today, it's 10 times more holocaust survivors in postwar, germany for them life after 1945 through today has meant starting a new and processing the past. it's been a common notion and the post more period until and part to day. nancy's are always those other people under the ongoing struggle for remembrance and against denial in the land of the perpetrators starts may 6th on d, w. ah, oh, it's a life on other planets. maybe even somewhere in our own solar system. and if so, how do we get there? we have never had more space missions that we do right now. what are they all about? we'll give you an overview. welcome to tomorrow, today's d. w. science magazine. ah,

ah, what he did you space trade with launched successfully mid april after one day delay a good never before has the european space agency sent a probe on such a long journey. it will travel around 6000000000 kilometer heads. it's mission to find out where the life is possible on to get his means. mm mm. the ice he moons of jupiter, strong candidates for extra terrestrial life. what are they hiding beneath their surfaces? could life really exist there?

in the jew space, probe needs to gain momentum with several fly buys. before getting on course after 8, use an orbit it should reach its destination, the largest planet in the solar system. jupiter planetary researchers are interested in 3 of jupiter's moons, icy worlds, where there could have also developed life at some point. wanted lee finds in life out there in georgia and system is even more exciting than find in life. let's say a marse nichols marson earth could have had exchange of bacteria was the meteorites. so if we would find life there, we know it's developed separately from the on earth and that's very exciting. the italian astronomer, galileo galilee,

was the 1st person to observe jupiter's large icy moons, but only as tiny dots. back in 1610 the spacecraft images now give us a much better view. the moons are close together but have very different surfaces. in the 1990s, the galileo research probe made spectacular discoveries. indications that salt water lies hidden beneath the surface of jupiter's moods and on europa, maybe even a subterranean ocean. it could even have twice as much water as herbs ocean's water in its liquid state is considered to be the most important prerequisite for the development of life. but how can liquid water exist in a world that as minus 160 degrees celsius jupiter's gravity makes it possible?

it pulls on the moon to varying degrees as they orbit. and this creates title forces which distort the form of the moons. the resulting friction heats the icy world's interiors. like if you really do your walk on the like rubber band or something, it's also becomes warmer. that's the tension that it stresses inside the body of that great peak. so the same thing actually, but in larger scale, much lighter scale happens on those i satellites. so does that mean calisto, the outermost moon and ganymede, the largest of the 3 moons could also have subterranean oceans. the juice spacecraft will use several special instruments to investigate that. one of them is called a laser altimeter license, developed by an international team of researchers. it's used to bombard ganymede with laser pulses to determine how much the moon is being distorted with all the resulting data should reveal whether an ocean is actually hiding beneath ganymede

surface. then these are what's young if the ocean is what we imagine it to be based on the model calculations and the current data after than beneath the ice, there's an ocean, several 100 kilometers deep. and that would actually be more water than all of the oceans on earth combined. i'm going to find out juice will need to enter orbit around ganymede, becoming the 1st spacecraft to orbit another planets, moon it's instruments can study the composition of the distant world. how thick is the ice he crossed, and how deep does the liquid water run? what other substances does it contain? if any, does it touch bedrock at the bottom? we are familiar with the conditions that facilitate life on earth. all the plants and animals that populate our planet have evolved over billions of years. a diversity that originates from the sea,

where single celled creatures 1st developed they formed in the hot springs on the ocean's floor, which provided important nutrients to my groves. of the 3 moves europa is considered to be the most potentially friendly to life because it orbits closer to jupiter than the other 2. that means it's heated, more by title forces. there could be hot springs on its c bed juice will look for any indications of such springs. the hubble space telescope as detected water plumes erupting on jupiter's moon europa. are they caused by water shooting up through cracks in the eyes, just like geysers do here on earth? if it's straw that europa would have the jets, we won't have the direct measurement of the water that comes from the surface.

