now want you to d w documentary. imagine how many portion of large us heard out in the world right now. the climate change, the very hot story. this is my flexing weight form just one week. how much work and really do we still have time to go? i'm going off with what furth. subscribe, and more than likely the human body is truly amazing. with all that, it's able to do what can the way we move reveal information about our overall health class could bacteria fe to is provide the answer to antibiotic resistance. and can we repair broken bones even more effectively?

we provide the answers here on d w. science show. welcome to to morrow to day. ah, ah, many people enjoy listening to music. good hearing can also mean the difference between life and death. but what happens if our hearing becomes impaired? an explosion or injury caused by caution is bad, for example, can damage the air drum. this problem effects 13000000 people each year and can result in complete hearing loss. current treatment options are less than ideal, something one team of scientists has set out to change injury to the ear drum caused by illness or an exit. it can result in hearing loss

. many of those affected never make a full recovery or a team of scientists and johnston has been doing research into reconstructing damaged ear drums. and they recently achieved a medical breakthrough. sometimes a defective ear drum can heal, but that wasn't the case with this patient. so he was given an implant, made from his own cartilage these days. it's a standard procedure, isn't customer. can you tip your head back a bit? the problem is that an ear drum made purely of grafted cartilage will never be as good as the real thing. but mostly can alter in that vicinity. we have to use cartilage with a certain thickness and stability, limited quickly. that has the disadvantage, that the ear drum doesn't vibrate as well as a natural ear drum. does this comp letter from them. that means that not all sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear with now, so even after surgery, oh,

hearing can be impaired. that's what i'm headed. given that impaired hearing often effects patients, quality of life, marco snyder decided it wasn't good enough. together with his colleagues at the dressed and technical university, he's developed an implant that helps restore hearing completely over implant todd, what's different about our implants compared to the current standards of technical implants, is that we've precisely reproduced the natural structure of the ear drum torvard. that's what makes it unique. buffy was on to hide as a medical textiles. researcher dilbert abuse task, was to find the appropriate material. she established that a protein made of silk warm cocoons was most suitable. she then combined it with a biodegradable plastic thomas for if they're also the ear drum has a collage in a stretcher home to put more of i am i proteins

a one component. so we wanted the material used for the e drum to be a similar to that as possible in this matter. the scientists also wanted to replicate the structure of the air drum, as well as the material. the team had to figure out how to develop fibers that are both super thin and robust. oh, marlow iran. yeah. as far normally fibers pulled mechanically and wound on bobbin. for example, victor. but with spinning fibers, that is super thin in the night. i me to rain so we can't do it mechanically come on as much on often instead they use electro spinning technology. the process involves spinning the mixture of protein and plastic and to find nano fibers. these filaments are produced under high voltage and are deposited on a collector that replicates the shape of the air drum. oh,

there's it out of his lungs. i'm. why can this sick slowly turning white the hours? that means the nano fibers coming off the tube is settling on, the collector of movers after the collector. all the structure gradually emerges on versus both must be it's grab this one. and this is the results of the spinning processes. a very thin elastic membrane which is robust enough to be used as an implants, implants, todd, i'm good for them. that's because it resembles the natural ear drum and both material and structure. but doesn't also have the same vibrational properties. the researchers compared their implant with a natural air drum and a standard cartilage implant. to do this, they got all 3 to vibrate. just you chun monitors the results on the computer.

this shows the reaction of a natural air drum. it's very different from the reaction of a conventional cartilage implant which is much more rigid with the new implant. on the other hand, vibrates much more effectively mimicking the function of the original ear drum one to one. the was ready to cullman fem hung in from the artificial ear drum membrane that we've developed. the successfully transmits the sound energy high. that means the patient will be able to hear better how best. however, it's likely to be another 5 or 6 years before the dressed and researchers invention can actually be implanted in a patient. oh, we have more than 200 bows and our bodies very incredibly light and yet also very hard. but they can be broken. children and elderly people are particularly at risk

