as you're biting into this juicy burger, your dining companion says to you, actually that hamburger is not made from kaos. it's made from golden retrievers. should meet. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 in meeting cultures around the world, people learn to classify a small handful of animals as edible and all the rest they classify as disgusting. a doc you series about our complex relationship with animals. the great debate this week on d, w. they bodies, uh, built for flights. today, birds are the only creatures with feathers, though they are descended from dinosaurs, a few of which had feathers to stow birds were the 1st to use their feathers to fly and they develop quite remarkable brains. find out how intelligent beds are and the

extraordinary things they can do that in mo, coming up. ah, hello, and welcome to tomorrow. today the d. w. science show it's like begins here in an egg. some penguins don't bother building a mess to have their young. they just rest the eggs on their feet and covered them with a brood pouch, a thought of warm skin. in the egg yolk, the bird embryo develops a little hard forms and starts to beat. but that only happens if a fertilized egg is incubated to ensure it doesn't crack under pressure bed eggs are cleverly constructed. the egg, although nourishing as a food stuff,

it was designed to be an intelligent incubation. so it's extremely robust. it takes real effort for chicks to hatch from michelle. sab, good nevada, not why. it really is a wonder of nature, but i, and it's also important because actually the ag or the ng shell is there to protect the check. the hand turns the eggs several times a day and also sits on it. so it has to endure a lot of the egg as so stable. that when a chick is ready to hatch, they need a special, a tooth to break. open the shell from the inside. i pon them down from indie sharla, off to gretchen. our eggs really that strong. and if so, how we set up a little experiment to find out for ourselves how easy it is to break an egg. is it possible to crush a raw egg in your hand?

it's amazing. even big handsome, strong muscles could not break. yes. even one of our viewers from brazil gave it his best shot without any success. evidently by my telling you how is that possible? the reason eggs are so stable is partly due to their shape. oh, the curved shape distributes pressure evenly across the shell surface. the egg structure also plays a role. an eggshell is normally 0.3 to 0.4 millimeters thick, and consists of 90 percent calcium carbonate, making it very hard. it is made up of many tiny christalin pillars. pat tightly together. they form a stable structure. the many pours give the shell

a certain elasticity but they are also responsible for air exchange. carbon dioxide is released. fresh oxygen is absorbed. moisture is also absorbed so that the egg does not dry out. a cleverly designed protection for new life, which came 1st, the chicken or the egg. the chicken, at least, that's what a glimpse inside an egg reveals. because all birds eggs have an air pockets which supplies the embryo with oxygen, but fussed. there has to be a chicken there to lay such a big egg with an air pocket in the 1st place. and pockets might have been important in evolutionary terms. so both could develop the unique respiratory system that allows them to fly. fed entry beds mainly hung around their home turf,

while migratory birds embark on long journeys. but birds migration pat in seem to be changing as a group of researchers in switzerland is observing. nighttime over lake geneva high up in the swiss alps and the coltish among mountain pass. leona marie is on his way to his nets. he catches migratory birds for research purposes. well, he founded this bird watching center 30 years ago when he was still a student. to the, the next or 9 to 20 meters high. the tallest in switzerland. we still we catch just the small fraction of the passing birds may be warned out of every 1000 or 10000 depending on the species with both though the wind conditions aren't ideal. molly checks the nets and finds a surprise up there a bad that's a bit unexpected. so late in the fall,

most baths don't migrate, but rather seek shelter at higher altitudes in winter. about 20 bad species can be found here at the college. a mom pass. mama, he has been observing them for a while and has seen their numbers fall over the years. intensive agriculture is threatening their food supply little so we thought that is the local, the bats are protected, but they've suffered a lot due to pesticides which have greatly reduced the number of insects nearly got to dissect a lot. is that ongoing or have things stabilized her? in psychology, their numbers keep decreasing? self up archiving things don't look good for insect, a voice, notably birds in battery, in through it. then the bat disappears into the night. meanwhile, the wind conditions have changed. most migratory birds fly at night, so at dawn it's time to get to work. this is only possible

