culture information, this is dw news, warner w 4 minds a 60 minute on d w. ah let go. oh, what people have to say matters to us. i am. that's why we listen to their stories. reporter every weekend or on d w. what can be done to reduce the farms? carbon footprint. commas to father manage his fields. what should he feed his livestock? one fullness shows us the way. how do cows perceive their surroundings?

what did i see and feel? how should people approach them? an animal feel, meg, it dawns beyond losses to view the world through cows, eyes, wild, florida, manatees threatened with extinction. what's causing their numbers to dwindle? is something missing. a marine biologist analyzes the water quality in the everglades to find out. oh hello and welcome to to morrow to day the d. w. science shown in agriculture may be responsible for some 15 percent of current global warming levels. according to a study by new york's columbia university. it estimates that food production alone could cause the other climate to wound by almost one degree by the year. 2100

me saying is largely to blame. this greenhouse gas is produced in the guts of ruminant livestock, chiefly cows. we present a farmer his trying to reduce his dairy farms. carbon footprint. krista, tooken is a farmer who is constantly trying to improve in elaborate agricultural management process. not just to provide healthy feed for his cattle, but also to improve the quality of the soil underneath that we are grass white, clover red, clover and herbs species. diversification is very important for humans build up. the bacteria don't feed on just one thing. humus building can only work with biodiversity. ah, whom is building is just one part of his holistic system. and the cattle are at the center. twice a day they move to another paddock with tall grass. and it has to be done at

precisely the right time. the stalks are fresh, juicy food for the animals. everything is coordinated from the size of the area to the number of cattle and time. the grass and the paddock needs to be flattened down but not stripped bare. if i had left them there for just one day longer, they would have eaten all the grasshopper, which might not be a bad thing, but that's not what i want to happen. i want to preserve em mulch layer here. the soil beneath the dead, flattened stalks, is always moist. the cattle contribute to this cycle by using their host to stomp on the grass, which causes the amount of hummus and the soil to increase. then organisms cause the bio mass to decompose, binding with the carbon that plants consume from the atmosphere via photosynthesis . until the host is turning hummus accumulation into a source of income. christa tuscan has decided to participate in

a private certificate trading scheme for each additional ton of c. o. 2, that he binds, using hummers build up. he will receive 30 euros. the trader cells, the certificates to regional companies that advertise their commitment to climate protection. but how is hummers build up measured? push log. i'm like is tika. it's why it's measured per field which is around $2.00 to $4.00. hector's 25 soil samples are taken from a depth of 25 centimeters and measured for g. p. s. i don't know where these samples were taken from, otherwise i would throw a heap of compost on each spot. after 3 years, we'll take more samples from the exact same spots. then we'll know whether humor has accumulated smoke up. it was after about or more damaged. soil is a huge c o 2 reservoir and that means carbon farming has a lot of potential to combat climate change. at the same time, agriculture is also a major c o 2 emitter. the scientists at the tune and institute in brown spike have

done the math decline. corson, very biggest sources of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture are nitrogen, nitrogen fertilization, which leads to nitrous oxide and cattle which emit methane, cattle, and cows and drained pizza oils. that used to be pete bugs that are now used as farm land and grass land together. these emit around 100000000 tons of c o. 2. prior in germany, i and iceland carbon farming with humus buildup could compensate for 3 to 5000000 tons of this, making it climate neutral, which shows that it's not just enough to build up humus. we also need to address these 3 major sources of greenhouse gas emissions and fungi pulse. gus in miss yawn on cris dot toot can is doing exactly that using natural feed additive, such as the horn pod, clover and rib work planting that grows in his meadows and pastures. he is reducing

methane emissions from his cattle. he tries to ensure that as much climate damaging gas is captured as possible. this draw, for example, collects count the newer in the barn. this minute plays a central role and hundreds and soil management. this is our cattle mature, and it's one of the essentials in our humans accumulation was off him to convert them the newer into humus, which causes the bacteria and fungi to proliferate considerably. we can use this compost to inoculate our soil later on. it takes weeks from a newer to become good compost, the process as labor intensive and time consuming, but it is central to sustainable agriculture cost. arturo can hasn't used a plow on his farm since 2018 because breaking up his soil loses hummus in the process. when the compost is ready, then come the next steps that we use this to inoculate the soil and plants which

