lou jeremy has had 11811 north single woman. mission is offended. the 1st female jammin astrid on his face. the gender gap in space exploration. germany's 1st female astronaut, it has been waiting for years to get her turn. a private initiative is pushing to make it happen ah, destined for space starts march 8th on d, w ah, temperature is a rising glaciers, all melting according to a study published in the magazine science by the end of the century, 83 percent of mountain glaciers left disappeared and with them the valuable information contained in the ice, what's called the ice memory,

the raw material of scientific research. the reason is global warming, caused mainly by human activity caused with combustion engines. for example, lithium is now being mined on a large scale in an effort to reduce global emissions and slow down climate change . ah, welcome to to morrow to day, the d w side show b lithium is currently the best suited vol material for making the rechargeable batteries used in most of today's electric vehicles. a lithium gold rush has underway. latin america is the world's region with the largest reserves of lithium in the so called lithium triangle. we had to chilly to find out more these bright sl accounts of place amidst chillies, gray, utter calm,

assault flats. they make it hard to overlook that. lithium is mine, her. it's a vital element in rechargeable batteries, houston smartphones and electric cars. for thousands of years. it's lane just below the surface, dissolved and concentrated salt water hair at one of the world's largest lithium mines. but lithium brian is being pumped to the surface for letter, the gamma delay julia law, and event that this holiday i took it on my house, you tube, it ran to june. first, the concentration of lithium and the ryan here is the highest in the world. second, there's a lot of my best conditions for the lithium extraction processes we employ here. all of them on the floor in the the sun does most of the work, 3, water evaporation alone. the lithium brian becomes even more concentrated. it changes color as the various minerals are gradually separated. when the lithium content is high enough, the liquid has taken by truck to a refinery where the lithium is extracted. hm,

the salanda at a comma is located in the lithium triangle. an area bordered by chilly bolivia and argentina, the world's largest lithium deposits are thought to be located under the surface of these salt flats. global demand is growing fast, and mine operators are striving to meet it about the get them as well as developing a new process to extract lithium straight from the brine to sound. we're improving our entire lithium production chain and increasing our yield. and so we can pretty much more lithium while removing lesson ryan from the seller that can sell it. they have to because the mining of this matter that supposed to make the world more sustainable is causing environmentalists to sound. the alarm extracting the lithium requires lots of water, which is especially scarce. in the desert. christiane a spindler is a member of the indigenous utter commentary. us who have inhabited the fertile river valleys above the utter calm at desert for over 1500 years.

water is central to their lives. full of anger, christiane, a spindler looks at the mind down in the cellar. but at a foot, are they going to leave it behind our holy mesh is altogether. the thor christiane, takes us to his land. he makes an offering to mother earth and his ancestors as is the custom, her sacred mother earth protect us. and our waterloo right at the foot of a pre historic graveyard containing ancient patrick left. they've been farming the land for centuries. the irrigation system is a time tester technology that draws water directly from the and these mountains that recent years have seen less and less water. some say that's due to climate change. christiane says, it's due to the mining companies greed the other come on, but he will decide. lithium factory puts us in constant danger because they use the

water to produce lithium batteries. and but i said in fact he got a lot of the other little, well, that may be in advancement for a large order, vanity for emily's to structure lonia. but other to your panel foot, he insists the climate change should be sold by those who caused the problem in the 1st place. the indigenous peoples of outer commer shouldn't bear the burden. but the minds chief hydrologists as it takes no water from indigenous areas. it's ground water wells are located farther down in the valley, and the brian being extracted in 400 places comes from a different geological layer, entirely guy here that i might be claims. the local water table has remained stable for years revealing been damien pocket. and i want, according to our findings, and the monitoring network will set up rather the area audio. we see no correlation between the brian extraction in the heartland. and what's happening in the higher lying parts of the art to come a basin which depend largely on precipitation. mentor, beer villa, but a c, b,

that's your studies indicate that the complex matter come ecosystem has yet to be sufficiently explored and that water cycles here a much slower than previously thought. so the true effects of lithium mining may not become apparent for decades. some 200 kilometers farther west, and until for augusta on the pacific coast, the concentrated brine reaches the refinery. here it's pumped into the enormous plant, which keeps expanding as global demand continues to rise after several production processes to and products result, lithium hydroxide and above all, lithium carbonite. a fine flower like powder that shipped by the ton to china, where the batteries are manufactured. here to they hope to improve efficiency

because i wasn't of as well when we are researching how to create a circular production model. by this, i mean that all of the by products from the process could it could be reintroduced or the processes and fed into the plan together. in this way, we aim to reduce the impact of our production. so as much as possible in but fully in a little bit of the roads. meanwhile, to buy products and waste product to piling up at the refinery. those stock piles would also need to be processed if the production of to morrow sustainable energy source is to become truly sustainable. if our flood is read, why i gave you, is there anything specific you'd like to know about lithium or do you have another science question? send it to us as a video text oh voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you to go on to stop. this week's view, a question comes from ism too cool. is your marker in nigeria?