or maybe from the pockets in the ice, we are, that's still to figure out. so from that point of view, i'm very interested in europe on this camera will play an important role in this research. tests are being conducted on its electronics here. that camera is expected to record the moon's light. in 13 different spectral ranges, condo high, the resulting data should show us what these i see. worlds are made of, and what processes have shaped them. another aim is to map the entire surface of ganymede in high resolution and take very detailed pictures of selected regions. for example, images of places in the eyes that are so warm that it's melting and which could provide landing sites for future missions, looking for

a live warm spots like this have already been discovered on europa jews plans to study the i. c moon's in jupiter, for 4 years. the earth was able to develop thanks to jupiter's gravity, which is why it's become a test model for the search for habitable worlds orbiting around other sons. if we really can find that at this, i satellites a habitable that increases our probability to find life also in distance stars somewhere else that will be assist them, which is similar to the jupiter, assist them. and if life possible, he'll actually possible law to thousands of planets have already been discovered in the depths of space. many of these distant unreachable worlds are made up of gas just like jupiter. perhaps the juice mission may even be able to expand our knowledge of the environments of other stars.

ah, and now to the s me a few weeks ago nasa introduced a fest. ready me crazy. in 50 years. it includes a canadian, as well as the 1st african american, and the 1st woman assign. hello miss. ah vance said to do a luna fly by late next year. nasa already sent a spacecraft to the moon last year containing blasting mannequins equipped with radiation. measuring devices splashed out in december. the o'ryan capsule successfully landed in the pacific ocean. there's precious cargo and board plastic dolls equipped with instruments to measure radiation. they had been flying across space and around the moon on a ryan for $25.00 days. now the dolls are back at the german aerospace center or d,

a law in cologne with radiation physicist thomas bagger the deal or is heading up this international research project. he's a corporate business, he'll be up for a co op for this. i know that this is a very valuable head. it belongs to. one of the 2 phantoms are the head is filled with radiation, measuring devices and detectors for fixing, rather than guns. they're in all of the dolls, and it is of course, nice for every researcher that the data analysis can begin. once the experiment has been conducted, we are talking the to stand and torsos, which the researchers have named helga and so are, are made from individual plastic discs of various densities meant to replicate human. oregon's are so called active radiation detectors are built into the desks, along with thousands of tiny crystals that take passive measurements, prince iep, basically they store the ionizing radiation that hits the crystal in the crystal

lattice of anger. and when the crystal is then heated for re evaluation things, it emits stored energy in the form of light. alls did as if this light can be measured. and the light that was emitted by the crystal is proportional to the radiation dose that is crystal absorbed over the period of the experimenters. so the long ups are theater from front isn't 5 of these assets were built into the phantoms. you are the right lung, left lung, stomach, uterus, and spinal cord, respectively. because these are the most radiation sensitive organs in the human body, lynch recon careful to 3. that's why we can theoretically now say how high the radiation dose was in the lungs. on the 5th day of the flight to the moon, for example, from the park that for was to mall to word from the resulting measurements are important because astronauts will travel into space again as early as 2024 for the r m as to flight and need to be protected accordingly and left off of autumn is

what we rise to go after the mission. another task is waiting. the o'ryan spacecraft covered 2000000 flight kilometers on the artemus one. and now the scientists involved are analyzing the data. so far everything seems to be working in principle, including the interaction between the rocket and the spacecraft. you know, we pushed the vehicle further than we probably were with the crew on board. but through that we learned a lot. we learned that the vehicle was more robust, they went out and many area boats and divers. here's how nasa responded to the mission. immediately after landing artemus one passed the crash test, despite being under immense stress. lang, a guess logan, it flew longer faster with greater radiation exposure among many other things feeling so really the goal was to stress test the system to make sure that artemus 2 will really work because there will be people sitting in it. don't mention that offset. some of the time and what air bus in bremond is also reporting positive

