and when it comes to trafficking nigerian women for sex, they are always saying the same thing about you get to go without having to pay it . obviously, that's all in line m n a forms. yes. and then you succeed in restoring this young girls ability to treat it. it's something that really is price. i meant that i will give, i mean on to what i do. the trio combating, shady dealings starts. april 29th on d, w. ah, the fences connect us with the well arise taking millions of pieces of information every 2nd. the sensory perceptions into connect in our brain, science, hearing, taste, touch, smell, and the often forgotten sense of balance. all senses or integrity to communication, 2 tiny facial muscles betray how we're feeling,

and our skin detects the finest of touch is essential for survival. today show is all about how we communicate. welcome to tomorrow. today, d, w, science magazine. a soft touch or a firm grant skin feels every nuance. it's our largest organ with a surface area of up to 2 square meters. the skin comprises a wide variety of receptors. pain receptors alert us to danger, like overly high temperatures. for example, the so called merkel cells help us feel the shape and firmness of object. meisner co puzzles are experts in sensing light touch. rafino co puzzles noticed when and how much skin is stretched and pushing in co puzzles,

detect vibrations in a asking. also include sent 3 cells specialized in perceiving. stroking. they're found only in hair covered areas and react when the touch comes from another person, especially when the movement is slow. like in stroking the fact that we have these receptors, suggests that gentle touch is essential for us survival. ah, no words can make feelings as tangible as a touch can also relieve pain strengths in the immune system and even prolong our lives for a long time. it was largely ignored by scientists, but now it's increasingly the subject of research and loosen the sense of touch really does appear to be important for our survival. we can't cope without it in this outcome. humans have

an amazingly differentiated system of perceiving and classifying how we are touched . a touch can signify power and violence. it can make us feel afraid or threatened infractions of a 2nd. different receptors in our skin. tell us what kind of touch that we are experiencing. whether we can relax or need to immediately spring into action because we are in danger. at the beginning of our life in particular, caresses are vital. they stabilize a baby's breathing body temperature and even its blood sugar levels after birth. if animals only have their basic needs met in the months following their birth, many of them die. and those that survive suffer from irreparable psychological and physical damage. their growth is stunted, their immune system is less developed and they even fail simple memory tests.

central areas of the brain are impaired and less voluminous to an experiment in like 6 touch laboratory to measure our brain waves before, during and after a massage. how does a massage change brain activity? the e g shows the brain's electrical activity, slowing down a state of relaxation, similar to being the deep sleep. ah, the brain doesn't just react by slowing down. it also produces a cocktail of neurotransmitters and other substances. you bought the house, you should have been var, the hormones and new transmitters that are produced to certain substances reach. other areas are bodies through blood. by this organism, a muscles relaxed, for example,

them that are hot frequency decreases inch bun or breathing become shallower of the item. good floher. there's an entire series of physical changes. have alicia for endo human touch is far more than skin deep scientists discovered just a decade or so ago. that gentle physical movement activates a special type of sensory nerve so late to emotion. unlike our sense of touch, these nerve cells do not provide information about the outside world. instead they tell us whether we like a particular type of bodily contact or not. the discovery of the significance of the so called c t apperance makes it possible to investigate the importance of gender physical contact for social interactions. a robot is used to gauge precisely out. people respond to different types of touch. each test person receives exactly

the same treatment. the experiment showed the more signals received by the ctf once the more pleasant the experience for those taking part. the effect is most pronounced at $34.00 degrees celsius, approximately the temperature of our fingertips. an interesting, there's more of these now, 5 is here on the back than there are in the form. so why do people like having their back myself where they like having their back massage? could there's more of these, no 5 is there in evolutionary terms. why would you put a reward taught system on the back? well, you can't get to your back to groom it. so you need to get somebody else. another primate needs to come along and groom your back. and if we are gently touched, we usually don't wanted to stop lou. the reward system in our brain makes us hungry

for more hormones are produced, the brains own drugs. each type of physical contact makes it different cocktail. these include endorphins, so called happiness hormones, which make us feel high, but also oxy towson. that is necessary for bonding an attachment. it mixes few close to people live, hulu couples with the long term show elevated levels of oxy chosen even live longer and they are less prone distress. their blood pressure is lower, their pain tolerance is higher and even their ability to learn is better flue. despite this, we've been observing for years that we have less and less direct contact. in the

