the key word she or it is the word say, we know that where are the right now, dental dental lines being drawn the propaganda war for ukraine. russia's warning ukraine one year since i began to take a look back and into the future in the slow range in february on d, w ah, temperatures are rising glaciers are melting according to a study published in the magazine science by the end of the century, 83 percent of mountain glaciers left disappeared and with them the valuable information contained in the ice, what's called the ice memory, the raw material of scientific research. the reason is global warming caused mainly

by human activity, cars with combustion engines, for example, lithium is now being mined on a large scale in an effort to reduce global emissions and slow down climate change . ah, welcome to to morrow to day. the d w side show b lithium is currently the best suited raw material for making the rechargeable batteries used in most of today's electric vehicles. a lithium gold rush has underway. latin america is the world's region, with the largest reserves of lithium in the so called lithium triangle. we had to chilly to find out more these bright colors look out of place amidst chillies, gray, utter calm, assault flats. they make it hard to overlook that. lithium is mine, her. it's

a vital element and rechargeable back trees, houston smartphones and electric cars for thousands of years. it's lane just below the surface, dissolved and concentrated salt water hair at one of the world's largest lithium mines. but lithium brian is being pumped to the surface, filling the gum, i believe julia. org and event that the shallow day i took it on my house, you truly ran to germany. first, the concentration of that i am in the rhyme here is the highest in the world seconds or salary of some aggressive conditions for the lithium extraction process . we employ here, all of them on the floor in the the sun does most of the work. 3, water evaporation alone, the lithium brian becomes even more concentrated. it changes color as the various minerals are gradually separated. when the lithium content is high enough, the liquid has taken by truck to a refinery where the lithium is extracted. the

salanda at a comma is located in the lithium triangle, an area bordered by chilly bolivia and argentina. the world's largest lithium deposits are thought to be located under the surface of the salt flats. global demand is growing fast, and mine operators are striving to meet it about to get them as well as developing a new process to extract lithium straight from the brine to thumb. we're improving our entire lithium production chain and increasing our yield so we can pretty much more lithium while removing lesson ryan from the seller that says that they have to . because the mining, if this matter that supposed to make the world more sustainable, is causing environmentalists to sound, the alarm extracting the lithium requires lots of water, which is especially scarce in the desert. christiane a spindler is a member of the indigenous utter commentary. us who have inhabited the fertile river valleys above the outer calm at desert for over 1500 years.

water is central to their lives. full of anger christiane, a spindler looks at the mind down in the cellar. but at a foot, are they going to leave them behind the holy mesh is altogether. the thor christiane, takes us to his land. he makes an offering to mother earth and his ancestors as is the custom, her sacred mother earth protect us. and our waterloo right at the foot of a pre historic graveyard containing ancient patrick left. they've been farming the land for centuries. the irrigation system is a time tester technology that draws water directly from the andes mountains. that recent years have seen less and less water. some say that's due to climate change. christiane says it's due to the mining companies greed, yadda per month. but, you know, we'll decide lithium factory puts us in constant danger because they use the water to produce lithium batteries. but, but i said in already got a lot of the other,

did you? well, that may be an advancement for a large order, vanity, for at least a structure lonia, but other to jump on a foot. he insists the climate change should be sold by those who caused the problem in the 1st place. the indigenous peoples of outer commer shouldn't bear the burden, but the minds chief hydrologist says it takes no water from indigenous areas. it's ground water wells are located farther down in the valley. and on the brian being extracted in 400 places comes from a different geological layer. entirely, gar, you're gonna be claims. the local water table has remained stable for years. the villain and the men book it. then i want according to our findings and the monitoring edwardo said others rather uria gaudio. we see no correlation between the brine extraction in the heartland. and what's happening in the higher lying parts of the art to come a basin for which depend largely on precipitation, mentor beer, villa,

but i see be thus your studies indicate that the complex matter come, ecosystem has yet to be sufficiently explored. and that water cycles here a much slower than previously thought. so the true effects of lithium mining may not become apparent for decades. some 200 kilometers farther west. and until for augusta on the pacific coast concentrated brian reaches the refinery, hair it's pumped into the enormous plant, which keeps expanding as global demand continues to rise. after several production processes to and products result, lithium hydroxide and above all, lithium carbonite, a fine flower like powder that shipped by the ton to china. where the batteries are manufactured. here too, they hope to improve efficiency. because i wasn't of as well, but we are researching how to create a circular production model. by this,