results. here an important key part of the orion spacecraft is being assembled in lee's clean rooms. the spacecraft consists of several parts. the capsule where the mannequin sat in artemus one and astronauts wilson artemus to, along with a propulsion module which supplies the astronauts with electricity, air, and water during the flight to hum. we actually used the 1st mission to put the module through rigorous testing. and we learned that it generated 15 percent more power because it just has very good solar panels here. but as we also found that the propulsion system is very efficient overall, we used nearly 2 tons of fuel, which is roughly 20 percent less venial for paul. he could be one of the astronauts on the next are to miss mission e essay. astronaut alexander guest is here in the air bus clean room that threw him a toilet. a thoughtful of course, it's always great. as an astronaut,

he had to stand in front of the hardware. you could, it's inspiring to think that this vehicle will carry people to the moon and that a european astronaut may be one of them. that's a great vision for the forced along. but there is one thing giving nasa a headache during the return flight to earth. the capsule was damaged even though it plunged back to earth at the speed of 40000 kilometers per hour as planned. it was subjected to extreme heat as it re entered the earth's atmosphere. i knew they could also, one of the big lessons was that the capitals here protection got damaged when it re entered the atmosphere in the atmosphere. thus, as thought with the height is so intense that it causes parts of it to come off. but it was more than we had hope torn up comment. the question is why and how was that distributed? the for august, lot on on the board is for power. we have sensors on the inside that actually indicated where the heat distribution and where the erosion is. and we need to understand why that's different areas, the honest along with miss and 50 and but on. that's one of the things we're

working on right now. thing. i'm only gonna bite that moment back in cologne. scientists are opening a box that contains a radiation vest worn by one of the 2 mannequins on the flight to complete it as of as to the basic idea of this vesting is that when the astronauts fly in space on an orion mission or other future exploration mission songs from this vest should provide an additional level of protection against radiation, especially during a solar flare other than which happens when the sun is very active. this is astro rad vesting was developed to provide protection against that extra dose of radiation room. in 2025. artemus 3 could then land humans on the moon for the 1st time since 1972. the insights provided by artemus one are paving the way for exactly that.

no sir. the u. s. space agency is re out facing of astronauts will. few to me landing these states are very different from the bulky uniforms of yesteryear. astronauts will now be able to vend or squat more easily so that they can pick up samples from the nunez surface. the new states which include a helmet visor booths and the kind of backpack we developed over a 10 year period and are designed to provide basic protection against the extreme conditions of space. i would only known it's been 50 years since human beings walked on the moon. the astronauts danced for joy on the moon's surface. wearing nasa's legendary apollo space suits or nasa unveiled the next generation of space suits in houston, texas in march. astronauts will be wearing them on their next journey to the moon

and b r i. morning. we're developing a space suit for a new generation, the artemus generation, the generation that's going to take us back to the moon and on to mars. i'm a, let him do some squab, the new space suits, are much more flexible and comfortable than their predecessors ability, but production delays and exorbitant cost have me designing them a challenge as nasa is prepared to spend up to $3500000000.00 on the new suits because they will need to meet extraordinary requirements. so yeah, that's a great, great demonstration ever. my moving december 20th 1999 nasa's space shuttle discovery blasts offer outer space swiss astronaut club nichol ye is on board. and he's very familiar with the pitfalls of the old space suits. position visibility is very limited. you can only see straight ahead.

you can't see anything below you. above you are on either side. the gloves are pressurized and relatively stiff. nickel ye was the 1st european astronaut to walk in space, his assignment repairing the hubble space telescope. he worked for 8 hours on the task, protected only by his space suit. while doing so, he experienced a potentially dangerous situation, which he described later on german television. oh i, one time i had a problem with the pressurized suit, i got an indicator went off that carbon dioxide levels inside the suit were way too high. i know that can be very dangerous without going to buy it, but it was just the malfunction. but i was worried that i would have to abandon the

repairs on a slightly modified version of the space suit that cloud nichol ye war 20 years ago is, is to day one german astronaut. 2 must i to has also seen the earth from outer space. he believes the suit has to be one thing above all else. reliable. that's the reason they cost so much debbie. an open house, let them get tested until the suits are put through rigorous testing. the live support systems that are basically carried on your back have been extremely miniaturized, and they have to be very reliable and easy to maintain electric items in mrs vas line. all those factors lead to the high price tag. you're not even got to dusty and be global toyota. new space suit will make it steep you in 2025 worn by the 1st female astronaut to set foot on the moon. it's very likely

