oh oh, who did you do the food? i played the channel fantastic. she survived auschwitz, thanks to music me. he was the nazi's favorite conductor. to musicians under the swastika, a documentary about the sounds of power and inspiring story. ma, survival, music in nazi germany. watch now on youtube di what can be done to reduce the farms? carbon footprint. how much to father manage his fields? what should he feed his livestock? one fullness shows us the way. how do cows perceive their surroundings? what did they see and feel? how should people approach them? and animal feel make it dawns beyond losses to view the world through cow's eyes,

while florida's manatees threatened with extinction. what's causing the numbers to dwindle? is something missing. a marine biologist analyzes the water quality in the everglades to find out ah, hello and welcome to tomorrow to day the d. w. science show each agriculture may be responsible for some 15 percent of current global warming levels . according to a study by new york's columbia university, it estimates that food production alone could cause the us climate to warm by almost one degree by the year, 2100. methane is largely to blame. this greenhouse gas is produced in the guts of ruminant livestock, chiefly cows. we present

a farmer his trying to reduce his dairy farms. carbon footprint. christa tooken is a farmer who is constantly trying to improve in elaborate agricultural management process. not just to provide healthy feed for his cattle, but also to improve the quality of the soil underneath that we are grass white, clover red, clover and herbs species. diversification is very important for humans build up. the bacteria don't feed on just one thing. humus building can only work with biodiversity. ah, whom is building is just one part of his elliptic system. and the cattle are at the center. twice a day, they move to another paddock with tall grass. and it has to be done at precisely the right time. the stalks are fresh, juicy food for the animals. everything is coordinated from the size of the area to

the number of cattle and time. the grass and the paddock needs to be flattened down but not stripped bare. if i had left them there for just one day longer, they would have eaten all the grass up, which might not be a bad thing, but that's not what i want to happen. i want to preserve a mulch layer here. the soil beneath the dead, flattened stalks, is always moist. the cattle contribute to this cycle by using their host to stomp on the grass, which causes the amount of homes in the soil to increase. then organisms cause the bio mass to decompose, binding with the carbon that plants consumed from the atmosphere via photosynthesis . until the host is turning hummus accumulation into a source of income. christa tuscan has decided to participate in a private certificate trading scheme for each additional ton of c. o. 2, that he binds, using hummers build up. he will receive 30 euros. the trader sells the certificates

to regional companies that advertise their commitment to climate protection. but how is hummus build a measured push lock and lock is ticker. that's why it's measured per field, which is around $2.00 to $4.00. hector's 25 soil samples are taken from a depth of 25 centimeters and measured for g. p. s. i don't know where the samples were taken from, otherwise i would throw a heap of compost on each spot. after 3 years will take more samples from the exact same spots than will know whether humor has accumulated. as my hope you're always ask about a modernist soil is a huge c o 2 reservoir and that means carbon farming has a lot of potential to combat climate change. at the same time, agriculture is also a major c o 2 emitter. the scientists at the tune and institute in brown spike have done the math decry course, and very biggest sources of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture are nitrogen,

nitrogen fertilization, which leads to nitrous oxide, and cattle which emit methane, cattle, and cows and drained pizza oils that used to be pete bogs that are now used as farm land and grass land together. these are mit around 100000000 tons of c o. 2 per year in germany. i and iceland carbon farming with humus buildup could compensate for 3 to 5000000 tons of this, making it climate neutral, which shows that it's not just enough to build up humus. we also need to address these 3 major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. and fungi, pos gus in miss young cris dot lipkin is doing exactly that using natural feed additives such as the horn pod, clover and rib work planting that grows in his meadows and pastures. he is reducing methane emissions from his cattle. he tries to ensure that as much climate damaging gas is captured as possible. this straw, for example, collects county

