he w, world heritage $360.00, get the out. now imagine how many portion of lunch are thrown out in the world right now. climate change very often story. this is my plan for the wave form just one week. how much work can really get we still have time to work. i'm doing all with what for his subscriber for more than he was like good temperatures are rising glaciers are melting. according to his study published in the magazine science by the end of the century, 83 percent of mountain glaciers left disappeared. and with them, the valuable information contained in the ice. what's called the ice memory,

the raw material of scientific research. the reason is global warming caused mainly by human activity, cars with combustion engines, for example, lithium is now being mined on a large scale in an effort to reduce global emissions and slow down climate change . ah, welcome to tomorrow to day, the d w side show b lithium is currently the best suited vol material for making the rechargeable batteries used and most of today's electric vehicles and lithium gold rushes underway. latin america is the world's region, with the largest preserves of lithium, in the so called lithium triangle. we had to chilly to find out more these bright color as look out of place amidst chillies, gray, utter calm,

assault flats. they make it hard to overlook that. lithium is mind hair. it's a vital element in rechargeable back trees, houston smartphones and electric cars. for thousands of years. it's lane just below the surface, dissolved and concentrated salt water hair at one of the world's largest lithium mines. but lithium brian is being pumped to the surface for letter the gamma denise julia. org and event that the salanda at a comma has he too big advantage july? first the concentration of lithium and the ryan here is the highest in the world. second, though salary over some of those conditions for the lithium extraction process, we employ year one of them on the floor in the the sun does most of the work through water evaporation alone. the lithium brian becomes even more concentrated. it changes color as the various minerals are gradually separated. when the lithium content is high enough, the liquid has taken by truck to where refinery, where the lithium is extracted. the salanda at

a comma is located in the lithium triangle and area bordered by chilly bolivia and argentina. the world's largest lithium deposits are thought to be located under the surface of the salt flats. global demand is growing fast, and mine operators are striving to meet it about the get them as well as developing a new process to extract lithium straight from the brine to thumb. we're improving our entire lithium production chain and increasing our yield. and so we can produce more lithium while removing lesson ryan from the seller that can sell it. they have to because the mining, if this matter that supposed to make the world more sustainable is causing environmentalists to sound, the alarm extracting the lithium requires lots of water, which is especially scarce. in the desert. christiane a spindler is a member of the indigenous utter commentary. us who have inhabited the fertile river valleys above the outer calm at desert for over 1500 years.

water is central to their lives. full of anger, christiane, a spindler looks at the mind down in the cellar. but at a foot, are they going to leave them behind god, holy mesh is altogether so the thought christiane takes us to his land. he makes an offering to mother earth and his ancestors as is the custom, her sacred mother earth and protect us and our waterloo. all right, at the foot of a pre historic graveyard containing ancient patrick lifts. they've been farming the land for centuries. the irrigation system is a time tested technology that draws water directly from the andes mountains. but recent years have seen less and less water. some say that's due to climate change. christiane says, it's due to the mining companies greed the other tomorrow, but you don't want to sell it. the am factory puts us in constant danger because

they use the water to produce lithium batteries. but, but i said, in fact he got a lot of the other little, well, that may be in advancement for a large order, vanity, for at least a structure lonia. but other to your panel foot, he insists the climate change should be sold by those who caused the problem in the 1st place. the indigenous peoples of outer commer shouldn't bear the burden. but the minds chief hydrologist says it takes no water from indigenous areas. it's groundwater wells are located farther down in the valley, and on the brian being extracted in 400 places comes from a different geological layer. entirely, gar, you're gonna be claims. the local water table has remained stable for years. the villain, been the man book it and i want according to our findings, and the monitoring network will set up rather the area audio. we see no correlation between the bryan extraction in the heartland and what's happening in the higher lying parts of the art to come a basin part which depend largely on precipitation,

mentor beer villa. but as he be, thus, your studies indicate that the complex outcome ecosystem has yet to be sufficiently explored. and that water cycles her a much slower than previously thought. so the true effects of lithium mining may not become apparent for decades. some 200 kilometers farther west, and until for augusta on the pacific coast, the concentrated brine reaches the refinery. here it's pumped into the enormous plant, which keeps expanding as global demand continues to rise after several production processes to and products result, lithium hydroxide and above all, lithium carbonite. a fine flower like powder that shipped by the ton to china, where the batteries are manufactured. here too, they hope to improve official st. louis i wasn't of as well when we are researching

how to create a circular production model. by this i mean that all of the by products from the process could it could be reintroduced or the processes within fed into the plan. together in this way, we aim to reduce the impact of our production. so as much as possible in but fully in a claw that of the roads. meanwhile, to buy products and waste product to piling up at the refinery. those stock piles would also need to be processed if the production of to morrow sustainable energy source is to become truly sustainable. if our flood is read, why are they bought on the radio? is there anything specific you'd like to know about lithium, or do you have another science question? send it to us as a video text oh voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. to go on to stop this week's view, a question comes from ism too cool, is your marker in nigeria?