. ready after a break, it's important for the bone to be set back in its original position so that it heals properly. metal plates may be used, screws or a close to cost increase, such as have now come up with another idea. it's hard to believe that just 3 months ago, marcel ashburn crashed his mountain bike, breaking his hand and neck at 1st he didn't know that his life was in danger. luckily for him there was adopt her in his sight clean group who took care of him immediately. then he was diagnosed in a clinic. the us, the also the 1st thing they said to me after the x ray was you'd better not move an inch. you have multiple spinal fractures, crucial orthopedic surgeon, re shots ally operated on spawn. during his follow up examination, he recalls how dangerous the situation was. zane here in blue, you see the bruise here times you see the rupture disks and also at the back the

ligaments are affected. the risk is the effect becomes displaced, then the spinal cord could be injured as well. a month when you look at the pictures and also the story as you tell, it will have to say you've been very lucky. harbor said i had to operate on marcella. bon, twice, 1st from the front of the neck, and then later a 2nd time on the back to stabilize the spine from their operations like this are impressive demonstrations of what is possible to day in the treatment of spinal fractures sill. i 1st removed the shattered into vertebral disk and replaced it with a placeholder made of metal, a so called cage. he then reinforced the vertebrae with custom made plate screwed into the bones. we're going on. we don't want to remove the disk and having compressed because then the nerve endings would be narrowed. instead we want to maintain height. so that's why we put a placeholder in and stabilize it with the plane to plot. then the doped,

his operated on marcella bombs left hand to stabilize the fracture. they pushed to titanium wires into the meta carpal bone of the little finger. this small titanium implants, minimally invasive spinal surgery. today's high tech medicine has saved marcel sh bond from life in a wheel chair. the small scars have healed well. but that's not always the case or skip not to lose all kinds. of course there are still limitations are should for example, they can be implant infections or wound healing disorders, which we still struggle with daily. often i talk. hm. that's why scientists are always looking for new therapies to treat fractures even more efficiently, like handling as lent line from the helm, hold center toto the materials specialist wants to help ensure that in the future

severe committed fractures where whole pieces of bone are missing can grow together better, and he's doing this with the help of a white foe that stimulate the growth of new bone tissue inside the fracture. lend lines, porous foam consists of gelatin and the amino acid lie seen. it would fill the gaps between the broken bones, then cells can migrate into it and begin to form new bone tissue. the foam is a place holder for the newly growing bone wendys of sand or to 9. when the cells migrate into the gap, she may need an environment that signals that phone should be formed here, no hunger pittsville. if also we need a guide and structure that the cells can crawl along and which then transmits the by a mechanical information bure mashonda to inform out soon we permitted and lay as landlines foam is supposed to function as a lead compound. indeed, in animal experiments, he and his team have already shown that cells settle in the foam and begin to grow

recognizable here as green and blue dots. the fracture closes as new bone tissue grows. the phone dissolves in the process, the smugglers phosphor out, it's obviously something that you worked towards for a long time. and then when it works, it's fascinating your van, because so many different leads had to be realised with his multi functional materially on his yet we are most am. clinical trials on human bone fractures will now show whether this new material is tolerable and superior to conventional therapies. phones in place of metal plates and screws supported by external splints during the healing process. this is still a vision of the feature in marcel sh bonds case. his plates will remain in permanently, but he's already very pleased with his treatment. was gums now on the whole, i think i've been lucky because of his good medical care teenage for zach.

there are many jobs that requires strenuous physical activity, but often it's the same actions being repeated over and over. then there are other jobs where be hardly move at all. whether it's one sided activity or no activity at all. the result is a loss of bone density. the bone that is rested completely will least 10 to 20 percent of its density in just 2 to 3 months. so our bones need to keep moving the movement, laboratory of the hobbit bosch hospital and stood got mobility researcher launched. speaker wants to record the amount and quality of his patients movement as accurately as possible. pressure sensors and the shoes,