then perform photosynthesis and eliminate carbohydrates from their routes. which then feed the bacteria and fungi in the compost of to that they can continue to multiply. and that's what creates the humus most will. his conversion be successful . his green yields continue to fluctuate wildly. as is this cloud up the legs not clear whether these methods will actually succeed in accumulating humus, exposing farmers to a degree of risk. they have to pay in advance for the human analysis. and then hope that a 2nd analysis, 3 or 5 years later, will actually produce more humorous and which the certificates can compensate them for. but that's not a guarantee that this will actually work. glasses of i missed his act, the surplus function, yet for christa to can, the certificates are a secondary concern for now. he has also begun to shift the way he practices agriculture because as an organic farmer, he doesn't use any fertilizers made from synthetic minerals. instead,

he works with so called under sun crops, plant hybrids that he sots in the greenfield. blue, when the green matures, it turns green again down here. and when we harvest the grain, what's left is a green lawn once again. so that's why the meadow here become so green later on. this field is also designed to create humming a report from the 1st 3 year period is available, which lists the increases and decreases and hummus plot by plot. wherever they're slurry, we've had a decrease in humus and wherever there's compost, we've had an increase. we've collected 1500 tons of c o 2 using q must accumulation . i honestly didn't expect that much using compost to enrich soil adjustments that of tate offer this farmer. and for the climate

dick house always do just what they told. no cows are highly complex, social and st. he and beings. even if through other breeding, we've transformed them into milk machines with huge out is that can give up to 50 leases of milk per day. cows that a mind of their own. they cultivate friendships and have finely tuned senses. so to get along with them, you need to understand them. a young wildlife filmmaker is that again my number's come on a new person. my name is commander lopez and i'm 19 years old. i'm a wildlife filmmaker and photographer, so i'd like to understand animals better. wild animals interest me as well as photogenic unlikable ones like cows. but i'm not quite sure how to approach them. coma, how should i communicate to the cal that i come in pisa?

what does it mean when they lowered their head and how can i politely get a cow to do something? what does moon mean? i am going to an organic farm near bayman to find out these dairy cows belong to a farmer. hardy camina. benito visor is visiting as well. he's going to show me how cow see the world bring us one. i'm excited. let's see how cow see the world. lou. okay, here we go. first i bent my head the way a cow does. when a grace's lead of a young, okay, so there's only a very small range that's actually in focus. some be in the will to long i'm what we built into the app is a wide field of vision. a 30 degree visual focus ahead and ability to estimate distance right and left. but in the periphery, it's very blurry. corresponding to about 30 percent of our visual acuity.

this field of vision allows cows grazing and meadows to get their bearings. but things get more complicated when they're inside their sheds. farmer high a cabinet is going to try out seeing the cow shed the way his cows do. who fits you and cook too, if this matter, the cow sticks its head through here because it's curious. so if i try to do that spatially, it's hard for me to figure out height. that's why i'm bent over like this. otherwise i'd bang my head here, but i'm having difficulty gauging with here. it's all very blurry by having this panoramic perspective makes it very hard on the trees. others doesn't. i'm vide one only. carla. written here. very sh village finish. okay. how was it? very interesting. trying it in the meadow was one thing. another trying it here in the stable cows don't see the world the way we do that. something we need to bear

in mind as for how to get cows to go in a particular direction. that's something to be learned later. first things 1st must been what does move mean will be, where are you or i'm here or i'm hungry. hold on a couple more when you've worked with cows awhile. if you start to recognize that different mood pitches. who loudon? oh, who is often one of the many signals of a particular phase and the reading seasons fastened at once? how to cows communicate between themselves, just with moose and you're under as it of alameda and accommodate most communication between cows is nonverbal. a bull that is defending its position will show its broadside when you play or lower its head, to show off its horns. to demonstrate that it's a threat at night and comp wonder and aqona and spirit something. it's put in