what isotopes? and how can they be used? everything around us is made up of adams, including human beings. adams are made up of 3 different particles. electrons, which orbit around the atomic nucleus, made up of protons and neutrons. for example, carbons, atomic nucleus. continue such protons and 6 neutrons. we speak of isotopes when the number of neutrons is different from the number of protons within the same chemical element. 3 each element that we learned about in chemistry class has several isotopes, amounting to roughly $3300.00. in total. it's important to consider and isotopes weight. when using them, the more neutrons and isotope is made of the heavier it will be on a scale. what we use isotopes for climate research is one example. oxygen

16 is a light isotope with 8 neutrons and it's a nucleus. while oxygen 18th is a heavy isotope with 10 neutrons. the lighter one mix up most of the oxygen in nature. just 0.2 percent can be found as the heavier oxygen isotope. we can reconstruct the climate of past arrows using the quantitative ratio of light and heavy oxygen isotopes. this information can be found. for example, in course samples taken from polar ice, which were formed from snowfall that accumulated over years and condensed into ice water molecules containing the heavy oxygen isotope evaporate more slowly and condense faster. warmer seasons with higher of aberration rates are the only time when the heavy oxygen isotopes enter the atmosphere and move with the clouds into

the polar regions. while during colder periods light, oxygen isotopes accumulate in ice. many isotopes decay over time, which makes them useful for mocking the passage of time in archaeology. c 14 is a carbon isotope with 8 neutrons that we ingest with our food, which also contains the light of carbon 12 isotope with only 6 neutrons. the ratio between these 2 isotopes is fixed at the time we eat our food. that's why carbon helps archeologists date their discoveries. while the heavy carbon isotopes decay over time, the number of light isotopes remains the same. so when we compare the change gratiot between the 2 carbon isotopes, we can calculate exactly when a person died ice cores, which we've just heard about, often come from and arctic her. 400000 year old ice was found in

a 2600 metre deep bore hole. near the vast stock research station analysis revealed that the temperatures and the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane are directly related. all 3 curves shows similar variations over time. recent years i've seen steep arises on the curves of greenhouse gases than in the previous 400000 years. evidence of how human activities have impacted the climate. these natural ice archives and the polar regions and, and high mountain glaciers are in danger of melting away because of climate change . how can all this information be saved? the margarita heart sits atop the 4554 meter high summit of the signal. cooper in switzerland is the highest building in europe. it's located in the monte rosa massif, located near the swiss italian border. from here an international team of researchers

embarked on an ice memory mission there on a mission to locate the oldest ice in the alps. that will mean drilling deep into the icy sheets of the grants, glacier, glacier. 10010000 year old ice environmental chemist, margaret macowski is happy with her findings. now these core samples where we analyzed, we meet the scientist at an international glacier research conference over the subject of the conferences, ice cor, drilling, and what they can learn about the history of the climate from extract had samples. second, i couldn't remember. here is internet to edi i gallagher on north touch, mid thought. perfectly situated hurts to make observations about environmental pollution caused by industrialization wasn't any measures that had proven successful and keeping the air clean off left in the after the young. we began measuring abil pollutants on the 1980s when they were at their modern let,

are now with information we've gathered from the glacier. we can see how they've increased since 1870, which was when we began to use fossil fuels. now we can see that while some pollutants are decreasing shortly, others onto the ice helps us determine lumpkin. the core samples from the glacier were carried out in the summer of 2021 and a min nick of time. now even this glacier located 4500 meters above sea level is melting fast. soon it won't even be possible to collect and tact i samples. the dave and an ice memory, as the idea behind ice memory is to drill to samples from each of these threatened glaciers. the susie fed young, otherwise we risk losing the chance to archive them. i asked kind of one of the bore samples would be the reference sample entered in for finance. we'll analyze that one now with all the tools we have at our disposal of the other santa will be stored in the on talked to acting as a gift to future jo. rations of scientists sufflin as