measure the load on the soul of the foot. this allows klaus plant on sequence of movements to be mount. he's taken part in this study since the start lunch spigot equipped the pensioner with several dozen sensors and reflectors. he's investigating whether these precise measurements can be achieved with a single sensor suitable for everyday use for geriatric medicine. specialist claimants, becca mobility is a medical issue that will only grow more important in the future. revolt of irish and does it make sense? why was in the next 2 or 3 years, we hope to ensure that every new drug is tested to see how it improves mobility or possibly worsens at others for thought. that something we don't know good does this and vanish before measuring lush, be got? calibrate the cameras. the rod is studded with reflectors that can be detected by infrared cameras. they'll record close planners movements to within a few thousands of a millimeter. miskin ada. everything's ready,

please walk slowly up to the orange cone and i'll record it with the senses from it in all these movement patterns will one day serve as a source of information to determine a patient's overall state of health, to evaluate the effectiveness of medications and therapy or to monitor the course of a disease the cookie gung quality if we can measure gate quality one, for example, whether someone walks unevenly involving what we call gate variability and location, or someone lamps to possibly spare their join a delinkum. okay, so that's extremely important with osteoarthritis or if someone's had a bone fracture, exclaimed visitors shop it in the scientists have already succeeded in capturing a person's complex movements with a single sensor. this allows them to collect movement data from patients or to subjects like class planner for days on end during their daily lives.

in p. v, garnished in either any exercises actually to be all and end all in old age knowledge . we know that it has a significant influence on neural or brain function, and you feel better if bristol, sorry, every runner says, sir endorphins. you feel happier when you do something. that's why i was very happy to take part of the say gum, and we'd get mot. these events are not layman's lanka and louse. think out of examined the data. the sensor has collected over the course of a week, or it has recorded movement and all 3 spatial axes and save the motion curves. algorithms develop specifically for this data, identify important information in it. among other things about the pace quantity, variation, length and symmetry of the strain pattern. if,

when and for how long the patient won't cycled or climb stairs during the day, all of that is documented. the quality of movement or any impairments and mobility are also recorded. like an international consortium is conducting research as part of the pioneering mobilized d project. the mobility data should aid the development of new therapies and medicines for an aging society. the business men traditional. we know that people who walk faster than 1.2 meters per 2nd have extremely good chances of survival even shawls. mm hm. that this dark image is the grim reaper stays well behind break . he doesn't come any closer area, isn't if we know that people who walk slower from 0.7 to 0.8 meters per 2nd, just managed to keep their distance from him or not but walk any slower and the reaper comes closer and closer. and that's often more important than collect, draw, or blood pressure levels. i said there are huge data sets showing that music is so

exercise is incredibly important to be, was all going obviously. so the lesson is keep moving, preferably as fast as these gentlemen here. drug resistant organisms where no antibiotic will work are becoming a growing problem in 2019 over a 1000000 people died worldwide from infections that couldn't be treated. studies show it's a huge problem. certain viruses can help fight bacteria, so called bacteria phasers have been used in georgia for the past 100 years. but there are no reliable studies to show whether they're truly safe with antibiotic resistance on the rise. intensive reset interface is now underway around the world . this is what an alternative to antibiotics looks like. bacterial faces. they're highly specialized viruses and the natural enemy of

bacteria. that's why neurologists thomas kessler has been interested in faces for a long time. the goals for thought for the big advantage of material pledges is that they can be used to target specific strains of pregnancy area. the way they kill least targeted bacteria is just like a key that fits in a keyhole long sit bazzi on loosely austin 1st law, the bacterial say just only target certain bacteria. the phage docs itself on to the cell wall of the bacteria and then injects them with its genetic material that causes the bacteria to replicate new features. the new fe just caused the bacteria to produce an enzyme which dissolves the cell walls of the bacteria. the bacteria then destroys itself. the phage is that

a released can infect other bacteria. the special thing about the phases is that each one is only effective on specific strains of bacteria, o tbilisi, the capital of georgia. yeah, there's a place here where fagin have been used to battle bacteria for decades. here at the other institute, patients come every day to get bacterial ages to fight infections of the bladder or wounds. that won't heal. rounded it 1st, they take a swab. the bacteria are then cultivated in a petri dish to identify the germs causing the infection. the bacteria, if ages the institutes precious treasure, or captain refrigerators, each type is tested for which bacteria they kill him. these stages formed the basis of the production of our medicine that we sell in