thanks to the help of volunteers. like nikolai, the biologist has spent almost 3 months at the observation center. latonya wanted him during the 1st morning round. we catch lots of birds that were migrating at night. they take a break and come down to the ground to eat and fly into the nets. from workers they fly lower than at night, or pre bucher fall nor any carefully they remove the birds from the net. in october, there were lots of robins that were on the way to the mediterranean. the birds are collected and cloth sags and hung up in order. the most sensitive creatures come 1st. oh, then each bird is banded and examined its wingspan and the amount of fat under its feathers are checked before the bird is released. only certified inspectors may do this. what little damage by going to put any down. i got my bird banding permit

last year on the you need to train for it beforehand, did you? and as i've been doing this since i arrived, i've gotten the hang of it is off of him on a records, the data which helps provide statistics on migratory birds. even though few of them are caught again, the number of spotting provides an overview of the bird populations. what uncalled edge among leona mama, he has observed the impact of climate change for decades. that's what is made species like this ring was l. a rare sight. send this message is hi, this is a species that's become rarer due to global warming. the alpine population is moving to higher ground because they're being driven out by black birds, which themselves are moving to higher grounds. this nordic sub species is retreating more and more to northern europe. this northwood retreat is a result of climate change. and if you don't presume nonono yelling annuity bear

though, there are winners and losers. the mediterranean species are the winners, at least from a swiss perspective, where we have species that weren't here before. uh huh. but we've also noticed that they've disappeared from southern european countries like portugal. so there's been a sort of northward shift, tulsa, oklahoma, like olives, delano. leona and mama, he plans to keep monitoring these changes to better understand the plight of migratory birds on their journey south. a few species of bad stay home all year round. these magpies even keep the place starting in this experiment, they throw away bottle caps and snap up a treat every time it's ever as forcefully. given the fact that birds brains lack a neocortex, the folded part of the mammalian brain, responsible for cognition,

and other complex behavior. yet that demonstrate astonishing cognitive ability. once the explanation for this, researchers at ro university bolcom are looking for answers. the scientists here work with ravens. so yes, this is athena depot. i'm taking her for her daily training and let eileen cloud works with athena. a you region cro, a song bird from the raven family ravens are thought to be especially intelligent. but athena is rather shy, it's better if we keep our distance. strange people are objects like our camera can distract the bird. you know,

tense right here, look in a one very good there. athena. another one, a member of the kind of unknown face says me. it's okay, just like always be along. she brings athena into the testing area. here the bird will pick a monitor with its beak memorizing specific patterns and sequences in the process as well as i can. we can watch athena from above of the all that she's working now the most on do you think she's to pack the point on these 3 monitors, a pick a black point of hes and she must walk over and respond. athena must also memorize the sequence in which she picks the points so that she can enter the exact same pattern into a 4th monitor. besides god, if i so she got that raleigh, unless the, the monitors briefly turned black to signal that you have enough aside. let's see

if she gets it right this time michael up to set the stigma. each location corresponds to an abstract symbol which doesn't appear there. the monitor above stands for camping. the monitor on the right stands for toilet and left is port. a black point is the only thing shown on the screen. athena must confirm the sequences on the control monitor using the correct symbols, camping toilet port. she got it right here once again because it went so fast camping toilet port and her reward. so by see if, if she elses correctly, she gets paid on the foot feet pallets come out this automatic dispenser altogether than the next task begins with my last little is known about how birds brains function, neuroscience, just eunice,

woes and his team. hope such experiments will help them figure out how ravens retrieve info from short term memory, which could be a key to understanding birds intelligence lessons this to his team. it's an important system, as it forms the foundation of degrees of higher cognition and its characteristics make it attractive to study. its capacity is limited and we can't recall endless numbers of things. and it's fragile. info gets lost when we're distracted from watson along. this gives us a chance to see how it performs compared to other species. and this is how good is a cro compare to a monkey. for example, hands i life. how much can they recall here? how flexibly can they work with these kinds of subjects get on to bombay. in this experiment, a crow is learning that only the tube on the right will help it raise the water level in the middle and bring the food closer. when it throws in stones on the left