a debit undone doctors. i'm the law that the antarctic, the coldest region on us. at the research station, little dame, say temperatures rarely climb above minus 35 degrees celsius. core samples will be taken hair t. preparations are already underway. scientists from the e. u in switzerland, a searching for the world's oldest ice, which has said to be 1500000 years old. greenhouse gas levels and the samples will be analyzed at been university in switzerland. in tim eyes, the glacial ice begins or snow than the snow gets densely packed, and at some point it becomes solid glacial ice. during that process, very small air bubbles get trapped in the ice signals, and that is air from the past. the way it used to be was the and then when you extract this air from the ice, you couldn't measure it with environmental analytical techniques. for example, you can measure the c o 2 or methane or nitrous oxide,

all of those greenhouse gases. we can also measure a number of other substances under dinner. it will take for years to collect the i samples any taken from the antarctic will make their way to burn. posing a major logistical challenge. methodism will patient will you act beyond it because we have child, highly specialized refrigerator containers and built for the european project beyond erica units when they are capable of shipping. i samples from antarctica to europe at minus 50 degrees celsius is gonna do it and that it means they can travel through the tropics, where it may be more than 40 degrees celsius on the outside is keeping them cool as a difficult task life. we've also doubled up on everything to be safe to containers to write for duration units per container. because if the ice melted, that would be a disaster. millions of euro's would melt away so to speak, or was man in some cuz it's the lines ice cause it for the world's

oldest ice will help scientists understand the last 1500000 years of climate history and perhaps even our climate future on us. people all over the world are feeling the effects of climate change, especially in summer. scientists from the university of copenhagen have found that on very warm nights when temperatures exceed 30 degrees celsius, sleep is reduced by an average of 14 minutes. a number of studies have researched the effect of woman night temperatures on sleep with findings showing that older people and the economically disadvantaged are the hardest hit. fortunately, our next report begins on a chilly night at the top of a mountain. ah

miss swiss mountain talks to you the north face of me either sleep scientist christina bloomer is bringing her bed for the night. ah, slapped as if they had switched on denting we spend about one 3rd of our life in the state of sleep and talk to me. yet most of us don't know what happens when we're in this state for bogging as i'm finished thinking because it's a state of unconsciousness. indeed that 5 kind both find hob and then allison switched out. it's also crucial to survival. it is yes and is as much a part of life as wakeful, nervous about fine. that's why i find sleep so fascinating. the fast enough to understaffed cells. oh, 7 30 in the morning. unfortunately, it's cloudy. so the sunrise isn't as spectacular as she had hoped. when christina broome of 1st began studying psychology, she had no idea where it would lead her and making so she was them stood young guns

while i was studying. i had no idea what i wanted to do because baggage al, cancelling him. cuz i for a long time, i definitely didn't want to go into research. i'm 2nd semester, but towards the end of my bachelor's, i took a seminar, methods of identifying consciousness, impatience with severe brain damage of van. bye. even shahan gazette. patsy affects the shed and that inspired me to go in every surgeons have. i was under a ph. d. in the sphere life to palm of young as any fashion for gain. she and her twin sister were born in south germany in 1986. she started studying psychology of the university of rhode spoke in 2007 whispered to here at the university of cambridge in 2010 and then went on to complete a ph. d at the university of south for 2019 she began researching sleek at the university of basil. as a flat of the heathen again, i do love to sleep myself and i usually sleep very well. well, unless i have to work in the sleep lie with lisa wood in the sleep lab. christina

bloomer and her colleagues study people who suffer from sleep disorders. this involves measuring their brain activity while they're sleeping. oh, my via death. elizabeth was we might be unconscious, but that doesn't mean nothing is happening with yet. and i'm getting quite the opposite. and there's lots going on in the brain and the body when we sleep snafus vans and here and for example, we know that metabolic products that will build up in the central nervous system during the day a spouse at night. sagen, with those sorts of cleansing accounts, and after hours, fish, vincent, and seen it by his own. look, i ain't even put, says that it is now dissolved. and we know the tolling urinal level giving traces of the memories home during the day i transferred to our long term memory that way they can be retrieved in years to come all even long 1st. he said there's a learning aspect dad, aspect to the out. that's one reason why sleep is important at the state. christina

bloom and her team are trying to find out which factors influence sleep and how they conduct a series of experiments with test person's changing one variable each time. ah, the in vasa sch, protecting nearing basil, we're very interested in the role play by light tags daylights and also artificial light, especially in the evenings i often mentioned laugh once the test subject to sleep. the researchers record their brain activity with an e gene and identify and evaluated various sleep stages. the margin slow waves depict the deep sleep rays, which is essential for restorative sleep. but which specific factors make sleep restorative? that's what christina bloomer wants to find out. a law that us beth for feel immense. i'd say that for many people had a light,