increasingly digital world we live in. the coven. 19 pandemic has exacerbated this trend, forcing physical separation of hot us. today, people tend to touch their smart phones or tablets. more than they touch other people, you can be in contact with people thousands of commanders away. but physically isolated, loneliness has become a mass phenomenon with grave repercussions for our health. if we lose the protection of the group, our bodies going high, alert in our cortisol levels, rise at the risk of heart attack, stroke and depression increases the all right, so with only death in smoking, diabetes, pollution it such as may be 3540 percent. the other rice have an early death, and loneliness is something like 45 percent. that's all my said, that's almost

a global planter because its own right. but nobody's really welcome out of the file or what lonely people don't get in touch when it's hold of hot cold. when the going gets tough. replanting as the pandemic has shown. and then what becomes evident is that we have a yearning, ultimately not a technology, but for real people. and under someone who go for a bear with us and all readers poems, you're thinking good or don't. they are on the dish to for least awe. often we don't realize just how strongly touch influences our mood, our health, and our relationships. but we are becoming more aware of how important it is gentle, physical contact. just keep us happy throughout our lives. we also communicate through touch. no matter how many emoji we send, they count compared to a real analog hug. it is possible though,

to transport our emotions over the telephone or in a video cold. artificial intelligence is also becoming better at reading human emotions from our faces. that cannot detect the very subtle list of feelings i go with. i love to lightens up the mood and is contagious, especially when it's sincere and comes from the heart. but what is a sincere laugh? research is in germany, a looking into whether computers can tell the difference in order to help psychologists with all heard about software that scans are faces using artificial intelligence. but can i also detect whether were upbeat or angry, delighted, or sat, or indeed laughing authentically. ah,

the schools are probably mas dusty. the co you sit in comes parent and give them this has to be listen, michigan. we don't know how they actually work in the sense of which materials or faces they've been learning from. so we thought we'd test different algorithms against each other, learned that sometimes we have sheet and i brookman. he is here. it are getting them on the test. the manheim research team has taken a i programs from a variety of companies to see how they perform while it comes to recognizing different emotions. under laboratory conditions is in here especially visor, we can see a specific movement in the face already being registered to what ma'am? the action unit 12 is the solution, asked us there won't be the a i has learned that the corner of the mouth going up. there's a component of a smile. does have the can you 20th to make sure this does fit on? the next step is using these expressions to find out what emotions in individualist

feelings soon and by sign up as one for test. participants has shown photos of faces displaying strong emotions and then asked to imitate them the amos to find out whether the programs also work reliably under standardized laboratory conditions. this is one of the basic requirements for perspective late to use in scientific research. there are several dozen muscles and the human face, and we need to flex 17 of them to conjure up a law and yet converse in dusty propaganda in ty, but on the subject now has the 3 specific move in center face i in the corner, pulled us we had 1st, there's a corner puller and listened. busy not out in cheek razor, then we have the razor with a cheek squeezed the eyes and make them. i'm part of the smile. i'm talking with the alden's old on middle list. both are typical for an authentic smile, as are the lips being slightly parted. asked d m lipman life carefully and i'm going to sized that as we were able to show that

artificial intelligence is also very good at detecting intense emotions. like these with normal people in a typical lab setting hams, washington's even animal tune, orsia, a company called the big question now is whether this is also the case for that montane. as and more subtle emotion is and will to notify this. until now, psychologists have been documenting the subtle nuances of our feelings with the help of electro. my o graphy or e m g. senses on the skin, measure the electrical activity of muscles and nerves. the stronger the impulse, the clearer the emotion can artificial intelligence do this without he m j. m is eloquent of them. we now have electrodes attached to this, i go mass at this major school. this is the lab muscle which is involved in many positive emotions, warned and right after that, we'll stick e m g electrodes on the congregate arnold, our crown muscle, which expresses many unpleasant emotion lung anymore. it is