that she too will dance for joy in her new and improved suit. or if i'm a little read, why i believe you do you have a science question? i will send it to us in a video text, a voice message. if we answer it on the, i will send you a little surprise as our way of thanking you. you can find us on the web. cam on just does. this week's question comes from a mere hallett from bosnia herzegovina, b, y is the earth's x. so sphere, so much hotter than the space surrounding it. the earth's atmosphere consists of several layers with different temperatures. whether phenomena occur in the lowest part, the troposphere, the higher the altitude, the lower the temperature drops,

which can reach minus 50 degrees celsius. the stratosphere above that is where the sun's uv rays are absorbed. that's why the temperature in this layer rises up to 0 degrees celsius. the mezzo sphere stops cosmic dust particles in their tracks. it's outer limits is where earth's coldest naturally occurring temperatures are to be found at minus 80 degrees celsius. whereas in the thermos sphere where the international space station is located, temperatures reach up to 1500 degrees above that is the x. so sphere, the nearest layer to outer space temperatures there can reach a 1000 degrees celsius. in 1972 are american apollo astronauts on the moon photograph the earth's atmosphere in ultra violet light.

the ex so sphere can be plainly seen in the pictures as a glowing veil. 50 years later the so how space pro, which is actually exploring the sun, was able to prove that our earth's outermost atmospheric layer reaches much further into space than previously thought. it extends out into space 50 times, the length of the earth's diameter even reaching far beyond the moon. but how can the temperature of the excess fear be a 1000 degrees when the temperature of the space right next to it is a chilly minus 270 it can do so because the temperature corresponds to the speed of the particles within it. the slower they were all around, the colder it is. when the particles move faster, the temperature rises. the excess fear is made mostly from hydrogen,

the lightest of all particles. whereas the lower layers of the atmosphere contained all the heavy atoms and molecules. they move much more slowly than the tiny hydrogen particles of the excess fear. they zip around so quickly that they even escape earth's gravity. but a normal thermometer would not be able to measure the excess fierce 1000 degrees. the gas density is much too low to allow a measurable heat transmission. on the moon, there is just one hydrogen atom per 5 cubic centimeters of space, which has virtually nothing for several months now. we've had a better deal of everything that's beyond our f asada system and even beyond our galaxy. oh frank's to the. ready change when

it started, it's jenny and december 2021 and it's doing its job. perfectly nice is james web space telescope has opened the door to a new understanding of space. it's instruments, capture infrared raise, resulting in these fantastic images. this one shows the so called cosmic cliffs of the corina, nebula algebra and glasser is one of the many scientists who help to design and build the telescope. he says the results have exceeded all expectations. the quality of the data is really stunning quickly. what we're seeing is really spectacular in, on the one hand we have beautiful images, but we also have scientific data, which is really valuable to us. a photo of the planet jupiter in a whole new light with visible auroras at its north and south poles. the so called pillars of creation, or a region in space where stars are born,

the red spots are stars at the beginning of their lives. james web shows us galaxies in distance is never observed before. well, over 13000000000 light years away as well. so like, so this is as far as we've ever gotten you 10400000000 years after the big bang, that's our records. we used to think that we couldn't look back that far of having this evidence now is already a big breakthrough. say thoughtful. it took 6 months to commission this extremely complex telescope. it seems a miracle that everything managed to work out. oddly on browser was at the control center in the usa at the time. this vall, that was fantastic to witnessing mine because everything really went very smoothly, leaf, actually better than expected. and of course, when you see the 1st data, you can already see galaxies everywhere. you know, even though it's only just getting started, you cannot, we've already developed a sense of what still to columns of columbia one year after launching. it's already

clear, the james web telescope will revolutionize our understanding of space. that's it for this edition of tamara today. glad he could join us and had to see you again next week till then state curious. i bank with ah, ah ah ah ah

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