aaron's island, the to a laying the ground looks the high level consultations between the 2 countries, the leaders next month. and we will take you to listen in life to the press conferences as soon as it starts. but for now, thanks so much for watching the what if we could bring low speeds these back to life? we'll look at what science can and should do when it comes to the extinction. plus will take you to a lab high up in the swiss alps where researches of focusing then bases lightning bolts will meet the gym and physicists to researches the dynamics of drugs and

that's and more coming up on tomorrow. today, the frankenstein's monster is the measure to, for everything that can go wrong when science fits out to us, especially engineering life tops only perhaps by the kinda dinosaurs, frontier, rustic tongue. but that movie did raise the question, would it be possible to bring extinct species back to life like the doctor frame? what do these animals have in common? they were wiped out by us. now in ongoing trials, we're seeking to revive at least some of them. can we do it for still challenges?

what is the definition of success? how you know, how, like the extinct animal, what do you actually end up with? and will that do what you want to do the other parts of the ecosystems of the to be which in place to be able to welcome this, this new development, this new technologies go to advance. i'm skeptical that anyone will be able to be extinct any animals, dodo, or passenger pigeon, or minus. dad is a dodo means gone forever. it can't be brought back. but we might have to start using the catch phrase in the future. native only 2 more vicious daughters were flightless but fearless. birds well adapted to life on an island in the midst of the indian ocean. but after europe and ships arrived in the 16th century, bringing a range of predators. though fearlessness led them to being hunted and slaughtered wholesale within 70 years, they were all gone, seemingly forever. now scientists want to explain to them it seems from the

technological perspective to be a really fun type of projects to work on. right. it's very ambitious project, but i think i'm also very skeptical that this sort of thing will ever work. i think there's a chance that they will be able to make something that looks somewhat similar to a dodo but, but i'm not sure that i would say that they have the extended data. that's exactly what scientists from a company called colossal bio sciences. wanted to bring the dodo back along with 2 other species, the willie mamma, and the side let's say, or tasmanian tiger. but the technical challenges in the field remain in mens. one of the major technical challenges to be solved is actually working out how many different mutations in an organism may depend on each other. so you may want to change one gene, one level mutation to give one phenotype, and it may works right away. but alternatively, there may be

a load of other unseen things you have to change. and conversely, i think a big challenge is just going to be that there are many places in the genome that you're not able to resolve. if you're not able to figure out what the dodo genome looked like in that position and for did extinction, i think this is a big problem because we simply don't know what most of the genome does. even in modern humans, even in ourselves, species, both living and extinct are defined by their genome stair genetic code written in dna that determines everything from how on organism develops to how it looks to its behaviors. so one way to go about refining an extinct animal species would be to take dna from a preserve specimen inserted into an egg cell from a related species. and then implants that egg in a surrogate. but that method known as clone, it would work for the extinction. unfortunately, there are 2 reasons why we con you started explaining. firstly,

clothing between species is not as easy as it sounds. and of course there's no living data is to put a baby data into. but secondly, actually in order to plan to space these, you need to have viable cells that are still living. we just simply don't have that kind of material for most of the other extinct spaces. so it's a non stats, a living cells degrade after gas and their dna begins to disintegrate, falling apart into smaller segments, extinct genomes has to be pieced back together based on what's left and preserved remains. but when scientists try to put together this puzzle, there will always be some blanks they can never fail. the extinction company is therefore taking a different approach, starting instead with fully intact dna from existing species closest living relatives. the genome from the asian elephant is over 99 percent identical to the mammoth gee, you know, so the scientists are editing the dna in an elephant cell that an individual,

mammoth genes. they hope the resulting embryos will then develop into baby ellison's that also have ma'am, it's rates like smaller years for a while. they coat. but it's not really a mamma's i think it would be very challenging to introduce enough edits to really fully sort of encapsulate all the changes that would have to be made. so the final product will be some kind of 5 bridge between the living form and the extent form. so current de extinction programs are really about bringing back a original species exactly as they walked to yours. but instead using gene editing technology to create a kind of fact similarly based on modern species, if your definition of a successful man, this is something that is exactly like the amount as was when it went extinct.

