or is this a secret island? ah, why is my orca so popular? that's what i want to find out. to do. in 30 minutes, boy d. w. sometimes books are more exciting than real life. raring to read. oh! what if there's no escape? do w literature list 100 german ma street. ah, temperatures are rising. glaciers are melting. according to a study published in the magazine science by the end of the century, 83 percent of mountain glaciers left disappeared. and with them, the valuable information contained in the ice. what's called the ice memory,

the raw material of scientific research. the reason is global warming, caused mainly by human activity, cars with combustion engines, for example, lithium is now being mined on a large scale in an effort to reduce global emissions and slow down climate change . ah, welcome to to morrow to day the d. w. sideshow b lithium is currently the best suited vol material for making the rechargeable batteries used in most of today's electric vehicles. and lithium gold rushes underway. latin america is the world's region with the largest preserves of lithium, in the so called lithium triangle. we had to chilly to find out more these bright car sl accounts of place amidst chillies, gray,

utter calm assault plants. they make it hard to overlook that. lithium is mind hair . it's a vital element in rechargeable batteries, houston smartphones and electric cars. for thousands of years, it's lane just below the surface, dissolved and concentrated salt water hair at one of the world's largest lithium mines. that lithium brian as being pumped to the surface filling the gum a delay. dea. org and event that de shalanda at a comma. has he too big advantage july? first, the concentration of lithium and the ryan here is the highest in the world. second, though salary over so my best conditions for the lithium extraction process we employ year will of him on the floor in the the sun does most of the work 3, water evaporation alone. the lithium brian becomes even more concentrated. it changes color as the various minerals gradually separated. when the lithium content is high enough, the liquid has taken by truck to where refinery, where the lithium is extracted. the salanda at

a comma is located in the lithium triangle and area bordered by chilly bolivia and argentina. the world's largest lithium deposits are thought to be located under the surface of these salt flats. global demand is growing fast, and mine operators are striving to meet it about the get them as well as developing a new process to extract lithium straight from the brine to thought we're improving our entire lithium production chain and increasing our yield. and so we can pretty much more lithium, while removing rush grind from the seller that can sell it. they have to because the mining, if this matter that supposed to make the world more sustainable is causing environmentalists to sound, the alarm extracting the lithium requires lots of water, which is especially scarce. in the desert. christiane a spindler is a member of the indigenous utter commentary. us who have inhabited the fertile river valleys above the outer calm at desert for over 1500 years.

water is central to their lives. full of anger christiane, a spindler looks at the mind down in the cellar. but at a foot, are they going to leave them behind? only mash is on again. but the thought christiane takes us to his land. he makes an offering to mother earth and his ancestors as is the custom, her sacred mother earth and protect us. and our waterloo right at the foot of a prehistoric graveyard containing ancient patrick laughs. they've been farming the land for centuries. the irrigation system is a time tester technology that draws water directly from the andes mountains. but recent years have seen less and less water. some say that's due to climate change. christiane says it's due to the mining companies greed, the other fremont. but you don't decide lithium boundary puts us in constant danger

because they use the water to produce lithium batteries. but i said, in fact, he got a lot of the other little, well that may be in advancement for a large order, vanity, for as it relates to structure lonia. but other to, to your panel foot. he insists the climate change should be solved by those who caused the problem in the 1st place. the indigenous peoples of outer commer shouldn't bear the burden. but the minds chief hydrologists as it takes no water from indigenous areas. it's groundwater wells are located farther down in the valley and the brine being extracted in 400 places comes from a different geological layer, entirely guy, your laboratory claims. the local water table has remained stable for years that are revealing from the men book it and i want according to our findings, and the monetary network will shut up throughout the area audio, we see no correlation between the bryan extraction in the heartland and what's happening in the higher lying parts of the art to come, a basin of which depend largely on precipitation, mentor beer villa, but a c,

b. that's your that studies indicate that the complex to come ecosystem has yet to be sufficiently explored. and that water cycles here a much slower than previously thought. so the true effects of lithium mining may not become apparent for decades. some 200 kilometers farther west. and until for gusta, on the pacific coast, the concentrated brine reaches the refinery. here it's pumped into the enormous plant, which keeps expanding as global demand continues to rise after several production processes to and products result, lithium hydroxide and above all, lithium carbonite. a fine flower like powder that shipped by the ton to china, where the batteries are manufactured. here to they hope to improve efficiency

because i wasn't of as well. but we are researching how to create a circular production model. by this, i mean that all of the by products from the process could, could be reintroduced or the processes within fed into the plan together. in this way, we aim to reduce the impact of our production. so as much as possible. in fact, all in a little bit of the roads. meanwhile, to buy products and waste product to piling up at the refinery. those stock piles would also need to be processed if the production of to morrow sustainable energy source is to become truly sustainable. if i let is read, why a? is there anything specific you'd like to know about lithium or do you have another science question? send it to us as a video text oh voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you to go on to stop. this week's view, a question comes from ism too cool. is your marker in nigeria?