tim her fling, then shows the participant different pictures to react. take boring. photos are alternated with ones that are proven to trigger emotional reactions. in addition to the m g senses, the facial recognition program, scan facial expressions and record that changes, but the reactions on the test person's face a week. it takes a trained human emotion analysts to measure their intensity. tim halfling has this training and because he knows how time consuming it says he hopes that a i programs will eventually take a for this job. we couldn't find us, he consistently can. we found that the artificial intelligence corresponds closely with the e m. g measurements, as well as the subjective evaluations of the participants, but only for the positive stimuli we presented with a negative stimuli. we couldn't demonstrate any relations with the e. m g,

or would the subject subjective evaluations. and obama eisen. so the a, i recognize as positive feelings, but not negative ones necessarily. this is true for all 3 algorithms because the performance of the i programs hardly differs. they all still have a lot to learn. nevertheless, the 1st video, cold providers in the us are already considering integrating automatic emotion recognition into their software in the top the dust said calltum dismisses recently been discussed by large video conferencing software providers of integrating a module that automatically recognizes the facial expressions of the participants interprets them and then of course allows the employer the counterpart to draw conclusions about what someone is supposedly feeling in that moment. bussey mand m . gable is shrewd and the symbol man is this laughter. authentic or fake? the algorithms definitely can't tell yet, but gail output can dish, wasn't it?

guns often see the advantages are fairly obvious here until now it has been extremely time consuming to do this type of analysis manually things we can do that way. however, you have the train employees intensively or they made weeks of training. yeah, here one kid i will train to software. i was good with the right material. and theoretically it would always work from. so neil, quick humans are still far superior to a i software when it comes to interpreting emotions correctly. after all, we can also empathize with feelings and that ourselves be affected by laughter. especially if it comes from the hans with a joyful giggle or a delighted room. different laughs, expressing very from saying estimates suggests that such nonverbal ways of speaking

may cut more than 90 percent of our total communication. and it's not just our hands or face that talk, but also our smell and our whole minds. these and other substances communicates within us something alvin calais from malawi. wanted to know more about oh, how do you sales communicate with each other? mm. our bodies consist of around 200 different types of cells. we only stay healthy if they can all communicate with each other properly. our pancreas, for example, produces hormones. it releases them into the blood. the blood then transports the messenger substances to the places in the body where they are supposed to be used. nerve cells need to talk to each other quickly and effectively. to do so, they use electrical impulses and so called neurotransmitters,

which send information from one cell to the next. many cells also form so called exit zones in order to come into contact with others. to do this, they lace up their outer skin to form packets that contain molecules such as proteins. they then send these packets on their journey throughout the body. ah, different shells interact when healing a wound. immediately after an injury, platelets must 1st ensure that the blood clots while immune cells clean the wound. when it's clean, connective tissue cells produce college and, and filled the wound, then epithelial cells for my skin over the entire wound. almost all of our shelves are linked to their neighbors. the channels that directly

connect the sales contents to one another. loo. through those channels, the cells can exchange electrically charged particles and small molecules, such as messenger substances. miscommunication pathway was discovered in the 19 sixty's. researchers labeled individual cells with luminescent molecules and observed that the fluorescent spread rapidly. channels like these are involved in many bodily functions, they ensure that the eyes can adapt to different light conditions. and they help synchronize the contraction of our hard muscle cells. they also play important role in the formation, allowing organs in the womb. neurons and synopsis a key when it comes to communication within the body,

the more developed an animal, the more sophisticated it's nervous system. instead of a brain, jenny fish have a diffuse network of nerves, passwords have a centralized nervous system which runs through the body like a rope ladder. meanwhile, mammals do have a real brain, the structure of which is important for cognitive performance. and more than that to do, in fact, neuron density also plays a major role. the more in your rooms, the more likely cognitive performance is to be increased. but you also have to look at the ratio between brain and body mass. a house mouse, for example, has about 71000000 urines and a very small brain. a cat has 10 as many euro's, but it's also much larger. a peg is smarter than you think that has