you're probably never going to get that. if your definition of success is an elephant, that is maybe got hair on it and can live in the cold, that might be much easier to achieve. and there's another issue, even if the scientist succeed, where will the fact similarly, species go? the eco system on nourishes, for instance, has changed dramatically in the 350 odd years since the dodo died out. could functional versions of them to be released into the wild there, or would they have to remain protected in zoos? we need to actually do some more work to make sure that they've got a happy thought they need some funding to come in do for these habitat restoration and full the latest technologies to come in. and i would say we are not ready to do it tomorrow. but we may be ready to do it in the next 5. 10 will 15. yes. so a lot of scientific hurdles remained to be cleared before gene edited animals that at least look something like go to us or bully mammoths or it has meaning. and

tigers. see the light of day, but perhaps the biggest question remains, assuming we could do it, should we see them know, can you smell or taste them? but they're enough food, i will say. and even i've loved, since there's a chemical compounds cold pieces or per poly flora, i'll kill substances. peters were created into that around 70 years ago, and have been used in industry and consumer products ever since. the strong chemical bones can only be broken at temperatures of around $400.00 degrees celsius for when subjected to extreme pressure to problems. many pieces of toxic, even cost and a genic. and they're every way a legally bound, gotten a has a deep connection to switzerland, a condo showed us a lake. his grandfather fished here and can i go, he is

a board member of the local fishing club that's being taken care of the lake for half a century. but fishing in the lake whose band last year slippery as long as they always thought the water quality in our lake was good wages. there are lots of crabs in it. that's why we were shocked to learn about the contamination. what should we do with all the frozen fish we have, you know, deep freezers at home was the whole quarter that, that also the lake is located 1.3 kilometers from us, the oil refinery, the fire department veterans for decades on a weekly basis, using a firefighting so heavy in pub in police, flew alco, chemicals known as pieces the chemicals 1st ended off in the soil, and then in the ground water for years, officials and valley switzerland's. 3rd largest captain has been analyzing samples to find out where the ground water is transporting the pieces. although there are no legally mandated pieces limits the body's force of food or the soil local stores

east took action. to sign the summit, we were able to determine that swimming and pieces contaminated low to terry's new risk up to 40 hours a year that swimming in it more than that is risky. so we also analyze the fish and those ponds and discovered that the fish contained high amounts of pieces. as a result, we had to introduce a fishing band and the band on fish consumption. so what's that? how was this on polls show that pieces can be found in both around the world, including the lakes of this with out. the soil is also have any contaminated with it. industries have been using pieces extensively since the 19 seventy's, because the chemicals also have useful policies. they repel water and fat, high temperatures and aggressive chemicals, them to set them. because the group of pieces includes thousands of different substances. but according to environmental chemist, mountain shifting a visa,

highly problematic the substances and p fast or durable. and there is no natural process that destroys them. and the other harmful materials can be easily broken down by microbes. but micro biological processes don't work on p 1st and nothing seems to destroy the substances and if they stay in the environment and when more of them are released, the concentration of them increases to pieces are widely used in fire fighting phones and like true. placing metals and for manufacturing electronic devices in everyday life pieces can be found in most approved clothes, nonstick, coatings, cosmetics and medical equipment. but it's common knowledge that set and pieces a talk psych for humans. starting to eva, can they deliver the kidneys and can cause cancer in the long term?

