again, with the double use, we are all set and we're watching closely. we all seem to bring use a story behind the news. we rolled about unbiased information. all 3 months. done the what if we could bring last species back to life? we'll look at what science can and should do when it comes to the extinction plus will take you to a lab high up. and this was else where researches are focusing then basis lightning bolts. louisa gym and physicist who researches the dynamics of drugs and that's and more coming up on tomorrow today. the

frankenstein's monster is the measure to for everything that can go wrong. when science fits out to us, especially engineering life tops only perhaps by the cannot dinosaurs from jurassic tongue. but that movie did raise the question, would it be possible to bring extinct species back to life? like the doctor, for instance. what do these animals have in common? they were wiped out by us now and ongoing trials were seeking to revive at least some of them can we do with the principal challenges. what is the definition of success? how you know, how like the extinct animal will you actually end up with and will that do what you want it to do? the other parts of the ecosystems of the, to be which in place to be able to work on this new development. this new

technology is gonna advance, i'm skeptical that anyone will be able to be extinct any animals, dodo, or passenger pigeon, or minus. dad is a dodo means gone forever. it can't be brought back, but we might have to stop using the catchphrase in the future. native only 2 more vicious daughters were flightless but fearless. birds well adapted to life on an island in the midst of the indian ocean. but after europe and ships arrived in the 16th century, bringing a range of predators. though fearlessness led them to being hunted and slaughtered wholesale within 70 years, they were all gone, seemingly forever. now scientists want to explain to them it seems from the technological perspective to be a really fun type of project to work on. right. it's very ambitious project, but i think i'm also very skeptical that this sort of thing will ever work. i think

there's a chance that they will be able to make something that looks somewhat similar to a dodo but, but i'm not sure that i would say that they have the extended. but that's exactly what scientists from a company called colossal bio sciences. wanted to bring the dodo back along with 2 other species, the willie mamma, and the site let's say or tasmanian tiger. but the technical challenges in the field remain in mens. one of the major technical challenges to be solved is actually working out how many different mutations in an organization may depend on each other. so you may want to change one gene, one, it will mutation to give one phenotype, and it may work straight away. but alternatively, there may be a load of other unseen things you have to change. and conversely, i think a big challenge is just going to be that there are many places in the genome that you're not able to resolve. if you're not able to figure out what the dodo genome looked like in that position and for dix sion, i think this is

a big problem because we simply don't know what most of the genome does. even in modern humans, even in ourselves, species, both living and extinct are defined by their geno spirit, genetic code written in dna. it determines everything from how on organism develops to how it looks to its behaviors. so one way to go about refining an extinct animal species would be to take dna from a preserve specimen inserted into an egg cell from a related species, and then implants that egg in a surrogate. but that method known as clone, it will work for the extinction. unfortunately, there are 2 reasons why we con, you stand explaining. firstly, clothing between species is not as easy as it sounds. and of course there's no living data is to put a baby data into. but secondly, actually in order to plan to space these, you need to have viable cells that are still living. we just simply don't have that kind of material from most of the other extinct spaces. so it's on this tasa living

cells degrade after gas and their dna begins to disintegrate, falling apart into smaller segments, extinct genomes have to be pieced back together based on what's left and preserved remains. but when scientists try to put together this puzzle, there will always be some blanks they can never fail. the, the extinction company is therefore taking a different approach, starting instead with fully intact dna from extinct species closest living relatives. the genome from the asian elephant is over 99 percent identical to the mammoth and you know, so the scientists are editing the dna and an elephant. so adding individual, mammoth janes, they hope the resulting embryos will then develop into baby ellison's that also have ma'am, it's rates like smaller years or a bully code. but it's not really a man's. and i think it would be very challenging to introduce enough

edits to really fully sort of encapsulate all the changes that would have to be made. so the final product will be some kind of fly, a bridge between the living form and the extent form. so current de extinction programs aren't really about bringing back a original species exactly as they walked the irs. but instead using gene editing technology to create a kind of fact. similarly based on modern species. if your definition of a successful man, this is something that is exactly like the amount as was when it went extinct. you probably never going to get that. if your definition of success is an elephant, that is maybe got hair on it and can live in the cold, that might be much easier to achieve. and there's another issue, even if the scientist succeed, where will the fact similarly, species go?

