register now for the d. w. global media form 2023 in bonn, germany and online and increasingly fragmented world with a growing number of voices, digitally amplified. we see where this clutter can lead what we really need, overcoming divisions into vision for tomorrow's journalism. register now and join us for this discussion at the 16th edition of d. w's global media forum with viruses and bacteria can make a sake. so we do everything we can to fight them off. but some microbes are actually useful. the intestinal bacteria of a pregnant woman isn't just important for her health. what she consumes also directly impacts her baby's immune system. and some viruses are useful to they can

even help extract valuable raw materials from electrical waste. welcome to tomorrow to day d w. science program please, we humans a driving more and more animals from the habitats increase the risk of exposure to diseases. that's what's happening in the brazilian rain forest near the city of manassas research. as back around the hunt, the potentially dangerous fire says a, it could be more stable very. i think it should be a good adam hanby and his team hanged traps in the amazon rain forest there on a mosquito. that's because these mosquitoes could carry

a new virus that could trigger the next pandemic. if so, with the virus hunters find it in time, they're the 1st ones who could detected evie's collection for fire. lots of perseverance. the rain forest can of he is said to be home to the particularly dangerous mosquitoes. adam and his team are targeting them and have any fallen into the trap. i must give them the virus. hunters are not only after mosquitoes. they also want to catch monkeys. the number of viruses in the animal kingdom is astronomical. we'll never find all of them. that's why it's so important to monitor the danger spot where humans and animals collide like in the amazon rain forest, a g. morales, a thing in manon and monkeys map people directly was pretty much the squash this so

they actually live in the jungle, but they come to farms and eat fruits and food that people store is all the ski dice selling mantle if there's a constant exchange lack of community college this you must, i think that i fill my house with its 2200000 inhabitants is the capital of the state of amazon us. the place is a so called hot spot. here people and wild animals collide and the risk of a new virus jumping over increases because humans are penetrating deeper and deeper into these forests. researcher marcello gordo wants to capture monkeys. the animals are increasingly coming into contact with people because they are losing their habitat. they are forced to search for food near humans. marcello hopes that 2 colored cameron's will fall into the trap. these color tricky day are highly endangered. living only around my mouse. the 2 can transmit diseases to humans, but can also be in acted themselves by humans with yellow fever or corona viruses,

for example, that way viruses can survive and keep on mutating pretty much my i'd as they walk through. there's another complicating factor with great apes, which is that they are often hunted in rural areas fathers, but i lament i sell the wessy abbey to this habit of hunting wild animals handling the dead animal. contact with blood. and visceral, for example, is also another source of infection and transmission of disease. and for did you call dodger? he didn't, he tells you to ask is that this is not going to change any time soon. many low income families in rural areas rely on eating wild animal meat. and that's how dangerous viruses can jump to humans. marcello gordo and his team therefore regularly take blood samples from the animals and test them for viruses and pathogens. then they release them again.

much more difficult to monitor arms. kiddos, adam, hindi and his team are on the trail of mosquitoes. mosquitoes primarily transmits so called arbel viruses such as west nile or dang, gay. these viruses replicate invertebrates and are transmitted by blood sucking insects through bytes. another research station is located in the heart of a 10000 hector relatively intact forest reserve. the question is to mosquitoes deep in the forest carried different viruses than those on the outskirts finding out is difficult, said the beginning they were really difficult. krista kat has not been a lot of wags amazon and so we spend a lot of time in the fear trying to understand where we can catch them, how they behave and, and we've suffered

a lot with the lack. so where do they live the really dangerous mosquitoes at the very top of the trees, adam suspects, other species that are threatening to humans. to prove it, the mosquito researcher has set up a 10 meter high research platform in the middle of the forest. bay canopy, musky face can be quite dangerous for people because these on things that we normally come into contact with. so they're likely to expose humans to pathogens fair immune systems. not i use t the mosquito species that leave in the rain forest canopy like it hot and dry down on the forest floor, live other species dead like it's shady or in cooler. but when do the dangerous mosquitoes come down from the tree top? to find out adam and his team catch mosquitoes in different places at different

titles. when we say it's a far as stage whether it says re deforestation to build housing for site timber or to create to roads we all to the conditions of the my for climate. so the forest badge, which is proud previously beneath the forest canopy again becomes hot and dry and these conditions fit these canopy dwelling mosquito species like when they come in contact with these a hot and dry conditions, them more likely to descend to ground level and, and potentially have contacts with human surveillance in the jungle may work, but it would be easier to curb rain forest deforestation. after all, a dangerous mosquito could be lurking along every new road. our bodies, a constantly confronted with new viruses and bacteria. how does our immune system learn to recognize new pathogens? and how can it tell the difference between dangerous and vedas, and microbes that

a harmless or even helpful, wr, he's the immune system. we know it is our defense system, but it has another much bigger job. and that is to keep us and our microbial inmates in balance. oh, how exactly the immune system does. this is highly complicated and not yet fully understood. one thing is certain, it must react without overreacting. so it shouldn't just attack enemies. it must also leave friends alone. for example, microbes that help with digestion produced vital substances or displace pathogens. but how does the immune system know which microbes are the good guys and who the bad guys are? as with every system in the body, the immune system also has controls that fire it up or slow it down. our microbial