i mean that all of the by products from the process could, could be reintroduced through the processes and fed into the plan together. in this way, we aim to reduce the impact of our production so as much as possible, in fact, all in a little bit of the roads. meanwhile, to buy products and waste product to piling up at the refinery. those stock piles would also need to be processed if the production of to morrow sustainable energy source is to become truly sustainable. if i let is read, why i? is there anything specific you'd like to know about lithium or do you have another science question? send it to us as a video text oh voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. to go on to stop. this week's view, a question comes from ism too cool, is your marker in nigerian. what

isotopes, and how can they be used? everything around us is made up of adams, including human beings. adams are made up of 3 different particles. electrons, which orbit around the atomic nucleus, made up of protons and neutrons. for example, carbons, atomic nucleus continued such protons and 6 neutrons. we speak of isotopes when the number of neutrons is different from the number of protons within the same chemical element. each element that we learned about in chemistry class has several isotopes, amounting to roughly 3300. in total it's important to consider an isotopes weight. when using them, the more neutrons and isotope is made of the heavier it will be on a scale. what we use isotopes for climate research is one example. oxygen

16 is a light isotope with 8 neutrons in its nucleus by oxygen. 18th is a heavy isotope with 10 neutrons. the lighter wouldn't mix up most of the oxygen in nature. just 0.2 percent can be found as the heavier oxygen isotope. we can reconstruct the climate of past arrows using the quantitative ratio of light and heavy oxygen isotopes. this information can be found. for example, in course samples taken from polar ice, which were formed from snowfall that accumulated over years and condensed into ice water molecules containing the heavy oxygen isotope evaporate more slowly and condense faster. warmer seasons with higher evaporation rates are the only time when the heavy oxygen isotopes enter the atmosphere and move with the clouds into the polar regions. while during colder periods light,

oxygen isotopes accumulate in ice. many isotopes decay over time, which makes them useful for marking the passage of time in archaeology. c 14 is a carbon isotope with 8 neutrons that we ingest with our food, which also contains the light of carbon 12 isotope with only 6 neutrons. the ratio between these 2 isotopes is fixed time we eat our food. that's why carbon helps archaeologists deeds their discoveries. while the heavy carbon isotopes decay over time, the number of light isotopes remains the same. so when we compare the change ratio between the 2 carbon isotopes, we can calculate exactly when a person died. ice cools, which we've just heard about, often come from antarctica. 400000 year old ice was found in a 2600 meter deep bore hole. near the vast stock reset station analysis reveal to

the temperatures and the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane are directly related. all 3 curves shows similar variations over time. recent years i've seen steep arises and the curves of greenhouse gases, than in the previous 400000 years. evidence of how human activities have impacted the climate. these natural ice archives and the polar regions and, and high mountain glaciers are in danger of melting away because of climate change . how can all this information be saved? the margarita hot sits atop the 4550 for me to high summit of the signal. cooper in switzerland is the highest building in europe. it's located in the monte rosa massif, located near the swiss italian border. from here an international team of researchers embarked on an ice memory mission there on

a mission to locate the oldest ice in the alps. that will mean drilling deep into the icy sheets of the grants, glacier, glacier. 10010000 year old ice environmental chemist, margaret macowski is happy with her findings. now these core samples where we analyzed, we meet the scientist at an international glacier research conference over the subject of the conferences, ice cor, drilling, and what they can learn about the history of the climate from extract had samples. second, i couldn't remember. here is internet, which is the i colleague on north touch, mid thought. perfectly situated hurts to make observations about environmental pollution caused by industrialization wasn't any measures that have proven successful and keeping the air clean have left in the dr. young we began measuring abil pollutants on the 1980s when they were at their modern let,

are now with information we've gathered from the glacier. we can see how they've increased since 1870, which was when we began to use fossil fuels. now we can see that while some pollutants are decreasing shortly, others onto the ice helps us determine lumpkin. the core samples from the glacier were carried out in the summer of 2021 and a min nick of time. now even this glacier located 4500 meters above sea level is melting fast. soon it won't even be possible to collect and tact i samples. the dave and him ice memory is the idea behind ice memory is to drill to samples from each of these threatened glaciers the through the fed. young. otherwise we risk losing the chance to archive them by ice can of one of the bore samples. he'll be the reference sample entered in finance. we'll analyze that one now with all the tools we have at our disposal. the other side will be stored in the antarctic saying, as i'll give to future generations of scientists, sufflin as a debit and, and act as i live at the antarctic,