series. a dormitory hoof guys mar in the state of hudson's outback. we meet an expert on bovine body language. for could differ. he shows farmers how to deal with their herds, to avoid stress and avoid accidents. today though, he's teaching an amateur me how do i convey that i come in peace of fiscal the st. well, it starts with how you arrive in the meadow. don't ever yell or wave your arms about carol can't recognize fluid movements high. and so if you're at the gate waving your arms around, you'll start to stretch them out. we'll pelham assess with us. lynch and after slip for 2 men. and if so, how would they respond to the way i'm behaving? now? let's try to q. ok. well i think your voice is com and the main thing is to keep

your movements calm, to eagle, into the fema her since. oh. as though it hasn't, i'm going to try and round them up. let's see if it works up. i'm trying to get the cows moving calmly steadily, the way i've been told, but they're not remotely interested. ah, that's what you did. well, you understood the technique and went about it in a common steady fashion and didn't try to rush. it was super big, wasn't to say it's a vague list. emma, not bad then. but now folk are tipple, has another task, driving the black cows, just the black ones out of the enclosure. the brown ones are supposed to remain inside. ah, 1st of all, they get rounded up,

then they're divided into 2 groups. oops, one stray brown cow strays into the wrong group. we can live with that. so look what we've done with these ones are here. they didn't start to panic because we avoided things getting hectic. so what we did was we steered them using their shoulder points about it. we approached their top vertebrae sideways on so that it turns its head in my direction. i don't, and when i increase the pressure, it'll usually go in the direction that the head is turned towards any sunday. the poke a her this in my file in what i love would echo vince i cows have a personal zone. if you enter it, the cow will try to get out of your way. so that's how you can steer them. this is where you want the cow to go. imagine a line running sideways from their shoulders and then entered their personal zone behind it and nudged the cow forwards. leave the zone as soon as you can,

thereby rewarding the cow. as soon as you cross the line, it stops moving. if you stay there, it changes direction. just how close you need to get to it is up to you and the cow as each animal response differently. ah, farmers are the only ones who need to pay attention to cow behavior. if animals get worried, they can pose a bit of a threat even to passers by. but if you treat carroll respectfully and try to see the world from their perspective, you'll get on just fine. that's what i learned from my day on the farm.

fire diversity has probably declining more rapidly than previously thought meaning significantly more plants and animals species are threatened. that's the conclusion of a survey of scientists from around the globe headed by the university of minnesota . the said, i found that one in every 3 species could be endangered or extinct by the year. 2100. 1 species that's already under threat is the north american manatee. over a 1000, manatees died in florida last year alone. the everglades at the southern tip of florida, the biggest stretch of subtropical wetlands in the us. this fresh water marshland is teeming with life. the everglades are a habitat for a wide range of flora and fauna. the region is home to extraordinary biodiversity,

including manatees, their population had been recovering after years and decline 2 years ago. researchers counting around 8000 of the marine mammals here. but since then, there's been an unprecedented number of mana t fatalities for 10 years. paul stewart or captain policies known around here, has been taking visitors on tours of the everglades. he knows better than any one where to find manages over her little ripple in the water. but the gentle giant disappears quickly. we go down the canal and come back to to this one. steward steers the boat through the mangrove forest in the western everglades. he thinks we'll see him

at this environment truly has not changed in, in visual for about 40000 years. and he's looking for food, it's low tide manages aren't the only endangered species here. there are now 3000000000 fewer birds in the us and canada than there were 50 years ago. over the past 10 years, we're seeing lesson less birds. we're seeing a great reduction of mammals. small med, 80 percent of the families are gone very concerning. the disruption of this echo system would be a terrible loss. these trees give off as much oxygen as a rain forest. they absorb as much carbon as a rain force and to have all this change or, or be destroyed. ah, i, i think if we would suffer it dramatically with climate change,