a standardized fashion. usually it's a mixture of different phases in fog that way we raised the level of effectiveness for a simple test on the cultivated bacteria shows which page cocktail is most effective in fighting the patients infection. fades therapy is part of george's basic health care system. the institute has developed several standard fates, cocktails, you can get them in any pharmacy. and the pages also have another great advantage to building every shogun gospel, i'm like antibiotics ages only destroy the bad bacteria in the organism. bacteria useful bacteria aren't affected. alien antibiotics kill both the bad and the good bacteria but daily. and that's the clear advantage of phage is shanpa. she pockets back to switzerland and thomas kessler. he's been keeping tabs on developments in

georgia for a long time with great interest. he's been de tbilisi where he conducted a study on urinary tract infections for the 1st time. thomas kessler also used such failures here in switzerland, in an experimental trial. namely, with jacqueline mer, camper lawson, blair, or, you know, on 5 consecutive days, the phasers were flushed into her bladder via a catheter. so then if you style kids have been gone during those 5 days, the entire feeling in my body changed. it was them into i was out of the infection mode, mom picked up, you know, the period where the body is only fighting off illness on thought. it was a wonderful feeling that finally things would be different on the scene shows on the holder of book. but in spite of the pages, the infection returned to it will still be going to fools as we're assuming that

the bacteria of ages were not able to kill off all the bag material that were present. so other bacteria were able to keep on growing. and the symptoms came back at all, isn't told me to talk, causing to stop that from happening again. thomas kessler is working with micro biologist at martine listener to make the phage is even stronger. the pages will be engineered in the lab so that their effective against a broader range of bacteria soon the data interest as the idea behind it is that we modify the bacteria, thaddeus, so that they can attack and kill the problem germs effectively. and through additional information, they can even eliminate a neutralize other bacteria that are often present in these infections in many of them, when northwell is young, claun, the genetically modified fe just should also stimulate the bodies own immune defenses. many of the pages are currently being developed in the laboratory. the 1st test on humans are scheduled to start at the end of the year. but for vince is

cling if we succeed. so this is material phase therapy will be a revolution on. not only in the treatment of urinary tract infections, but also in the treatment of other infections that i caused by bacteria, especially in the context of multi resistant but shown you mohammed, for more devices than the kind. the researchers hope to have conclusive results in about 5 years. it probably is read why i gave you a now over to you. do you have a science question? send it to us as a video text oh voice message. if we answer it on air, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. come on. just ask and don't forget to check out our website. oh, look us up on twitter. and now to this week's question from rodrigo, mankato in ecuador does water drain in opposite directions. in the northern and

southern hemispheres, it's certainly the keys with tornadoes and hurricanes. the massive air vortices rotate in one direction in the north and the opposite direction in the south. this is due to what's known as the cory. all this force our planet is constantly rotating. everything on its surface is moving to, but at different rates. it's like a ferris wheel sitting in a gondola far away from the central axis. you would move faster than someone sitting at the wheel center. equally, some one that the earth's poles is effectively spinning on the spot. this variation and speed also affects the oceans that cover our earth and the atmosphere that surrounds them. and as a result, winds blowing from the equator in a northerly direction are deflected eastwards,

while winds blowing to the south flow in the opposite direction. this means the air flows and the 2 hemispheres of our planet effectively mirror each other. the corey, all this effect means typhoons and hurricanes, always turn in the same direction. in the northern hemisphere, they rotate counterclockwise. while in the south, they turn clockwise hurricanes can be up to 2000 kilometers in size. the flow of water in our bath tub is tiny by comparison, too small to be affected by the korea less force. here other factors come into play . how symmetrical is the bath tub? how does the water move once the tap has been turned off, and in which direction is the plunk pulled out? it's these more random factors that caused the water to drain and varying

directions. and they apply equally and both in north and the south. hey, that's all for this week. thanks for joining us on tomorrow to day. see you next time with ah, ah, with

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