the coldest region on earth. at the research station, little dame say, temperatures rarely climb above minus 35 degrees celsius. core samples will be taken her tea preparations are already underway. scientists from the e. u in switzerland, a searching for the world's oldest ice, which has said to be 1500000 years old. greenhouse gas levels and the samples will be analyzed at been university in switzerland. in dim eyes, the glacial ice begins or snow than the snow gets densely packed, and at some point it becomes solid glacial ice. during that process, very small air bubbles get trapped in the ice signals, and that is air from the past. the way it used to be was the and then when you extract this air from the ice, you could measure it with environmental analytical techniques. for example, you can measure the c o 2 or methane or nitrous oxide, all of those greenhouse gases. we can also measure

a number of other substances on good dinner. it will take for years to collect the i samples any taken from the antarctic will make their way to burn. posing a major logistical challenge. methodism, it will appear for you act beyond it because we have child, highly specialized refrigerator containers and built for the european project beyond erica units when they are capable of shipping. i samples from antarctica to europe at minus 50 degrees celsius, penetrate, and that means they can travel through the tropics, where it may be more than 40 degrees celsius on the outside is keeping them cool as a difficult task life. we've also doubled up on everything to be saved on tow containers to write for duration units per container. because if the ice melted, that would be a disaster. millions of euro's would melt away so to speak, or was man in because it's the lines ice cuz it's the world's oldest ice will help scientists understand the last 1500000 years of climate

history. and perhaps even our climate future on us. people all over the world are feeling the effects of climate change, especially in summer. scientists from the university of copenhagen have found that on very warm nights when temperatures exceed 30 degrees celsius, sleep is reduced by an average of 14 minutes. a number of studies have researched the effect of woman night temperatures on sleep with findings showing that older people and the economically disadvantaged on the hardest hit. fortunately, our next report begins on a chilly night at the top of a mountain. ah miss swiss mountain talks to the north face of the eiger sleep scientist christina

bloomer is making her bed for the night ah laughed as if they had so stunned. and did we spend about one 3rd of our life in the state of sleep and talk to me yet most of us don't know what happens when we're in this state for bogging as i'm finished talking because it's a state of unconsciousness indies that fire kind. but we're fine hob and then allison switched out. it's also crucial to survival. it is yes and is as much a part of life as wakeful, nervous about fine. that's why i find sleep so fascinating me fast enough to understand sounds. oh 7 30 in the morning. unfortunately, it's cloudy. so the sunrise isn't as spectacular as she had hoped. when christina broome of 1st began studying psychology, she had no idea where it would lead her and making so she was them stood young guns while i was studying. i had no idea what i wanted to do because baggage al,

cancelling him. cuz i for a long time, i definitely didn't want to go into research. i'm 2nd semester, but towards the end of my bachelor's, i took a seminar, methods of identifying consciousness, impatience with severe brain damage van bye. even shahan gazette. patsy affects the shed and that inspired me to go into re surgeon to have. i was under a ph. d. in the sphere life of home, of young as any fashion for gin she and her twin sister were born in south germany in 1986. she started studying psychology of the university of rhode spoke in 2007 respond to here at the university of cambridge in 2010 and then went on to complete a ph. d at the university of south for 2019, she began researching sleep at the university of basil as a flat of the heathen again, i do love to sleep myself and i usually sleep very well level unless i have to work in the sleep lie with with nisa wood. in the sleep lab, christina bloomer and her colleagues study people who suffer from sleep disorders.

this involves measuring their brain activity while they're sleeping. whoa, whoa, live. yes, elizabeth was we might be unconscious, but that doesn't mean nothing is happening. a theater getting quite the opposite, and there's lots going on in the brain and the body when we sleep, stop is fans. and yet, and for example, we know that metabolic products that will build up in the central nervous system during the day of scouts at night. are gone with those sorts of cleansing accounts and after hours, fish of end and scenery by the so look, i don't even put says that it is an artist of and we know that on your own or level, they tracers of the memories home during the day i transferred to our long term memory that way they can be retrieved in years to come, or even langford decides as a learning aspect died aspect to the out. that's one reason why sleep is important at 50. christina bloom and her team are trying to find out which factors

influence sleep and how they conduct a series of experiments with test persons changing one variable each time. ah, the in vasa sch, protecting hearing basil, we're very interested in the role play by light tags daylight and also artificial light, especially in the evenings. and often men speaking, scoff once the test subject to sleep. the researchers record their brain activity with an e gene and identify and evaluated various sleep stages. the large and slow waves depict the deep sleep phase, which is essential for restorative sleep. but which specific factors make sleep restorative? that's what christina bloomer wants to find down. it law that as beth feel immense, i'd say that for many people had a light, especially the natural daylight outside. i as one of the most underestimated