and then they can have a negative impact on the thyroid that can lead to underway. children with enough they're bad for the metabolism and calorie consumption phenomena. they also cause adverse hormonal effect and interfere with the endocrine system. they, we do a sperm count and can even lower immune responses and a, lindsey couldn't olsteen mean unblocked swimming and we showed the pieces levels in switzerland to talk psychologist loza i saw. what's the impact of the amount of pieces in the ocean soil have on humans the when the bulb, and there's no acute danger, because the substances are not toxic enough for the access. and the question is, what happens to us when we consume these substances over a longer period of time, and they accumulate in the body or difficult stoffers himself. and that means that even small amounts of pieces can cause problems and humans. they end up in the environment and then they enter into our food and drinking water. that can happen

when fish live in contaminated waters. all animals grades on contaminated land, purifying soil that's contaminated with pieces is expensive. high concentrations of pieces was found on these grounds with fireplaces and military units practiced for deployments. the land is being treated before construction begins here. around $40000.00 tons of material have to be removed and treated. this material is heated to temperatures of more than 1000 degrees celsius in special hazardous waste incinerator has located in germany and austria to destroy the pieces european countries in 10 to regulate pieces. denmark fund it's use in food packaging in 2020 . beyond that, denmark, germany, the netherlands, no way n sweden, ottoman doing a far reaching e u wide band of the substances which could go into effect as early as 2025 in

valley. the fishing band had to be extended to several other worlds of bodies. pieces contamination remains a major challenge in the region. a warnings against easing fresh water fish had been increasing worldwide for months. in his study, published in january researches were able to prove how pieces are transferred from face to human. as of yet, there are no comfortable studies on fish from the oceans. that brings us to this weeks just us, remain at ronco from korea, has a question about the fish how to fish sleep, of course, quite differently than how animals on dry land get their wrist to ship know islands . and so they can't close their eyes like this puffer fish. you can jo when fisher

sleeping because their behavior changes. sleeping, fish are less active, their metabolism slows down, and so does their breathing. they also react less to stimuli like these reef sharks . some types of fish, just news, wherever they can. others hide between rocks or buried themselves and listened. some fish continue to swim while they're sleeping, like 2 nose and some sharks. it's the only way they can keep their gills supplied with enough oxygen. scientist suspect that only one half of their brains goes to sleep, while the others stays awake. that's true and dolphins. some fish sleeping shows, researchers believe that some of the fish stay awake in order to warn others of danger. there are also very special sleeping habits.

powered fish, for example, build a type of sleeping bag artist mucus. it sounds disgusting, but it protects them from being slipped out by predators like more a use. and in the mediterranean, there are blemishes that move on to the land of night. to avoid being eaten by predators, most fisher dire, know, and rest at night. however, there are also nocturnal species that go hunting at night and sleep during the day the so fish also sleep, because they need to rest in mid generation. like this means that the but unlike us, they should never fall into a deep sleep in which they are no longer aware of their surroundings. the threat of being eaten by predators is too great. and so most fish only relax for

a few minutes at a time the what is read? why do you have a science related question? then send it in as a video, text or voice message. if we also your question and i'll show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. so come on, just dos oceans are always in motion. in fact, all the last one is on the move all the time. huge amounts are constantly shifting from the sea to the a, to the land, and then a tunnel cycle in which not a single truck as long. but how exactly do those little droplets form? and how do they behave when they bust? there's a whole field of research devoted to answering those questions. when

drops of water full from the sky, we call it rain. the process may seem simple, but these droplets, a full of scientific feet, curts, especially when they land on surfaces. as a physicist is conducted extensive research on drug plans, a topic she's very passionate about to find the need to go to the field in the drum reset by accident. i didn't even know what draw it dynamics, even though it's but off to work on it for 2 or 3 months, i was so excited that i said to myself, yes, this is my field. i team all together with her team and a gift hunter. such is what makes droplets unique in the field of physics. when droplets lend on how to fluids smooths or rough surfaces. processes of such a motion that we still don't know much about. and when the droplets dissipates into even smaller ones, that's another process altogether. that makes droplet research particularly

exciting says gap hot cox, and i'm going to, i'm there, i'd say, used in all aspects of everyday life. there were very different factors to consider including that evaporation and that impact when they landed on things. that's not just one area of focus, but rather many questions to be on the side so that many processes can be improved for set. then questions like those can only be onset in a lab. that's why and a get put gets up early to conduct some numerous experiments on this. for this experiment, the research team is releasing water droplets, one to 3 millimeters in size, from a height of 50 centimeters onto a hot surface. special cameras that take mold and $20000.00 images per 2nd recorded everything from multiple perspectives.