what isotopes? and how can they be used? everything around us is made up of adams, including human beings. adams are made up of 3 different particles. electrons, which orbit around the atomic nucleus, made up of protons and neutrons. for example, carbons, atomic nucleus, continued city protons, and 6 neutrons. we speak of isotopes when the number of neutrons is different from the number of protons within the same chemical element. 3 each element that we learned about in chemistry class has several isotopes, amounting to roughly $3300.00. in total it's important to consider and isotopes weight. when using them, the more neutrons and isotope is made of the heavier it will be on a scale. what we use isotopes for climate research is one example. oxygen

16 is a light isotope with 8 neutrons and its nucleus. file oxygen 18 is a heavy isotope with 10 neutrons. the lighter one mix up most of the oxygen in nature. just 0.2 percent can be found as the heavier oxygen isotope. we can reconstruct the climate of past errors using the quantitative ratio of light and heavy oxygen isotopes. this information can be found, for example, in course samples taken from polar ice, which were formed from snowfall that accumulated over years and condensed into ice water molecules containing the heavy oxygen isotope evaporate more slowly and condense faster. warmer seasons with higher of aberration rates are the only time when the heavy oxygen isotopes enter the atmosphere and move with the clouds into

the polar regions. while during colder periods light, oxygen isotopes accumulate in ice. many isotopes decay over time, which makes them useful for mocking the passage of time in archaeology. c 14 is a carbon isotope with 8 neutrons that we ingest with our food, which also contains the light of carbon 12 isotope with only 6 neutrons. the ratio between these 2 isotopes is fixed at the time we eat our food. that's why carbon helps archeologists date their discoveries. while the heavy carbon isotopes decay over time, the number of light isotopes remains the same. so when we compare the changed ratio between the 2 carbon isotopes, we can calculate exactly when a person died ice cores, which we've just heard about, often come from an article. 400000 year old ice was found in

a 2600 meter deep or hole near the vast stock research station analysis revealed that the temperatures and the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane are directly related. all 3 curves shows similar variations over time. recent years i've seen steep arises on the curves of greenhouse gases than in the previous 400000 years. evidence of how human activities have impacted the climate. these natural ice archives and the polar regions and, and high mountain glaciers are in danger of melting away because of climate change . how can all this information be saved? the margarita heart sits atop the 4554 meter high summit of the signal. cooper in switzerland is the highest building in europe. it's located in the monte rosa massif, located near the swiss italian border. from here an international team of researchers

in box on an ice memory mission. the run a mission to locate, the oldest ice in the alps. that will mean drilling deep into the icy sheets of the grants. fletcher glacier. 10000. yes. 10000 year old ice environmental chemist, margaret macowski is happy with her findings. now these core samples will be analyzed. we meet the scientist at an international glacier research conference. the subject of the conference is ice cor, drilling and what they can learn about the history of the climate from extract had samples. second, i can remember, here is internet, which is the i gallagher on north touch mcthorn, perfectly situated here to make observations about environmental pollution caused by industrialization wasn't any measures that had proven successful and keeping the air clean of letting the after the young we began measuring abil pollutants on the

1980s when they were at their maxim letter. now with information when gathered from the glacier, we can see how they've increased since 1870 like which was when we began to use fossil fuels. now we can see that while some pollutants are decreasing shortly, others aren't over. the ice helps us determine lampkin. the core samples from the glacier were carried out in the summer of 2021 and in the nick of time. now even this glacier located 4500 meters above sea level is melting fast. soon it won't even be possible to collect in tact i samples. the dave and an ice memory is the idea behind ice memory is to drill to samples from each of these threatened glaciers. the susie fed yeah, otherwise we risk losing the chance to archive them by ice canada. one of the bore sand will be the reference sample and within the fence will analyze that one. now where all the tools we have at our disposal of the other santa will be stored in the antarctic saying as our gift to future generations of scientists isn't as long

as a dividend. and after saying the law got the antarctic, the coldest region on earth at the research station, little dome, see temperatures rarely climb above minus the t 5 degrees celsius. core samples will be taken. hetty preparations already underway. scientists on the e. u in switzerland, a searching for the world's oldest ice, which is said to be 1500000 years old. greenhouse gas levels in the samples will be analyzed at been university in switzerland. in dim eyes, the glacial ice begins or snow than the snow gets densely packed, and at some point it becomes solid glacial ice. during that process, very small air bubbles get trapped in the ice signal, and that is air from the past. the way it used to be was the and then when you extract this air from the ice, we couldn't measure it with environmental analytical techniques. for example, you could measure the c o 2 or methane or nitrous oxide,