factors when it comes to a good night sleep, i want them to miss. we want to know how much daylight you need for it to have a significant positive effect on sleeve investment. all finished off the harbor as well. for now, we don't know with half an hour in the morning as an i just wonder, or if an hour is better, and as i, as a case of the more the better him or is there a point where the benefit platters think went down often did can, can be a doll, bye. hopefully we'll be able to get people some idea about how they make the most of daylight to improve their sleep tags, least all im, isaac, not uncommon young enough to focus on in salzburg, austria. christina bloomer has discovered the joys of mountain hiking for her current project. she's studying the impact of the outdoor activities on the body clock and sleep patterns. and it gives us a tattoo in thank you. the hiking raises my energy levels and helps me relax, had

a wonderful i think that's because it's rest light from the daily grind with it. think uses like a logically it gives you some distance from day to day lying and van that there wasn't the al from day constantly and it's on the you need to concentrate on the part of land, especially when it's narrow unwinding or you have to climb, thought of the vehicle and sometimes it requires a lot of concentration. so you don't even have the mental space to think about everyday thing also is not an important aspect of relaxing attorney and being physically active is important to me too deep from we have a conflict. again, the contrasts isn't toggle. now does. lenny must have been dark on the charles between day and night. walking bigger than like deep valleys and high mountain was mid as opposed to gently rolling hill ansuka kept ah,

now close your eyes and relax. breathing gently through you. nice and ex. hell slowly through your mouth. your body starts to get heavier. hypnosis can help you reach a state of deep sleep. researchers at the swiss university of free bull are looking into the reasons why ah, sleep research happy and rationed his team want to find out what effect hypnosis has on sleep. they hook test subjects up to an e g machine to perform an electron safley graham. for a study, the research as a, taking a closer look at the deep sleep phase. do you shop good as steep, sleepless thought to be the most restorative sleep phase? that means it's likely the phase which is most important to our mental and possibly

also physical regeneration to my it's when, for instance, important memory processes take place as well as vital processes for our immune system. so our physical health probably benefits most from this deep sleep phase. posit, deep sleep decreases with age. some older people get none at all. hypnosis might be able to help them through another the so natalie, we're ready to start. i hope you're lying comfortably. we're beginning that hypnosis. i wish you a restful, lighter noisy has been shining. who's i'm a not for lived mackenzie and paid for mere force turn when she couldn't. i'm it beginnin the solid as fast as lance from him and defies neat. the alice ow! see the sleep hypnosis text is a carefully selected sequence of words designed to put subjects into

a trance like state upon and, and thereby influence their deep sleep. tow ash town it is that we were hoped in. it's astonishing that we are able to alter deep sleep at all. it's a phase that starts around 30 minutes or maybe even an hour after you fall asleep. so people listen to the hypnosis for 15 minutes before going to sleep. and an hour later leslie behavior changes, she laughed. yet seeing that we can believe it. here the waves are really long. some of they are very smooth and moved very slowly. and that could signal just like here, the 1st signs of deep sleep past the unsafe. and that's what special about this kind of hypnosis is that we can show and enables more people to enter a deep sleep or even during an afternoon nap when deep sleep isn't common. all this deep sleep lasts longer to is when dusty's or to stuff often they normally during an hour and a half long lamp, people might get 15 minutes of deep sleep. we can extend that to 25 or even 30 min

lodge pies from north to utah. funding so that scientific evidence that hypnosis might help you sleep better. that's all for this episode of tomorrow to day the d. w sign shall june in for a new edition next week. until then stay curious by with ah, with

ah ah, we love europe. we love diversity and anything unusual. no mountain is too high and no road is too long. in search of the extraordinary we are the

specialists of lifestyle. europe your romance. in 30 minutes on d, w. o r. a more in depression, musicians from ukraine and deliveries continue to resist and they're giving rousing performances at the beethoven fest. bon, oh, aren't 21 in 60 minutes dw. ah, she's got easiest with all say will graham

mm hm. mm. should we oh, do we treat animals and why hasn't anything changed? does this is actually a clear via not animal protection long? why do we love so mass companions while eating others? yeah, i never thought about how strange it was that i could get my dog with one hand. well, i ate a pork chop with the other. what is the alternative and how does it taste? it's like the real thing. yeah. will we all begin in 50 years? i senior very few are strong arguments to keep eating animals. a documentary series

about the future of food. with the great debate this week on t w. o o. d. gov, your new life from boyland won you. i think that often and region of ukraine, the country's president fence a clear method lead away did not leave our territory withdraw. stop selling us. it stopped killing civilians, stop destroying our infrastructure infrastructure with president lensky on.