nutrients quickly. their long necks also let them graze over large areas without needing to move around. the energy saved could then be used for growth lou, another reason was there bird, like respiratory systems. sorrow, ponts breathed using air sacks distributed throughout their bodies, even between the cervical vertebrae. this made their next relatively light, which allowed them to become so very long. ah, researchers also believe that dinosaurs grew very quickly young dinosaurs. just

hatch from an egg like this weighed barely 10 kilos. but in just 30 years, their weight would increase 5000 fold. but there are still many secrets to be discovered about sorrow pods of largest animals ever to walk the earth. if our blood is red, why i do you have a question about science? send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. so come on, just on a now back to the descendants of the donna souls. but during mating season,

many males struck their stuff and tried to impress the opposite sex. in many species, males even need to show potential part is they love nest. many birds favorite dense undergrowth while they breeding grounds. well, other species seek shelter in hedges as a place to raise young that catches carbon 2 we don't often pay that much attention, but these plans are actually very useful. hedges protect us from noise and dust, and from the prying eyes of our neighbors. but that's not all. a new study shows that bushes and shrubs also provide a secret weapon and climate protection. head hedges are mostly functional and they're fantastic carbon stores. they stored just as much carbon in their bio mass and in the soil per square meter. as far as i do hot nita with help from

a chain saw researchers from the tune and institute in northern germany are collecting samples from various types of hedge to study how efficient they are as carbon stores. data of this kind has never been collected before. they were surprised by the results having hedgerows and farmland provides exceptional climate protection in terms of carbon storage. the only thing better is marshland end of the lesser carbon stored in the bio mass of the hedge show in the twigs branches in root, seka. and in the soil, under the hedge one bath, that's carbon that comes from the atmosphere, a c o 2 i. so the hedge is contributing towards climate protection battery. simply metals, by playing a newly planted hedge of 720 meters, can store the same amount of c, o 2 that an average person in germany produces and 10 years. oh, but in the last 70 years,

almost half of all hedgerows have been removed. so that bigger agricultural machinery can be used this is resulted in empty landscapes and mono cultures. oh, the, i'm 1000 fantine valasics. thousands of kilometers have hedgerows from the countryside. if you look at the land today that's used for intensive farming. everything is wide open or there are no dividing lines anymore, no strips of grass hills and what's missing. most of all are hedge rows here in the hiccup. along with the use of pesticides on the fields, the lack of structures on farmland is one of the main reasons that species are becoming extinct. current studies have shown this. ah, the address shown dorsey finished taking the tift i. the destruction of hedgerows has led to the loss of many different types of plants that grow along the borders, often funded, but also many, many species of animals from insects, to reptiles,

city. i'm phoebe, in the sand lizard, for example, and amphibians like the common towed that seek shelter and hedges, frugal within it also affects birdsall. i'm has animals and mammals, like the door mouse, rely on plants like hawthorn and hazelnut bushes for food and hospital. still, i snarl, squint log hedgerows. don't just provide food and shelter, which is especially important for endangered species. they also create corridors that connect the various bio tops that are spread across the land. fill out another amusing species or dying out either is because they can't connect with other members any more you need. there's no genetic exchange and the individual populations are becoming too small. the hedgerows provide a link between the various populations, happy the various islands and the way there are good examples of areas that do have lots of hedgerows. and when you look inside the hedges and you see that there's so

much more life, there has to all these linear losses. hence, rose and dead would provide especially valuable habitats for insects and other useful creatures. hedges also protect the soil. when they grow, less water evaporates, and the wind speed drops, so less oil blows away. blankets are down the line for the good glove taken. steal novi for a long time. farmers used to think hedges were just a bit of a nuisance and was because they had to drive the machinery around them on their lunch or did is india. but lots of farmers are starting to see that they actually need hedges, especially during dry spells like a dry summer langford, the material and they have a cooling effect and they store water. so farmers actually get better yields if they have hedge rose. this being all video playing a deadline for tough boots in researchers from austria have taken a closer look at how much the yield increases by planting hedges. they discovered

that an 8 meter high hedge has an impact on the 80 meters of crop land next to it. the yield of winter wheat increases by 9.5 percent. and sunflower yields increased by almost 24 percent so they might not look much. but these plans harness a multitude of benefits whether they're in a field or in your own garden hedges are great for the environment. they store seo to provide shade and even decoration. hedges can also attract animals. if you choose the right ones, native wild shrubs are best for that. especially ones that bear fruit, such as elderberry and central europe. ah, or come and barberry and cornelia cherry. they can transform ornamental

gardens into useful ones. they're not only good for the soul, but also for the environment we live in. that's it for this edition of tomorrow to day d. w. science program. thanks for watching and see you next time until then stay curious. bye bye. ah ah ah, with

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