a newer in the barn. this minute plays a central role and hundreds, an soil management. this is our cattle mature, and it's one of the essentials in our humans accumulation with all and put converts on the newer and to humorous which causes the bacteria and fungi to proliferate considerably. we can use this compost to inoculate our soil later on. it takes weeks from a new are to become good comp, hearst, the process as labor intensive and time consuming, but it is central to sustainable agriculture. crystal tooth can, hasn't used a plow on his farm since 2018. because breaking up his soil loses humph. in the process, when the compost is ready, then come the next steps that we use this to inoculate the soil and plants which then perform photosynthesis and eliminate carbohydrates from their routes. which then feed the bacteria and fungi in the compost of to that they can continue to

multiply. and that's what creates the humus most will. his conversion be successful . his green yields continue to fluctuate wildly. as as this cloud up, the light is not clear whether these methods will actually succeed in accumulating humus, exposing farmers to a degree of risk. they have to pay in advance for the human analysis. and then hope that a 2nd analysis, 3 or 5 years later, will actually produce more humorous and which the certificates can compensate them for. but that's not a guaranteed that this will actually work. glasses of i missed his act, the surplus function, yet for christa to can, the certificates are a secondary concern for now. he has also begun to shift the way he practices agriculture because as an organic farmer, he doesn't use any fertilizers made from synthetic minerals. instead, he works with so called under sun crops, plant hybrids that he sots in the greenfield. when the grain

matures, it turns green again down here. and when we harvest the grain, what's left is a green lawn once again. so that's why the meadow here become so green later on. this field is also designed to create hummus. a report from the 1st 3 year period is available, which lists the increases and decreases and hummus plot by plot. wherever their slurry we've had a decrease in humans and wherever there's compost, we've had an increase. um we've collected 1500 tons of c o 2 using human accumulation. i honestly didn't expect that much using compos, to enrich soil adjustments that have paid offer this farmer. and for the climate dick house always do just what they told. no cows a highly complex social and sent hint beings. even if through other breathing

we've transformed them into milt. machines with huge at is that can give up to 50 leases of milk per day. cows had a mind of their own. they cultivate friendships and have finely tuned fences. so to get along with them, you need to understand them. a young wildlife filmmaker, kids that go with mine on this gum and a no person. my name is commander lopez and i'm 19 years old. i'm a wildlife filmmaker and photographer. so i'd like to understand animals better. wild animals interest me as well as photogenic unlikable ones like cows. but i'm not quite sure how to approach them in a coma. how should i communicate to the cal that i come in pisa? what does it mean when they lowered their head? how can i politely get a cow to do something? what does move mean?

i am going to an organic farm near bayman to find out these dairy cows belong to a farmer. hardy camina benito visor is visiting as well. he's going to show me how cow see the world for english one. i'm excited. let's see how cow see the world. lou. okay, here we go. first i bend my head the way a cow does when it graces a little here for yeah. okay. so there's only a very small range that's actually in focus on being the will to long. i'm what we built into the app is a wide field of vision. it's a 30 degree visual focus ahead and ability to estimate distance right and left. but in the periphery, it's very blurry, corresponding to about 30 percent of our visual acuity. this field of vision allows cows grazing and meadows to get their bearings. but things get

more complicated when they're inside their sheds. farmer high a cabinet is going to try out seeing the cow shed the way his cows do you young coke dois to smack the cow sticks its head through here because it's curious . so if i try to do that spatially, it's hard for me to figure out height. that's why i'm bent over like this. otherwise i'd bang my head here, but i'm having difficulty gauging with here. it's all very blurry by having this panoramic perspective makes it very hard on the trees. others doesn't. i don't fight one only. carla versus here. very sh village finish. ok. how was it to very interesting trying it in the meadow was one thing. another trying it here in the stable cows don't see the world the way we do that. something we need to bear in mind as for how to get cows to go in a particular direction. that's something to be learned later. first things 1st,