inmates help with his fine tuning microbes, convince our immune system to let them stay. they soothe it, even though it recognizes them as invaders. this is exactly what makes our immune system top notch. it can react quickly to threats. and at the same time, it's slow down so that it doesn't lash out wildly. as in the case, for example, with allergies, asthma or auto immune diseases. in these diseases, the body attacks harmless substances or even itself but microbes can also fight o pathogens directly. for example, as a kind of rounds keeper that prevents a pathogen from entering the body and causing an infection

scientifically, there is much to suggest that our immune system exists primarily to keep our organism in balance with all its fellow inhabitants. the defense against pathogens is only a side effect, but an important one. ah mothers begin protecting their babies from viruses before they even born. what pregnant women eat is crucial because their diets influence which microbes collect in the intestines of the newborn child. the micro biome is the foundation of a healthy immune system. birth is the 1st contact with the world of bacteria. in the birth canal, the baby directly encounters and absorbs the mother's intestinal bacteria for the 1st time. these bacteria form of 1st protective shield in life and

they even help the baby build its own immune system. oh, then we ality veg. when we come into the world, our immune system is not yet fully formed. it has to learn during life to recognise pathogens that is viruses and bacteria and to fight them off. the intestinal micro biotech plays an important role in this build up process and leads us to be efficient at recognizing and fighting often. pathogenesis later on. molecular physician, stephanie ghana, research is the influence of gut bacteria on the child's immune system. at enzo shatara. in a high profile study, she was able to prove that it's crucial what mothers eat during their pregnancy. this is because the mother's intestinal bacteria are already influencing the child to be. ready the researcher was able to show that messenger

substances from maternal intestinal bacteria are transferred to the child via the placenta, and thus influenced the development of the immune system. and with the voice it has to we consciously, i've definitely written, enrich, balanced, varied i, and think about whether you really need to, if that child clarity that candy or whether you can do without it, continue as before, and maybe think a little more often about what you eat and when and in what quantities invasion, megan and nutrition is also crucial for a healthy immune system in young children. oh, that's why stephanie can i wants to conduct another study to see how a child's micro biome develops in the 1st few years of life. oh it's interest would have i met with our study, we want to find out how the child's micro biome develops after birth. especially in the 1st 2 years of life or end of particular interest to us is what influence

breastmilk plays hair. and whether that can have a long term impact on the child's health and susceptibility to certain diseases. christy began kind high because the mother is pumped some breast. no for stephanie gunner a swab on the arm, gives information about the bacteria on the skin. but the bacteria in the stool are decisive. she takes these from a freshly filled diaper. the feces are particularly interesting for her because here she finds the intestinal bacteria that make up the micro biome, the anal kingdom, the nutrition of the child in the 1st years of life is particularly important. because we know the nutrition has a great influence on the intestinal flora, it's like alpha. we also know that the intestinal flora is formed in the 1st 2 to 3 years when the micro biome can still be controlled and changed. this can have long term effects on the micro biome composition and the health of the child. and later

in life, that's just not possible beth and limits the theme gone from is all not a mercury for her, it's clear. breastmilk is certainly the best nutrition in the 1st few months, but mothers who can't breastfeed should also benefit from her research. laugh was to get hoffman's. i know that in the longest and we hope to understand which bacteria a useful early in life. no. and whether we could give them to newborns who aren't getting breast milk as a probiotic of your to co garbage on. and when i can also imagine that bottle feeding will become even more sophisticated, unable not always good. i have to have it. she's at the very beginning of her stuff . she wants to understand the world of bacteria even better in order to be able to use it for better health for all children. 39 truly in my kirby all cells including bacteria, viruses, and funky live on. and in the op bodies,

the guts is the main location of the human micro biome. but on micro biome is not as diverse as it could be. why is that? and is it also true of animals. 5 a group of pigs and a pile of pig done. these 2 women are interested in both the veterinarian here at the asha vada. animal park is happy about healthy animals. and the molecular biologist is interested in their feces. they've taken almost 400 stool samples from 38 different animals from zoos and parks to investigate which and how many micro organisms are in them. didn't worry about soon if one reason for my motivation is because micro organisms are. so under estimated time, people always talk about germs negatively on, but actually 99.999 percent of the micro organisms that surround us are good for us

. we live in cb osis with them. the whole human system wouldn't function without micro organisms or meet organ as well. the combined genetic material of all micro organisms in a particular environment is called the micro biome. to research the micro biome, they looked at primates. carnivores, and even towed and on, towed annihilates. just was on the spun ruminants are especially interesting because we know they have a very diverse micro biome due to the fact that digestion takes place twice out. it's very effective from the energy yield. it's a bit like a bio gas plant and so the course stuff comes in at the top and then it's broken down one step at a time, ma'am. a map about in order to be able to digest hay and grass cows have millions of different bacteria in their room. and in their research lab at kill university, scientists dissolve stool samples until they have the smallest parts of the cells. what remains is the dna they've also studied samples from humans,