and nothing happens, ah, the amazing thing, it's learning from experience alone and even employing tools that points to complex thought patterns or besides ravens, owls and parents are also of interest to brain researchers, even pigeons, weight pigeons. of course says bio psychologist, own or grin, june 1 of the world's foremost pigeon researchers. he also works in both m and has been examining the birds cognitive abilities for years. is marked is a taylor's here, isn't i really like these animals does it and they're not the superstars of learning. that's the crows and parents. but they have something really great, a kind of meticulous persistence in carrying out

a given task. and then should they work on it for hours? and that's ideal for scientists as the mistakes they make, provide incredible insight into how the thought process functions vito's thinking from to network human. and that's why they're great research animals. and as i love them, he busy i. in mammals, the brains cortex is responsible for complex problem solving. it was assumed birds lacked such a cortex. but with the help of a laser, scientists have found cortex like structures visible in the cross section of a bird's brain. the typical horizontal and vertical strands that make complex thought possible. you believe that the kinds the vertical strands enable an extremely detailed analysis of everything they perceive the horizontal help them connected altogether. honestly, done. under a microscope, it becomes clear with the vertical and horizontal structures are capable of but is

ins it. i'd seen that what we see are individual dark and nerve cells with the technology we've applied here. we can see when the dark and cells communicate with other nerve cells and of them. so in a way we're seeing who's communicating with whom he did to me to him. it's astonishing discovery. no one expected a birds brain could be as complex as a mammals didn't instantly. at 1st glance, the brain seems so different when you'd be at the further in you go and the more carefully you look, the more you find the same basic principles. the closer you look in, the more similar they are, levine, shown. in other words, brain structure is a decisive factor in determining an animal's cognitive abilities. ah, some features of best brains could already be seen in their full fathers,

the dinosaurs. that's an indication of the close relationship between beds and dinosaurs. just like they gave a generic analysis shows, chickens and ostriches, a more closely related to the tyrant, historic regs than any other living species. but one of the obvious differences is this size adults at the relative from mexico once to know why did dinosaurs grow so big? giraffe saw the tallest land, animals alive today, reaching heights of up to 6 meters. they tower over all other creatures. yet there are shrimps compared to the dinosaurs. the largest ones were known as sorrow pods. these giant herbivores 1st walked the earth some 230000000 years ago. 66000000 years ago they became extinct. findings of their bones reveal that some of these dinosaurs were more than 35 meters long, 17 meters tall,

and weighed almost 70 tons. that's about as heavy as a herd of elephants. there are several reasons why dinosaurs grew to be so large. one is likely because they didn't you their food, they chore of branches and leaves with their teeth and swallowed them whole as this simulation at a dinosaur park shows. so they could consume vast quantities of nutrients quickly. their long necks also let them graze over large areas without needing to move around. the energy saved could then be used for growth in another reason was their bird like respiratory systems. sorrow, ponce breathed using air sacks distributed throughout their bodies, even between the cervical vertebrae. this made their next relatively light, which allowed them to become so very long. ah,

researchers also believe that dinosaurs grew very quickly young dinosaurs. just hatch from an egg like this weighed barely 10 kilos. but in just 30 years, their weight would increase 5000 fold. but there are still many secrets to be discovered about sorrow pods of largest animals ever to walk the earth. if our blood is read why abra, maybe you do you have a question about science? send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. so come on, just dance. now back to the descendants of the donna souls. but during mating season,