2200000000 neurons in its brain. and a raven has about the same number, but in a much smaller brain with very little body mass. a chimpanzee has 28000000000 neurons. and an adult human has approximately 86000000000. and elephant has about 3 times as many, but its brain is also 3 times as heavy blue. which factors influence brain size and intelligence in mammals? oh, that's what evolutionary biologists sandra head starts is researching at the university of zurich. she works with the skulls of various species to measure their brain volumes, she fills the skulls, would lead pellets

a time honored method. it should 7 a mac. now this is a mac skull. let's say we can fit almost a 100 milliliters in there that as a 100 e thick field may. that's a lot more than all ma'am. and so why did he go form them with the ground hog warm as the edible gather more 15000000. if the cut, the skull only fits 15 milliliters, so the brain is 8 times smaller than this done, i have to enter that into the database. the researchers have compiled a database of $1200.00 brains from a wide range of mammalian species. xander hedge dad and a college have measured the majority of them. for months they went from museum to museum in the usa, filling a wide variety of schools with their pellets. as

a matter of her thing that fascinated me, the most was the whale skull. we measured in a boat, it was a sperm whale thing that adequate, and we really pulled the pellets into it with a 10 liter bucket hogan and only got it half full of men. if we didn't have enough pilots to fill the whole brain with the be cut from that was fascinating. of beth ish, a fascinating thing with it. i'll be got asked the spam well skeleton was really huge. and the oxy show me the skull was bigger than we are. he them shaddon will growth and we filled it with our little pellets. they're not there who galena, enact, feel, attend, their headstart wants to find out the circumstances under which a brain can grow. in terms of evolution, it's clear that brains need a lot of energy to grow. a brain must literally be fed constantly. the evolutionary biologist is looking in reference books for possible factors that

could influence the brain size of a species and correlates them. for example, what do they eat? how do they live? but also social factors such as group behavior and how they raised their young for example, animals that hibernate generally have smaller brains. and carnivores generally have larger brains than herbivores. it's been proven in many studies that brain science correlates directly to an animal's intelligence. like in this study, which compared 39 carnivorous mammals, it clearly showed that the size of the brain in proportion to body weight directly corresponds to the skill level of the animal. the type of food they get and how reliably they get it, when they're young is more important for brain growth than previously assumed. a st

. jayden to last minutes of an i as a form. what we found that's new is that the food supply has to be reliable that from which the crash the faith in, for example, siblings often bring fed to the bar, right. it's got it. but when they don't see any one waiting late at themselves on that up events, st. this near middle act or the feed vests, if it's different with the parents or does it make them, in fact, that if the environmental conditions a bad than the father brings the young even more fade. and even though he's going hungry himself only if what, so they all get a bully, a felon hung a hasty the combination of st. high calorie food with slow development and social learning ensures intelligent animals with large brains. if i what, what is read, why i do you have a science question, send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. i come on. just ask you

can find us and other science related stories on the web and on twitter. got sick from tomorrow to day d. w. science program. join us next week. until then stay curious. with

ah, ah, ah, analysis of excellence. ah, yeah. how screeched on. it's been hopkins, is it for months he is one of the most important, most influential and most expensive contemporary office. 1x2w4w,

500000. 13000000 of poachers of the artist arts on building my life. in 90 minutes on d. w. i. d level on to got a mobile number lost over to honolulu. okay. then give it away. it is somebody's currently more people than in worldwide in such a better life. but i think this is in progress. that's a lot of money. that's for millennium angiogram. a random acid. there was a letter i find out about bailey's story in for migraines, reliable news for migrant. wherever they may be. oh, time. ah, for a brain update. it's magic,

it kind of magic a because this orchestra called the brain continuously adapted itself. and so we ask a few astute questions. we smarter swarms for us, so wouldn't causes monster waves. hope powerful are your thoughts. however, we can control i thought, which makes us very power in we have to learn a lot and we do that through play. questions about the life of the universe and the with kind of like a superpower, that we're serious a 40 to the answers almost every thing this week on d. w with

this is the w news coming to live from berlin. washer st. silence is one of its strongest critics. a journalist and top opposition activist receives a hefty jail term after he's convicted of treason for publicly denouncing moscow's war in the crate. this is not a life sams, this is a death sentence. they will, they will basically kill.