what must be, what does move mean will be, where are you or i'm here he or i'm hungry? hold on a couple more. when you've worked with cows a while, if you start to recognize the different mood pitches to learn, a move is often one of the many signals of a particular phase in the reading seasons fastened at once. how to cows communicate between themselves, just with moose new honda. as it of alamos, the, in the colony, most communication between cows is nonverbal. a bull that is defending its position will show its broadside on it or lower its head to show off its horns to demonstrate that it's a threat at night and cold wonder under kona and spirits of being it's put in. so this is the whole meter hoof guys mar in the state of harrison's outback. we meet

an expert on bovine body language. for could differ. he shows farmers how to deal with their herds, to avoid stress and avoid accidents. today though, he's teaching an amateur me how do i convey that i come in piece of fiscal the st. well, it starts with how you arrive in the meadow. don't ever yell or wave your arms about carol can't recognize fluid movements high. and so if you're at the gate waving your arms around, you'll start to stress them out and put them on that list as with us, lynch and asked if, let's talk to a man and if so, how would they respond to the way i'm behaving? now let's renew q. ok? well i think your voice is com and the main thing is to keep your movements calm, to eagle, into the fema her since. oh, as though it hasn't, i'm going to try and round them up. let's see if it works up. i'm trying to get the

cows moving calmly steadily, the way i've been told, but they're not remotely interested. ah, that's what you did. well, you understood the technique and went about it in a common steady fashion and didn't try to rush. it was super big, wasn't to say it's a big list in the hm. not bad then. but now folk are tipple, has another task, driving the black cows, just the black ones out of the enclosure. the brown ones are supposed to remain inside. ah, 1st of all, they get rounded up, then they're divided into 2 groups. oops, one stray brown cow straight into the wrong group. we can live with that. so look

what we've done. that is the least ones are here. they didn't start to panic because we avoided things getting hectic wise. so what we did was we steered them using their shoulder points about it. we approached their top vertebrae sideways on so that it turns its head in my direction. i don't. and when a increase the pressure, it'll usually go in the direction that the head is turned towards any sunday. it took a her, got this in my file in what i love would a coffin, psych cows have a personal zone. if you enter it, the cow will try to get out of your way. so that's how you can steer them. this is where you want the cow to go. imagine a line running sideways from their shoulders and then enter their personal zone behind it and nudge the cow forwards. leave the zone as soon as you can, thereby rewarding the cow. as soon as you crossed the line, it stops moving. if you stay there,

it changes direction. just how close you need to get to it is up to you and the cow as each animal responds differently. i mean, ah, farmers aren't the only ones you need to pay attention to cow behavior. if animals get worried, they can pose a bit of a thread, even to passers by. but if you treat cattle respectfully and try to see the world from their perspective, you'll get on just fine. that's what i learned from my day on the farm. biodiversity has probably declining more rapidly than previously thought. meaning significantly more plants and animal species are threatened. that's the conclusion

of a survey of scientists from around the globe headed by the university of minnesota . the said, i found that one in every 3 species could be endangered or extinct by the year. 2100. 1 species that's already under threat is the north american manatee. over a 1000, manatees died in florida last year alone. the everglades at the southern tip of florida, the biggest stretch of subtropical wetlands in the us. this fresh water marshland is teeming with life. the everglades are a habitat for a wide range of flora and fauna. the region is home to extraordinary. biodiversity, including manages their population, had been recovering after years and decline 2 years ago. researchers counting

around 8000 of the marine mammals here. but since then, there's been an unprecedented number of managed fatalities for 10 years. paul stewart or captain paul, as he's known around here, has been taking visitors on tours of the everglades. he knows better than any one where to find manatees over her little ripple in the water. but the gentle giant disappears quickly. we go down the canal and come back to to this one. steward steers the boat through the mangrove forest in the western everglades. he thinks we'll see him at this environment truly has not changed in, in visual for about 40000 years. and he's looking for food,