the human population of florida is booming. all the new arrivals need somewhere to live. new housing developments or encroaching on the natural landscape. then we spot and alligator. it's about 10 porter, $10.00 to $12.00 foot, one of the biggest alligators i've seen down here. that doesn't alter the fact that this unique ecosystem is under threat. and yet humans with future right now. we better get on it because times running out the really is no manager sightings. today. we head over to the other side of the everglades to visit professor bryan lapointe, one of florida's leading ocean researchers and an expert on this fragile ecosystem . last year we lost over a 1000 manatees. it was a record year for manatee mortalities. and a lot of that was due to the starvation of the manatee,

due to the fact that the c grasses had all but disappeared. manatees are continuing to die at an alarming rate. that's due in part to pollution from wastewater treatment plants. many homes on the indian river lagoon aren't connected to the central sewer, but have septic tanks. the waste water it goes down into the soil and then moves through the soil and groundwater into the indian river lagoon or adjacent water body. it results and outbreaks of algae that lock light causing sea grass laws. and that deprives marine life including manages of a vital food source, that is the primary food source for the manatee. and so now that the sea grasses are gone, the manatees are starving to death. these developments are nothing new national s

story program. the unseen menace is all about septic tanks. so this was done in, as i said, florida to day 1997. and we knew way back than that the lagoon was already showing signs of septic tank pollution and problems, fish kills but nothing happened. so this has been well known for a law for decades, yet nothing has been done. nothing, not very little. i mean small's baby steps have been done, but nothing on the scale of work. the problem requires. so we really need the, you know, billions of dollars. and a lot of time now to correct the problem in the indian rebel it go. loss of diversity happens for a reason. and once a species goes extinct, it's lost forever. if our blood is red,

why are they bottom me? they've you, they. now it's your turn. do you have a question about science? send it to us via video, text or voice message. if we answer your question on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. come on to start. move this week's question comes from e. s. terrace. ah, why do some fish have stripes? while others have spots? fish have been around for hundreds of millions of years. to day these water dwellers come in a huge variety of colors and patterns. and now scientists can use molecular biology to examine exactly how this happened. cyclic are particularly interesting for researchers because they have developed into a huge number of sub species with very different shapes and patterns in africa's

lake victoria evolution happened at an amazing pace. within a few 1000 years, 500 new species of cyclic to merged all this diversity can be traced back to a few ancestors that migrated from neighboring lakes. there are a number of different habit hats in lake victoria, and the sick lives adapted to them. those that live among aquatic plants have developed camouflage, with vertical stripes. while those that live in open water have horizontal stripes which are beneficial when fish are swimming unprotected. these stripes make it difficult for predators to focus on a single fish. evolutionary biologists from constants in southern germany have reveal the secret to how the cyclic different patterns came. about. a long series of experiments brought males with vertical stripes together with 5 females with

horizontal stripes. none of the resulting offspring had horizontal stripes. these fish were then put together in groups with one male and several females. each a quarter of their offspring had horizontal stripes. this happens only one is sickly. inherits the striped gene from both parents in might as sick lids. the different coloring is probably caused by a so called jumping gene minus sick lives are usually all born with dark coloring. those but the jumping gene then turn orange yellow or even white as they develop. the color change from dark to golden occurs when cells containing the dark pigment, melanin die off in the fissures skin. in reality, it's

a discoloration caused by the jumping gene that alters how proteins are produced in the scales. ah, researchers have been investigating how patterns and colors develop and fish for more than a 100 years. but there are still many mysteries to be so ah, that's it for this edition of tomorrow today. glad you could join us and hope to see you again. next time, until then, stay curious, bye bye. ah, ah, with

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a brain update. it's magic, it's the kind of magic the because this orchestra called the brain continuously adapted cells. and so we ask a few astute questions. we smarter swarms or us, i wouldn't causes monster waves. how powerful are your thoughts? however, we can control our thoughts, which makes us very power came. we have to learn a lot and we do that through play with questions about life, the universe, and the kind of like a superpower. our series of 40 to the answers almost every thing this week on d w ah

ah ah, this is dw is coming to live from berlin, nate, it was just hours away from doubling it's border with russia. the alliance is getting ready to welcome finland as its newest member and a ceremony at its brussels headquarters, the kremlin lashes out at the nordic expansion.