the eco system on nourishes, for instance, has changed dramatically into 350 odd years since the dodo died out. could functional versions of them to be released into the wild there, or would they have to remain protected in zoos? we need to actually do some more work to make sure that they've got a happy thought they need some funding to come in do for these habitat restoration and for the latest technologies to come in. and i would say we are not ready to do it tomorrow. but we may be ready to do it in the next 5. 10 will 15. yes. so a lot of scientific hurdles remained to be cleared before gene edited animals that at least look something like go to us or bully mammoths or it has meaning. and tigers. see the light of day, but perhaps the biggest question remains, assuming we could do it, should we, the you can't see them,

nor can you smell or taste them. but there are enough food, i will say, and even i've loved. since there's a chemical compounds cold pieces or her poly flora alcove substances peters were created in and out around 70 years ago. and that's been used in industry and consumer products ever since. the strong chemical bones can only be broken at temperatures of around $400.00 degrees celsius, or when subjected to extreme pressure to problems, many pieces of toxic, even costs in a genic, and their every way regularly bound gotten a has a deep connection to switzerland, a condo showed us a lake. his grandfather fished here and can i go he is a board member of the local fishing club that's being taken care of the lake for half a century. but fishing in the lake was band last year. the one was they always felt the water quality in our lake was good. we did. there are lots of crabs and it is.

that's why we were shocked to learn about the contamination. what should we do with all the frozen fish we have, you know, deep freezers at home, on the 3rd quarter, that, that also the lake is located 1.3 kilometers from us to not oil refinery, as the fire department bed change the decades on a weekly basis using a fire fighting so heavy in, putnam police larue, l co chemicals known as pieces the chemicals 1st ended up in the soil and then in the ground water is officials and valet switzerland's. 3rd largest captain has been analyzing samples to find out where the ground water is transporting the pieces. although there are no legally mandated pieces limits the body's force of food on the soil. local authorities took action. so santa, from what we were able to determine that fleming and pieces contaminated low to terry's new risk up to 40 hours a year that swimming in it more than that is risky. so we also analyze the fish and

those ponds and discovered that the fish contained high amounts of patients. as a result, we have to introduce a fishing band and the band on fish consumption. so we'll see what happens. also, some polls show that pieces can be found in both around the world, including the lakes of this with out. the soil is also have any contaminated with it. industries have been using pieces extensively since the 1970s. because the chemicals also have useful qualities. they repel water and fat, high temperatures and aggressive chemicals, them to set them because the group of pieces includes thousands of different substances. but according to environmental chemist, mountain shifting a visa, highly problematic the substances and people are durable and there's no natural process that destroys them. and the other harmful materials can be easily

broken down by my groups. but micro biological processes don't work on p 1st and nothing seems to destroy the substances and if they stay in the environment and when more of them are released, the concentration of them increases to the pieces are widely used in file sizing phones and like true placing metals and some manufacturing electronic devices in everyday life, pieces can be found in most approved clothes, nonstick, coatings, cosmetics and medical equipment. but it's common knowledge that set and pieces a toxic for humans. initiating to eva, can they deliver the kidneys and can cause cancer in the long term? and then they can have a negative impact on the thyroid that can lead to underway. children and enough, they are bad for the metabolism and calorie consumption of nama. they also cause adverse hormonal effect and interfere with the undercurrent system they reduce

sperm counts, and can even lower immune responses. and a, lindsey couldn't lc mean on the lot for me. and then we showed the pieces levels in switzerland to talk psychologist loza. i saw what the impact of the amount of pieces in the roles you're in, soil have on humans when it's above and there's no acute danger because the substances are not toxic enough for the access. and the question is, what happens to us when we consume these substances over a longer period of time, and they accumulate the body of difficult est office himself. and that means that even small amounts of pieces can cause problems and humans. they end up in the environment and then they enter into our food and drinking water. that can happen when fish live in contaminated waters or animals grades on contaminated land. purifying soil that's contaminated with pieces is expensive. high concentrations of