what isotopes? and how can they be used? everything around us is made up of adams, including human beings. adams are made up of 3 different particles. electrons, which orbit around the atomic nucleus, made up of protons and neutrons. for example, carbons, atomic nucleus, continue such protons, and 6 neutrons. we speak of isotopes when the number of neutrons is different from the number of protons within the same chemical element. 3 each element that we learned about in chemistry class has several isotopes, amounting to roughly $3300.00. in total it's important to consider and isotopes weight. when using them, the more neutrons and isotope is made of the heavier it will be on a scale. what we use isotopes for climate research is one example. oxygen

16 is a light isotope with 8 neutrons and it's a nucleus, while oxygen 18 is a heavy isotope with 10 neutrons. the lighter one mix up most of the oxygen in nature. just 0.2 percent can be found as the heavier oxygen isotope. we can reconstruct the climate of past errors using the quantitative ratio of light and heavy oxygen isotopes. this information can be found, for example, in course samples taken from polar ice, which were formed from snowfall that accumulated over years and condensed into ice water molecules containing the heavy oxygen isotope evaporate more slowly and condense faster. warmer seasons with higher of aberration rates are the only time when the heavy oxygen isotopes enter the atmosphere and move with the clouds into

the polar regions. while during colder periods light, oxygen isotopes accumulate in ice. many isotopes decay over time, which makes them useful for mocking the passage of time in archaeology. c 14 is a carbon isotope with 8 neutrons that we ingest with our food, which also contains the light of carbon 12 isotope with only 6 neutrons. the ratio between these 2 isotopes is fixed at the time we eat our food. that's why carbon helps archeologists date their discoveries. while the heavy carbon isotopes decay over time, the number of light isotopes remains the same. so when we compare the changed ratio between the 2 carbon isotopes, we can calculate exactly when a person died ice cores, which we've just heard about, often come from an article. 400000 year old ice was found in

a 2600 meter deep bore hole. near the vast stock research station analysis revealed that the temperatures and the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane are directly related. all 3 curves shows similar variations over time. recent years i've seen steep arises on the curves of greenhouse gases than in the previous 400000 years. evidence of how human activities have impacted the climate. these natural ice archives and the polar regions and, and high mountain glaciers are in danger of melting away because of climate change . how can all this information be saved? the margarita heart sits atop the 4554 meter high summit of the signal. cooper in switzerland is the highest building in europe. it's located in the monte rosa massif, located near the swiss italian border. from here an international team of researchers

in box on an ice memory mission. there on a mission to locate the oldest ice in the alps. that will mean drilling deep into the icy sheets of the grants clutch or glacier. 10000 or 10000 year old ice environmental chemist mortgage macowski as happy with her findings. now these core samples will be analyzed. we meet the scientist as an international glacier research conference. the subject of the conference is ice cor, drilling and what they can learn about the history of the climate from extract had samples. second, i can remember here is internet in the aisle. gilligan on north cushman thought, perfectly situated, had to make observations about environmental pollution caused by industrialization wasn't any measures that had proven successful and keeping the air clean off left in the after the young. we began measuring abil pollutants from the 1980s when they

were at their mountains and let's are now with information we've gathered from the glacier. we can see how they've increased since 1870 like which was when we began to use fossil fuels. now we can see that while some pollutants decreasing shockley others onto the ice helps us determine lampkin. the core samples from the glacier were carried out in the summer of 2021 and in the nick of time. now even this glacier located 4500 meters above sea level is melting fast. soon it won't even be possible to collect and tact. i samples the dave and him ice memory as the idea behind ice memory is to drill to samples from each of these threatened glaciers the through the fed. young. otherwise we risk losing the chance to archive them. by ice can of one of the boss on will be the reference sample entered in reference. we'll analyze that one now where all the tools we have at our disposal. the other sandra will be stored in the antarctic thing as our gift to future generations of