the images result in short video sequences when played in slow motion, they not only show how the droplets are formed, but also how they behave when they fall into a mesh struction, just like this one here. benefits madell this thing up serving the jump credits with the right tools helps me visualize the steps of these processes. i can see things i've seen before, like how dropped the phone line as of how they suddenly from smaller droplets and how they break apart. and as a well effect, because we're able to understand the physics behind the processes. throughout the experiment, the team repeatedly alters the size of the droplets and the height from which that dropped along side water droplets. they also experiment with other fluids, like silicon oil o. s and all that and again, but it's very important that drop that research can be applied in everyday life to

the next one line flush and the basic research, the instance we'd observe the droplets when they land and then measure how far the drug had spread out. from the point of impact, if we could predict that, we could make painting more efficient skiing. if the jump that's houston painting or some size, then we'd know exactly how much paint was needed to cover a particular surface. that information would not any help make painting more efficient. they could also help optimize fuel injection in combustion engines or a to minimize pesticide applications in agriculture drugs that research could even help predict impending catastrophes like lamb slides and money. it's unable to do one thing, thought kitchen version. as an example. observing droplet impacts helps to determine the surrounding soils made hundreds unless we can use the model from individual droplets and simulate that on a launch of scale. in that way,

whether i had a 100 drops, $1000.00, i'd be able to say that theorists include this amount to swell, which means i could then use that to predict erosion processes jump that were such as an enormous field. because there are more drop flips than just those that fold from above. that's why that's a droplet cannon in the lab. it allows the research team to produce drills the full at an angle of or the alteration causes completely different physical reactions when the droplets full at an angle asymmetrical structure is a created and the secondary droplets that special way also behave differently. and i get posed once to investigate this variable, fluid dynamics of a little better to pull. she recognizes that people who want physicists often puzzled by her research, vanished from my now, but it seemed like tell people about my work. most of them have no idea what i'm

talking about and gotten it, but when i explained to them that, that confronted with droplets all day long from the time they wake up and turn on the shower. so when they brushed i teach at night, then it's easier for them to understand what i do bus as myself, and then come to domino. even for people who just want to spray the prompts in that office with water to keep them from drying out. there's a lot of physics that play. perhaps more people should be aware of the role the droplets play and that thing the lines the if you're struck by lightning, your chances of survival, austin, direct tape can send up to 100000000 volts of electricity through the human body. that can result in instant death by cardiac arrest. it you get thousands of people around the world die from being hit by lightning. and strikes also cause billions of euros and property damage. for now, an e u funded project aims to safety catch and still lightning bolts. with the help of

laser switzerland's mount st. teach is struck by lightning around $400.00 times a year, making it the perfect place for studying lightning phenomena. scientists found hod rashida and tomatoes rubenstein started to set up their lightning lab some 10 years ago. the team wants to study in detail. health, thunderclouds discharge and lightning occurs. how i think discharge is initiated inside a thunder cloud is not wearing. and one of the basic research is to try to understand what is happening at the initiation of the light. and another question is how to offer better protection than with lightning rods. only the team has installed a laser device to deflect lightning in a targeted way. the claimant's hair color

a german laser physicist has developed the laser cannon. it's both highly sensitive and powerful. it's jock peirce, holes and clouds, and triggers lightning strikes. initial tests to prove successful. denise, it's up to host laser that it makes many light flashes a 1000 flashes per 2nd. yeah, really short, but the peak power is very high. utilized. the energy creates a plasma channel in the air that can be several 100 meters long. it's conductive thing, so it can carry the electrical charge from the lighting to the ground. toyota. that means lightning can be channeled before it finds its own path. to do a trying to trigger the lightning using a laser set, that would be that one of the ideas. if you could the produce the lightning, then the lightning would not strike people or infrastructure buddy. we'd be guided

in a few years. move by a lasers could replace lightning rods in places where a lightning strike would be especially devastating the that's all for this edition of tomorrow. today dw signs and joining us again next week for more exciting stories from the vote of science until then by the the,

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