pieces was found on these grounds with fireplaces and military units practiced for deployments. the land is being treated before construction begins here. around $40000.00 tons of material have to be removed and treated. this material is heated to temperatures of more than $1000.00 degrees celsius and special hazardous waste incinerator is located in germany and austria to destroy the pieces european countries and tend to regulate pieces. denmark vend, it's use in food packaging in 2020. beyond that, denmark, germany, the netherlands, norway, and sweden ottomans, in a far reaching e u wide band of the substances which could go into effect as early as 2025 in valley. the fishing band had to be extended to several other routes of bodies. pieces contamination remains a major challenge in the region. the warnings

against eating fresh water fish had been increasing worldwide for months. in this study published in january researches were able to prove how pieces are transferred from fish to human. as of yet, there are no comfortable studies on fish from the oceans. that brings us to this weeks just us, remain at ronco from korean. has a question about the fish how to fish sleep, of course, quite differently than how animals on dry land get their wrist to ship. no, i live, and so they can't close their eyes like this puffer fish. you can jo when fisher sleeping because their behavior changes. sleeping, fish are less active, their metabolism slows down and so does their breathing. they also react less to stimuli like these reef sharks. some types of fish, just news,

wherever they can. others hide between rocks or buried themselves in the sand. some fish continue to swim while they're sleeping, like 2 nose and some sharks. it's the only way they can keep their gills supplied with enough oxygen. scientist suspect that only one half of their brains goes to sleep while the other stays awake. that's true and dolphins some fish sleeping shows, researchers believe that some of the fish stay awake in order to warn others of danger. there are also very special sleeping habits. howard fish, for example, build a type of sleeping bag out of you guess it sounds disgusting, but it protects them from being significant. are quite predators like more a use and in the mediterranean,

there are blemishes that move on to the land at night to avoid being eaten by predators. most fisher dire o and rest at night. however, there are also nocturnal species that go hunting at night and sleep during the day . the silver fish also sleep because they need to rest in new generation. like this moon fish, the but unlike us fish never fell into a deep sleep in which they are no longer aware of their surroundings. the threat of being eaten by predators is too great. and so most fish only relax for a few minutes at a time. the what is read, why do you have a science related question then send it in

a video text or voice message. if we also your question and i'll show, we'll send you a little surprised as a thank you. so come on, just dos oceans are always in motion. in fact, all the last one is on the move all the time. huge amounts of constantly shifting from the sea to the a, to the land. and then a tunnel cycle in which not a single truck as long. but how exactly do those little droplets form? and how do they behave when they bust? there's a whole field of research devoted to answering those questions. when drops of water full from the sky? we call it rain. the process may seem simple, but these drops. it's a full of scientific feet curts, especially when they land on surfaces. as

a physicist is conducted extensive research on drug plan, a topic she's very passionate about. to find the need to go to much of the field and drums that research by accident, i didn't even know what draw it dynamics, even though i put off to work on it for 2 or 3 months, i was so excited that i said to myself, yes, this is my field, i team all together with her team and a get hundreds such as what makes droplets unique in this field of physics. when droplets lend on how to fluids smooths or rough surfaces, processes of such a motion that we still don't know much about. and when the droplets dissipates into even smaller ones, that's another process altogether. that makes droplet research particularly exciting says gap hot talks and i'm going to, i'm sure i'm so used in all aspects of everyday life. there were very different factors to consider including that evaporation and that impact when they landed on

things. that's not just one area of focus, but rather many questions to be on the side so that many processes can be improved for 2nd. questions like those can only be onset in a lab. that's why and a get put gets up early to conduct some numerous experiments on 0 plus for this experiment, the research team is releasing water droplets, $1.00 to $3.00 millimeters in size, from a height to 50 centimeters onto a hot surface. yeah. special cameras that take mold and $20000.00 images per 2nd, recorded everything from multiple perspectives. the images result in short video sequences. when played in slow motion, they not only show how the droplets are formed, but also how they behave when they fall into