especially the natural daylight outside. i as one of the most underestimated factors when it comes to a good night sleep, i wasn't an issue. we want to know how much daylight you need for it to have a significant positive effect on sleeve a thick in this math. i'll finish off the harbor as well. for now, we don't know with half an hour in the morning as an i just wonder, or if an hour is better, and as i, as a case of the more the better him or is there a point where the benefit platters think went down. often if can, can be a doll bye. hopefully we'll be able to get people some idea about how they make the most of daylight to improve their sleep tags, least all im, isaac, not some common young staff to focus on in salzburg, austria. christina bloomer has discovered the joys of mountain hiking for her current project, she's studying the impact of the outdoor activities on the body clock and sleep patterns. and it gives us the tattered in thank you for hiking,

raises my energy levels and helps me relax. had a wonderful i think that's because it's rest light from the daily grind with it. thank you says i can logically it gives you some distance from day to day life and band that that wasn't the often they constantly. and so now you need to concentrate on the pot land, especially when it's narrow unwinding or you have to climb fun. duffy concent optima requires a loss of concentration. so you don't even have the mental space to think about everyday thing of stuff isn't and that's an important aspect of relaxing attorney and being physically active is important to me too deep from we have a conflict against their contrast fish and talent. now there's, lenny must be a start corner charles between day and night. walkie bigger was than like, deep valleys and high mountain was middle as opposed to gently rolling helen scooped.

now close your eyes and relax. breathing gently through you. nice and ex. hell slowly through your mouth. feel body start to get heavier. hypnosis can help you reach a state of deep sleep. researchers at the swiss university of free book a looking into the reasons why sleep research happy and rationed his team. want to find out what effect hypnosis has on sleep. they hook test subjects up to an e g machine to perform an electron sufflin graham. for a study, the research as a, taking a closer look at the deep sleep phase. do you shop good as steep, sleepless thought to be the most restorative sleep phase?

that means it's likely the phase which is most important to our mental and possibly also physical regeneration. and to my it's when, for instance, important memory processes take place as well as vital processes for our immune system. so our physical health probably benefits most from this deep sleep phase. it deep sleep decreases with age. some older people get none at all. hypnosis might be able to help them through another the so natalie, we're ready to start. i hope you're lying comfortably. we're beginning that hypnosis. i wish you a restful, lighter noise has been shining. who's i'm not for lived mackenzie and paid for mere fortune once. he couldn't time it began in the far but as fast as hans when the men on dish fy sneaked. the alice ow see the sleep hypnosis text is

a carefully selected sequence of words designed to put subjects into a trance like state upon and, and thereby influence that deep sleep toe. ash town is the 3 were hoped in the it's astonishing that we're able to alter deep sleep at all. it's a phase that starts around 30 minutes or maybe even an hour after you fall asleep. so people listen to the hypnosis for 15 minutes before going to sleep and an hour later they sleep behavior changes. she laugh i yet seeing that as we can see here, the waves are really long. some of they are very smooth and moved very slowly that could signal just like here. the 1st signs of deep sleep passed on. and that's what special about this kind of hypnosis is that we can show and enables more people to enter a deep sleep or even during an afternoon nap when deep sleep isn't common. this deep sleep lasts longer to is when dusty's or to stop or can they normally during

and hour and a half long lap, people might get 15 minutes of deep sleep. we can extend that to 25 or even 30 men launched tides from north to south funding. so that scientific evidence that hypnosis might help you sleep baton. that's all for this episode of tomorrow to day. the dw sign shall june in for new edition next week, until then stay curious, bye with ah, ah, with

ah, ah, ah! the mine is your grid, as i said, meet the found is increasing nigerian value of human capital grid as a resource, as the people. and i was why i think you guys ultimately just to give them the

power to make down decisions on to courage. now in future i was series found his belly african communities on d w one. d these look really getting ahead using tech as our documentary series founders valley, it's africa, meet the founders, empowering their continent through digital innovation, transforming work health and living conditions in their country, and inspiring the world with their ideas. founders valley africa watch. now, on d. w documentary mm mm . should we oh, how do we treat animals and why hasn't anything changed? it does. this is actually

a clear violation of animal protection often. why do we love some as companions while eating others? yeah, i never thought about how strange it was that i could to pat my dog with one hand while i ate a pork chop with the other. what is the alternative and how does it taste if like the real thing? yes out. will we all be begin in 50 years? i literally think that like are the next generations, will i look back and say that's crazy that we ever use animals to get a documentary series about the future of food. and there were complex relationship with animals for the great debate this week on d. w or ah

ah ah, this is the w news live from barely the breakthrough results. one of the brakes it's thorny is legacy b, u and b ok. leaders announce a tentative deal to govern trade for northern islands. but private establishes, do not still needs to convince skeptics among his own conservatives.