all of those greenhouse gases. we can also measure a number of other substances underwood dinger. it will take for years to collect the i samples any taken from the antarctic will make their way to burn. posing a major logistical challenge with it isn't, will patiently act beyond it because we have to highly specialized refrigerator containers and built for the european project beyond erica units when they are capable of shipping. i samples from antarctica to europe at minus 50 degrees celsius is penetrated, and that means they can travel through the tropics, where it may be more than 40 degrees celsius on the outside as keeping them cool as a difficult task life. we've also doubled up on everything to be safe. so containers to write for duration units per container, because if the ice melted, that would be a disaster. millions of euro's would melt away so to speak, or was man than, than some cuz it's lines ice cuz it over the world's oldest ice

will help scientists understand the last 1500000 years of climate history. and perhaps even our climate future on us. people all over the world are feeling the effects of climate change, especially in summer. scientists from the university of copenhagen have found that on very warm nights when temperatures exceed 30 degrees celsius, sleep is reduced by an average of 14 minutes. a number of studies have researched the effect of woman night temperatures on sleep with findings showing that older people and the economic disadvantage of the hardest hit. fortunately, our next report begins on a chilly night of the top of a mountain. ah

miss swiss mountain talks to you the northeast shall be either sleep scientist. christina bruno is bringing her bed for the night ah. laughed as if they had switched on denting we spend about one 3rd of our life in the state of sleep and talked them yet most of us don't know what happens when we're in this state for bogging as i'm finished. so gang, because it's a state of unconsciousness indies that fight kind both find hob and then allison switched out. it's also crucial to survival. it is yes and is as much a part of life as wakefulness vac fine. that's why i find sleep so fascinating me fast enough to understand cells. oh, 7 30 in the morning. unfortunately, it's cloudy. so the sunrise isn't as spectacular as she had hoped. when christina bloom of 1st began studying psychology, she had no idea where it would lead her the making. so she was them stood young

guns while i was studying. i had no idea what i wanted to do. it have baggage al, cancelling amount as i for a long time. i definitely didn't want to go into research. i'm 2nd semester, but towards the end of my bachelor's, i took a seminar, methods of identifying consciousness, impatience with severe brain damage. both van by m t v i n g, acetic patio effects, and that inspired me to go into re surgeons have i was under a ph. d. in the feel life of home, of young as any fashion for gin she and her twin sister were born in south germany . in 1986, she started studying psychology of the university of rhode spoke in 2007 responded here at the university of cambridge in 2010 and then went on to complete a ph. d at the university of south fork. 2019 she began researching sleek at the university of basil. as a flat of the heath again, i do love to sleep myself and i usually sleep very well level unless i have to work in the sleep lie with with nisa would in the sleep lab. christina bloomer and her

colleagues study people who suffer from sleep disorders. this involves measuring their brain activity while they're sleeping long live here this evening before we might be unconscious. but that doesn't mean nothing is happening. a theater getting quite the opposite, and there's lots going on in the brain and the body when we sleep snafus vans and kia. and for example, we know that metabolic products that will build up in the central nervous system during the day of starts at night are gone with those sorts of cleansing caused an after hours kiss, vincent, and sinners by his own. look, i ain't even put, says that it is not enough. and we know that all in your own level give a traces of the memories formed during the day transferred to our long term memory . that's why they can be retrieved in years to come all even long 1st. he said there's a learning aspect that aspect to the out. that's one reason why sleep is important at 50. christina bloom and her team are trying to find out which factors

influence sleep and how they conduct a series of experiments with test persons changing one variable each time. ah, in vasa shifting here in basil, we're very interested in the role play by light tags daylight and also artificial light especially in the evenings. i often ministry hinge laugh once the tests subject to sleep. the researchers record their brain activity with an e gene and identify and evaluated various sleep stages. the margin slow waves depict the deep sleep phase, which is essential for restored of sleep. but which specific factors make sleep restorative? that's what christina bloomer wants to find out. loud at us beth for filaments, i'd say that for many people had a light,