a mesh struction us like this one here. many ships metallic sticking up think subbing the jump fits with the right tools helps me visualize the steps of these processes. i can see things i've seen before. like how dropped the phone line as of how they started me from smaller droplets and how they break apart. and as a well effect, because we're able to understand the physics behind the processes. throughout the experiment, the team repeatedly alters the size of the droplets and the height from which that dropped along side water droplets. they also experiment with other fluids like silicon oil o s and all that. and again, but it's very important that drop that were such can be applied in every day life to the new website and flush them the basic research. for instance, we'd observe the droplets when they land and then measure how far the drug had spread out from the point of impact. if we could predict that,

we could make painting more efficient skiing. if the jump that houston painting or some size, then we'd know exactly how much paint was needed to cover a particular surface. that information would not any help make painting more efficient. they could also help optimize fuel injection in combustion engines or a to minimize pesticide applications in agriculture. drugs that research couldn't even help predict impending catastrophes like lambs, flights, and money. it's and it was one thing thought taken. rosen as an example. observing droplet impacts helps to determine the surrounding soils made, and then we can use the model from individual droplets and simulate that on a launch. a scale was that way, whether i had a 100 drops, $1000.00, i'd be able to say that theorists include this amount to swell, which means i could then use that to predict erosion processes jump that were such as an enormous field. because there are more drop flips than just those that full

from above. that's why that's a droplet canon in the lab. it allows the research team to produce drills the full at an angle. the alteration causes completely different physical reactions when the droplets full at an angle, a symmetrical structure is a created and the secondary droplets that special way also behave differently. and i guess hard ones to investigate this variable, fluid dynamics of a little better to pull. she recognizes that people who want physicists often puzzled by her research of mind. spanish for me, i know, but it's when i tell people about my work, most of them have no idea of what i'm talking about and grammy. but when i explained for them that, that confronted with droplets all day long from the time they wake up and turn on the shower. so when they brush the teeth at night, then it's easier for them to understand how they do this myself and done kinds of

damage. even for people who just want to spray the prompts in that office with water to keep them from drying out. there's a lot of physics that play. perhaps more people should be aware of the role the droplets play and that thing the lines the if you struck by lightning, your chances of survival of slim directed can send up to 100000000 volts of electricity through the human body. that can result in instant death by cardiac arrest. it you had thousands of people around the world die from being hit by lightning, and strikes also cause billions of yours and property damage. for no n. e, you funded project aims to safety, catch, and stand lightning bolts with the help of laser switzerland's mount saint. each is struck by lightning around $400.00 times a year, making it the perfect place for studying lightning phenomena. scientists found hod

rashid and tomatoes. rubinstein started to set up their lightning lab some 10 years ago. the team wants to study in detail. health, thunderclouds discharge and lightning occurs. how enlightening discharge is initiated inside a thunder cloud is not squared. and one of the basic research is to try to understand what is happening initiation of the light. and another question is how to offer better protection than with lightning rods. only of the team is installed a laser device to deflect lightning in a targeted way. claimant's hair color, a german laser physicist has developed the laser cannon. it's both highly sensitive and powerful. it's job to pierce holes and clouds and triggers lightning strikes.

initial tests have proved successful. today's a, it's a whole set laser that emits many light flashes. a 1000 flashes per 2nd. yeah, really short, but the peak power is very high. so the energy creates a plasma channel in the air that can be several 100 meters long. it's conductive thing, so it can carry the electrical charge from the lightning to the ground. toyota, that means lightning can be channeled before it finds its own path. to a tranquil trigger, the lightning using a laser set that would be the one of the ideas. if you could the produce the lightning, then the lightning would not strike people or infrastructure buddy. we'd be guided in a few years, moved by a lasers could replace lightning rods in places where a lightning strike would be especially devastating the that's all for this edition of tomorrow. today

d. w signs and join us again next week for more exciting stories from the vote of science. until then by the, the, the

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