many males struck their stuff and tried to impress the opposite sex. in many species, males even need to show potential part is they love nest. many birds favorite dense undergrowth while they breeding grounds. well, other species seek shelter in hedges, a safe place to raise young that catches carbon to we don't often pay that much attention, but these plants are actually very useful. hedges protect us from noise and dust, and from the prying eyes of our neighbors. but that's not all. a new study shows that bushes and shrubs also provide a secret weapon in climate protection. heckman hedges are multi functional and they're fantastic carbon stores. they stored just as much carbon in their bio mass un in the soil per square meter as forest. i do hot meta with help from

a chain saw researchers from the tune and institute in northern germany are collecting samples from various types of hedge to study how efficient they are as carbon stores. data of this kind has never been collected before. they were surprised by the results having hedgerows and farmland provides exceptional climate protection in terms of carbon storage. the only thing better is marshland. in that view, my son carbon is stored in the bio mass of the hedge. so in the twigs branches in root, seka, and in the soil under the hedge one bath, that's carbon that comes from the atmosphere, a c o 2. so the hedge is contributing towards climate protection battery simply muslims biplane. a newly planted hedge of 720 meters can store the same amount of c o 2 that an average person in germany produces and 10 years.

oh, but in the last 70 years, almost half of all hedge rows have been removed so that bigger agricultural machinery can be used. this is resulted in empty landscapes and mono cultures. oh, the m towel isn't frontier. we've lost thousands of kilometers of hedge rose from the countryside into if you look at the land today that's used for intensive farming. everything is wide open or there are no dividing lines anymore. no strips of grass hills and what's missing. most of all are hedge rows here in the hiccup, along with the use of pesticides on the fields, the lack of structure on farmland, it's one of the main reasons that species are becoming extinct. current studies have shown this ah, dash one door stay finished, only taking the drift i. the destruction of hedgerows has led to the loss of many different types of plants that grow along the borders, often funded, but also many,

many species of animals from insects, to reptiles. city, i'm phoebe, in the sand lizard, for example. and amphibians like the common towed that seek shelter and hedges, frugal within it also affects birds. awful. and how's animals and mammals like the door mouse rely on plants like hawthorn and hazelnut bushes for food and hostile, hostile. it's now squint log hedgerows. don't just provide food and shelter, which is especially important for endangered species. they also create corridors that connect the various bio temps that are spread across the land. fill out another amusing species are dying out. i is because they can't connect with other members any more you need. there is no genetic exchange and the individual populations are becoming too small. the hedgerows provide a link between the various populations, happy the various islands and even though they were good examples of areas that do

have lots of hedgerows. and when you look inside the hedges and you see that there's so much more life, there has to all these mishmi losses. hedgerows and dead would provide especially valuable habitats for insects and other useful creatures. hedges also protect the soil. when they grow, less water evaporates, and the wind speed drops. so less soil blows away, blankets down the line for the globe, taking still annoyed by for a long time. farmers used to think hedges were just a bit of a nuisance, was because they had to drive the machinery around them on their lung for did you say india? but lots of farmers are starting to see that they actually need hedges, especially during the dry spells like a dry summer long for it, the material and they have a cooling effect and they store water. so farmers actually get better yields. if they have hedge rose, this being all video, craig, a deadline for tough, woodson researchers from austria have taken

a closer look at how much the yield increases by planting hedges. they discovered that an 8 meter high hedge has an impact on the 80 meters of crop land next to it. the yield of winter wheat increases by 9.5 percent. and sunflower yields increased by almost 24 percent so they might not look much. but these plants harness a multitude of benefits whether they're in a field or in your own garden hedges are great for the environment. they store seo to provide shade and even decoration. hedges can also attract animals. if you choose the right ones, native wild shrubs are best for that. especially ones that bear fruit, such as elderberry and central europe,

or come and barberry and cornelia cherry. they can transform ornamental gardens into useful ones. they're not only good for the soul, but also for the environment we live in. that's it for this edition of tomorrow today, d w signs program. thanks for watching and see you next time. until then stay curious, bye. ah ah, ah, with

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