especially the natural daylight outside. i as one of the most underestimated factors when it comes to a good night sleep high, wasn't an issue. we want to know how much daylight you need for it to have a significant positive effect on sleeve. a thick in this mass all finished off the harbor as well. for now we don't know if half an hour in the morning as an i just found out or if an hour is better. and as i, as a case of the more the better him or is there a point where the ban of that plateaus fake wont die off and it can, can be a doll. bye. hopefully we'll be able to get people some idea about how they make the most of daylight to improve their sleep tags leaks. r m eyes. how can watson come young off to focus on in salzburg, austria. christina bloomer has discovered the joys of mountain hiking for her current project, she's studying the impact of the outdoor activities on the body clock and sleep patterns. and you get the tattoo in

a key. the hiking raises my energy levels and helps me relax, had a wonderful i think that's because it's rest, buy from the daily grind with it. thank you says i can logically it gives you some distance from day to day life. and beyond that, that wasn't the al from day constantly and it's on the you need to concentrate on the pot land, especially when it's narrow unwinding or you have to climb philadelphia concent hops you. it requires a loss of concentration. so you don't even have the mental space to think about everyday thing also isn't and that's an important aspect of relaxing attorney and being physically active is important to me to deed when we have our country thing is there contrast fish and tab well, now there's lenny must be a stark contrast between day and night. haughty, bigger than like deep valleys and high mountain was mid as opposed to gently rolling helen scooped.

now close your eyes and relax. breathing gently through you. nice and ex. hell slowly through your mouth. clean your body. start to get heavy. hypnosis can help you reach a state of deep sleep. researchers at the swiss university of free book a looking into the reasons why sleep research happy and rationed his team want to find out what effect hypnosis has on sleep. they hook test subjects up to an e g machine to perform an electron sufflin graham. for a study, the research as a, taking a closer look at the deep sleep phase. do you shaft good? i'd steep sleep is thought to be the most restorative sleep phase. that means it's

likely the phase which is most important to our mental and possibly also physical regeneration to my it's when, for instance, important memory processes take place as well as vital processes for our immune system. so our physical health probably benefits most from this deep sleep phase. it deep sleep decreases with age. some older people get none at all. hypnosis might be able to help them through another the so natalie, we're ready to start. i hope you're lying comfortably. we're beginning that hypnosis. i wish you a restful, lighter noises when shining goes. i'm not for lived merton's east and paved for mere fortune once. he couldn't mckinnon the farmer as fast as hans him. him. when defies neat. the alice ow. see the sleep? hypnosis text is

a carefully selected sequence of words designed to put subjects into a trance like state upon and, and thereby influence that deep sleep toe. ash town it is that we were hoped in. it's astonishing that we're able to alter deep sleep at all. it's a phase that starts around 30 minutes or maybe even an hour after you fall asleep. so people listen to the hypnosis for 15 minutes before going to sleep. and an hour later leslie behavior changes. she laugh i yet seeing that as we can see here, the waves are really long, summer they are very smooth and moved very slowly that could signal just like here . the 1st signs of deep sleep past the uns high. and that's what special about this kind of hypnosis is that we can show and enables more people to enter a deep sleep or even during an afternoon nap when deep sleep isn't common. this deep sleep lasts longer to is when dusty's or to stop ok. normally during an hour

and a half long lap, people might get 15 minute be so deep sleep. we can extend that to 25 or even 30 middle answers. what a tight no do you shall funding. so that scientific evidence that hypnosis might help you sleep baton. that's all for this episode of tomorrow to day, the dw sign shall june in for new edition next week. until then, stay curious by with ah ah ah

ah ah ah thank ah ah palm trees c n n t beaches spring in my orca before the holiday crowds take over. lucas stay explores german torres. this favorite island. why is my orca so

popular? that's what i want to find out. chicken coming up on the w o. r. a ton of more in depression. musicians from ukraine and deliveries continue to resist. and they're giving rousing performances at the beethoven fest, bon, oh, aren't $21.00? in 30 minutes on d, w. ah, sometimes a seed is all you need to allow the big ideas to grow. we're bringing environmental

conservation to wife with learning packs like global ideas. we will show you how climate change ended or mental conservation is taking shape around the world and how we can all make a difference. knowledge gross through sharing, download it now for free. we're 2nd and done more. thank you. a, just a click away. find out best documentary on you to really good morning to see the world as you've never seen it before. dr. no t d w documentary jeremy has had 1111 north single woman.

mission is to send the 1st female jasmine. israel has left the gender gap in space exploration. germany's 1st female astronaut, it has been waiting for years to get her turn of private initiative is pushing to make it happen. mm. me personally, it's just a dream. i've always sat, i've always wanted to see the us from above. destined for space starts more jason on d w. ah, this is d w. news and these are our top stories. nearly 60 migrants have died after their overcrowded wooden boat smashed into rocky reefs office, southern italy, children were among the victims the vessel had.