scientists isn't as long as they're written down after saying alive, but the antarctic, the coldest region on earth at the research station, little dame, see temperatures rarely climb above minus 35 degrees celsius core samples will be taken here to preparations are already underway. scientists from the e. u and switzerland are searching for the world's oldest ice, which is said to be 1500000 years old. greenhouse gas levels in the samples will be analyzed at band university in switzerland. in dim eyes, the glacial ice begins or snow than the snow gets densely packed and at some point it becomes solid glacial ice. during that process, very small air bubbles get trapped in the ice, and that is air from the past, the way it used to be. and then when you extract this air from the ice, you could measure it with environmental analytical techniques. for example, you could measure the seo to or methane, or nitrous oxide,

all of those greenhouse gases. we can also measure a number of other substances underwood dinger. it will take for years to collect the i samples. any taken from the top tech will make their way to bun, posing a major logistical challenge. i mean, it isn't me will patiently act beyond it because we have choice, highly specialized refrigerator containers built for the european project beyond every communist when they are capable of shipping. i samples from antarctica to europe at minus 50 degrees celsius, bluetooth, and that means they can travel through the tropics, where it may be more than 40 degrees celsius on the outside is keeping them cool is a difficult task life. we've also doubled up on everything to be safe on tow containers to write for duration units per container. because if the ice melted, that would be a disaster. millions of euros would melt away, so to speak, or was me and then in some cuz it still lines ice cuz it's the world's

oldest ice will help scientists understand the last 1500000 years of climate history and perhaps even on climate future on us people all over the world are feeling the effects of climate change, especially in summer. scientists from the university of copenhagen have found that on very warm nights when temperatures exceed 30 degrees celsius, sleep is reduced by an average of 14 minutes. a number of studies have researched the effect of woman night temperatures on sleep with findings showing that older people and the economically disadvantage of the hardest hit. fortunately, our next report begins on a chilly night at the top of a mountain ah,

on the swiss mountain tops near the north face of the eiger sleep scientist christina bloomer is making her bed for the night. oh ah! laughed as his dad. so stunned and deem we spend about one 3rd of our life in the state of sleep and taught them if they, yet most of us don't know what happens when we are in this state for bargaining. essence needful gang, because it's the state of unconsciousness. indeed, that's why it kind both van hob and then allison switched out. it's also crucial to survival as he is and is as much a part of life as wakeful. now his back fine, that's why i find sleep so fascinating the fussing at the on the south south. oh, 7 30 in the morning. unfortunately, it's cloudy. so the sunrise isn't as spectacular as she had hoped. when christina broome of 1st began studying psychology, she had no idea where it would lead her the making. so she was them stood around

guns while i was studying. i had no idea what i wanted to do. it kept banging al, cancelling him because i for a long time. i definitely didn't want to go into research transactions. the math that towards the end of my bachelor's, i took a seminar, methods of identifying consciousness, impatience with severe brain damage of a fan by eva j, him gazette, patsy and fastest. and that inspired me to go into re surgeons have i was under a ph. d. in the sphere life of home, of young as any fashion for gail. she and her twin sister were born in south germany in 1986. she started studying psychology of the university of rhode spoke in 2007. responded here at the university of cambridge in 2010 and then went on to complete a ph. d at the university of south fork. 2019. she began researching sleeper at the university of basil. as a flat of the heath. again, i do love to sleep myself and i usually sleep very well. well unless i have to work in the sleep, lie with nisa would in the sleep lab, christina,

bloomer and her colleagues study people who suffer from sleep disorders. this involves measuring their brain activity while they're sleeping. oh, live. yes. elizabeth was we might be unconscious, but that doesn't mean nothing is happening. cathedral getting quite the opposite, and there's lots going on in the brain and the body when we sleep office fans and kia. and for example, we know that metabolic products that build up in the central nervous system during the day of starts at night are gone with those sorts of cleansing account, an after hours kesh vincent and seen it by his own look, i anyone's possessed that it is not enough and we know that on your own or level give a traces of the memories from during the day i transferred our long term memory. that's why they can be retrieved in years to come. or even langford, the said as a learning aspect died aspect loud. that's one reason why sleep is important. 50

christina bloom and her team are trying to find out which factors influence sleep and how they conduct a series of experiments with test persons changing one variable each time. ah, in vasa, shifting near in basil, we're very interested in the role play by light tags daylight and also artificial light, especially in the evenings. and often men speaking laugh once the tests subject to sleep. the researchers record their brain activity with an e gene and identify and evaluated various sleep stages. the large and slow waves depict the deep sleep rays which is essential for restored of sleep, but which specific factors make sleep restorative? that's what christina bloomer wants to find out loud at us beth, for filaments. i'd say that for many people had a light,