which show that our micro organisms are not very diverse. he, for she nod regarding the more diverse the micro organisms in and on our body, the better the balance of our immune system. and we suspect that reduced microbial diversity is also associated with immune system deficiencies, which can lead to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases are going by park. for example, crohn's disease or multiple sclerosis. their study also shows that the micro biomes of people from some african countries are much more diverse. this is because they eat differently, often live in large groups and have close contact to their farm animals. could in a bung says that we too should visit farms more often, but above all, move away from industrial sugar and eat a more plant based diet. just like them. ah,

unlike bacteria and micro organisms, viruses are not living organisms. they require a host in order to survive. sure, there are also viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells from these so called bacteria. phage is often used for food production, medicine and gene technology pump. and they can even help extract rural materials from electrical waste without the need for toxic chemicals. today, it's been almost impossible to efficiently recycle electrical devices by separating lemming to more than 50 different substances. one by one. this unlikely environmental thread is making life difficult for recycling companies. e,

though the energy saving light bulb used to be a beacon of hope for german energy policy. the light bulbs themselves are full of poison. on the one hand, they contain highly toxic mercury. but there's also a mix of non toxic valuable powders made up of rare earths and other substances. when mixed together, they produce the white light blue. but separating those valuable substances from mercury and from each other is so complex that energy saving lamps usually don't get recycled at all of them. will. the lana powder is still separately as hazardous waste underground containers. these energy saving lands contain mercury, which is toxic. i know we don't want it in our household. this is the bitter reality of recycling e waste. until now, thanks to fry bugs, hemlocks institute for resource technology. they want to show the recycling

industry that they're making the impossible possible. the plan on extracting the rare earth from energy saving light bulbs. to do so, they use a surprising tool. the bacteria of age m. 13 bacterial figures are viruses that don't infect humans, animals more plants, they only effect bacteria. the researchers now hope that these faces can identify and isolate rare earth says, well the bacterial phage m. 13 has a special property. it has bristles made of protein on its surface. the researchers now want to use these bristles as so called bio angles. if the virus is genetically modified, it develops a wide variety of these bio angles, billions of different ones in science. this collection of m 13 variance,

or mutations, is called a phage library. each individual variant has its own highly specific hook to fish out. the rare hurts in the energy saving light bulb through what they call selection in the test tube. the researchers 1st find out which em 13 variant might be interested in rare earth. they therefore mix one of the rare earths to be recycled with a complete m 13 phage library. busy the m 13 mutant that happens to have the right surface protein gets stuck onto the rare earth in the test tube experiment. the phage and the rare earth are then separated from the rest of the m. 13 variance in a centrifuge. the rest of the page library is scrapped. the 2nd step determines which m. 13 variant is involved the corresponding angle bras, oak, or the pure surface protein. not the virus can then be ordered in large quantities

. in step 3, this surface protein is attached to tiny magnets important for later use on a large scale by the recycling industry. in this process, the phage proteins bind to microscopic pharaoh magnetic beads. the result, magnetic beads covered with spines of m. 13 bio angles resembling a chestnut the green light is the m 13 bio angles attached to the bead, ready to pounce on a very specific rare earth. but how did the helm holds? researchers come up with such a novel idea. for the original idea actually came from the american george pearson smith. in 1985, he recognized the potential of the odd em 13 bristles and made the 1st mutation

attempts, so that he could use the bristle bio angles as evidence of very specific substances like antibodies or other proteins. he suggested randomly producing a wide variety of virus mutations, george pearson smith's idea, triumphed in laboratories around the world. there were now billions of variance of m, 13 the bristles of which have been randomly altered the so called phage library mentioned earlier. smith deservedly won the 2018 nobel prize in chemistry for his idea, and only to seen on this stage display is used in medicine and in pharmacological applications. very rarely when wet with methyl with an organic substance, is that a granite lamp? how that contains 190 milligrams of rad us? there is no way to results the rat us in these energy saving lamps. this problem

can smith's idea work with a rare earth contained in an energy saving light bulb. that questions being put to the test here. this vessel contains a mixture of luminous powder, from energy saving light bulbs, and neon tubes. now the magnetized and 13 bio angles are simply added and stirred briefly. then another magnet goes into action, as is also common in the recycling industry on a large scale. when the mixture of bio angles and rare earths is passed through this magnet, the in 13 bio angles, which if the experiment has worked, should have combined with the desired rare earth by now and be stuck to the magnet o. if the magnet is turned off, the magnetized pile angles and rare earth should be able to detach from the magnet and be transferred to a new container. oh, so can i do that piece by piece for each element and then i'll,

it's separated everything by typing, at least in theory. the quick test with the laser shows whether it also works in practice. if the process was successful, the suspension should now glue green instead of white. and indeed, the rare earth is now present in almost pure form. if it works with energy saving light bulbs, it should at least in principle, apply to other items like cell phones too. and i think there hasn't been any research result yet on how to successfully separate all 60 elements from a smartphone and to reinstall them in a new one. that's why we should be interested in making better use of our domestic resources. and that's a waste because a waste contains real treasures that are waiting to be unnerved.

betsel. so this week's edition of tomorrow to day d. w science program. thanks for watching and see you next time with ah, with

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