it's low tide manages aren't the only endangered species here. there are now 3000000000 fewer birds in the us and canada than there were 50 years ago. over the past 10 years were seeing less and less birds were seeing a great reduction of mammals. small males that 80 percent of the some of those are gone very concerning. the disruption of this echo system would be a terrible loss. these trees give off as much oxygen as a rain forest. they absorb as much carbon as arrange force and to have all this change or, or be destroyed. ah, i think if we would suffer dramatically with climate change, the human population of florida is booming. all the new arrivals need somewhere to live. new housing developments or encroaching on the natural landscape. then we

spot and alligator is about 10 footer $10.00 to $12.00 foot. one of the biggest alligators i've seen down here. that doesn't alter the fact that this unique ecosystem is under threat. and again, humans will the future right now, we better get on it because time is running out. there really is no manager sightings today. we head over to the other side of the everglades to visit professor bryan lapointe, one of florida's leading ocean researchers and an expert on this fragile ecosystem . last year we lost over a 1000 manatees. it was a record year for manatee mortalities. and a lot of that was due to the starvation of the manatee, due to the fact that the c grasses had all but disappeared. manatees are continuing

to die at an alarming rate. that's due in part to pollution from wastewater treatment plants. many homes on the indian river lagoon aren't connected to the central sewer, but have septic tanks. the waste water it goes down into the soil and then moves through the soil and groundwater into the indian river lagoon or adjacent water body. it results and outbreaks of algae that block light causing sea grass laws and that deprives marine life, including manages of, of vital food source. that is the primary food source for the manatee. and so now that the c grasses are gone, the manatees are starving to death. these developments are nothing new national s story program. the unseen menace is all about septic tanks. so this was done in, as i said,

florida to day 1997. and we knew way back then that the lagoon was already showing signs of septic tank pollution and problems, fish kills but nothing happened. so this has been well known for a law for decades. yeah. it's not showing us. we love nothing, not very little. i mean small's baby steps have been done, but nothing on the scale of work. the problem requires. so we really need the, you know, billions of dollars, and a lot of time now to correct the problem in the, into, to rebel it. good. loss of diversity happens for a reason, and once a species goes extinct, it's lost forever. if i'm a blood is red, why are they bottom me? they've, you made it. now it's your turn. do you have a question about science? send it to us via video text or voice message. if we answer your question on the

show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. come on to start. move this week's question comes from e. s. terrace. ah. why do some fish have stripes? while others have spots fish have been around for hundreds of millions of years. to day these water dwellers come in a huge variety of colors and patterns. and now scientists can use molecular biology to examine exactly how this happened. cyclic are particularly interesting for researchers because they have developed into a huge number of sub species with very different shapes and patterns in africa's lake victoria evolution happened at an amazing pace within a few 1000 years. 500 new species of cyclic to merged all this diversity can be

traced back to a few ancestors that migrated from neighboring lakes. there are a number of different habit hats in lake victoria, and the sick lives adapted to them. those that live among aquatic plants have developed camouflaged with vertical stripes. while those that live in open water have horizontal stripes, which are beneficial when fish are swimming unprotected. these stripes make it difficult for predators to focus on a single fish. evolutionary biologists from constants in southern germany have reveal the secret to how the sick looks. different patterns came about a long series of experiments, brought males with vertical stripes together with 5 females with horizontal stripes . none of the resulting offspring had horizontal stripes.

these fish were then put together in groups with one male and several females. each a quarter of their offspring had horizontal stripes. this happens only one is sickly. inherits the striped gene from both parents in might as sick lids. the different coloring is probably caused by a so called jumping gene minus sick lids are usually all born with dark coloring. those but the jumping gene then turn orange yellow or even white as they develop. the color change from dark to golden occurs when cells containing the dark pigment, melanin die off in the fissures skin. in reality, it's a discoloration caused by the jumping gene that alters how proteins are produced in the scales. ah,

researchers had been investigating how patterns and colors develop and fish for more than a 100 years. but there are still many mysteries to be so ah, that's it for this edition of tomorrow today. glad you could join us and hope to see you again. next time until then, stay curious. bye bye. right here on kick off. ah ah, with

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