especially the natural daylight outside. i as one of the most underestimated factors when it comes to a good night sleep, i want them to me, so we want to know how much daylight you need for it to have a significant positive effect on sleeve. in this math, i'll finish off the harbor as for now we don't know if half an hour in the morning as a nightstand or if an hour is better. and as i, as a case of the more the better emma, or is there a point where the benefit plateaus effect went down? often it can, can be a doll. bye. hopefully, we'll be able to get people some idea about how they make the most of daylight to improve their sleep tags, least are m eyes. how can watson can yonder, after focus on in zone spoke austria. christina bloomer has discovered the joys of mountain hiking for her current project, she's studying the impact of outdoor activities on the body, clock and sleep patterns. and it gives us a tattoo in

a key. the hiking raises my energy levels and helps me relax. has up on this now. i think that's because it's rest buy from the daily grind with it. thank you says i can logically it gives you some distance from day to day life and band that there wasn't the al from day constantly and it's on you need to concentrate on the party land, especially when it's narrow and winding or you have to climb philadelphia constant hops you, it requires a loss of concentration, so you don't even have the mental space to think about everyday thing. i'll stuff is not an important aspect of relaxing attorney and being physically active. it's important to me to deed when we have a conflict. again the contrast fish and tablet la dazzle then he must be as dark on the charles between day and night. hawkeye burger will sound like deep valleys and high mountains. mid as opposed to gently rolling hill ansuka gift.

ah, now close your eyes and relax. breathing gently through you. nice and ex. hell slowly through your mouth. clean your body. start to get heavier. hypnosis can help you reach a state of deep sleep. researchers at the swiss university of re book a looking into the reasons why sleep risa champion rash and his team want to find out what effect hypnosis has on sleep. they hook test subjects up to an e g machine to perform an electron safley graham. for a study, the research is a taking a closer look at the deep sleep phase. do you shaft good? i'd steep sleepless thought to be the most restorative sleep phase. that means it's

likely the phase which is most important to our mental and possibly also physical regeneration to my it's when, for instance, important memory processes take place as well as vital processes for our immune system. so our physical health probably benefits most from this deep sleep fail it deep sleep decreases with age. some older people get none at all. hypnosis might be able to help them through another the so natalie, we're ready to start. i hope you're lying comfortably. we're beginning that hypnosis. i wish you a restful, lighter noises when shining goes. i'm not for lived. mackenzie. i am paid for mere fortune once. he couldn't make beginnin the farmer as fast as lance from him and defies neat. the others? ow see the sleep? hypnosis taxed is

a carefully selected sequence of words designed to put subjects into a trance like state upon and, and thereby influence that deep sleep toe. ash town it is that we were hoped in. it's astonishing that we're able to alter deep sleep at all. it's a phase that starts around 30 minutes or maybe even an hour after you fall asleep. so people listen to the hypnosis for 15 minutes before going to sleep. and an hour later they sleep behavior changes. she laughed yet seeing that as we can believe it here the waves are really long. some of they are very smooth and moved very slowly that could signal just like here at the 1st signs of deep sleep, past the ans high. and that's what's special about this kind of hypnosis that we can show and enables more people to enter a deep sleep or even during an afternoon nap when deep sleep isn't common. this deep sleep lasts longer to is when dusty's or to stop or can they normally during

an hour and a half long nap people might get 15 minute be so deep sleep 5. we can extend that to 25 or even 30 minutes. what types you know, do you shop funding so that scientific evidence that hypnosis might help you sleep baton. that's all. so this episode of tomorrow to day the d. w sign shall june in for a new edition next week. until then stay curious. bye bye. with ah ah ah

ah ah ah ah ah, with ah what happened to be judge ticks? the infinite beyond those days are in the past. to day private companies are conquering space. what about money influence and control him

profit, and what are the consequences? new space, the new revolution, close up in 30 minutes on do w o. hello guys. this is the 77 percent. the platform for africa. you to be beat issues and share ideas. you know, or this channel. we are not afraid to happen delicate topic. because population is growing fast and young people clearly have the solutions. the future belongs to

the 77 percent every weekend on d w. noon, should we how do we treat animals? and why hasn't anything changed in does, this is actually a clear violation of animal protection. why? why do we love so much companions while eating others? yeah, i never thought about how strange it was that i had my dog with one hand while i ate a pork chop with the other. what is the alternative? and how does it taste like the real thing? yes. will we all be beginning to 50 years? i literally think that like are the next generations, well, look back and say that's crazy that we ever use animals to get a documentary series about the future of food. and there were complex relationship

with animals. the great debate this week on d. w or ah ah, this is dw news live from berlin. ukraine acknowledges russian gains near box loot ukrainian commanders describe the battle field situation as extremely tense. depression courses including soldiers from the wagner group are said to be making progress in their push to.