of colon, area excellence. this is where all the ashes europe to save your over 30 minutes on things w. these places in europe are smash, records stepped into an old adventure pizza, the treasure map for modern globetrotters. discover some of us record breaking site on google, mac, youtube. and now also in book form the the deep sea is dog and freezing cold stove. some creatures called a tube. how do they supposed on that? and what do we really know about fish? do they to paying for example, how does biased electric beacon agriculture work without the use of animals,

personalizes? and how do you make sure it's done right? the that's i know coming up on tomorrow today d, w, science. the deep sea begins at 200 meters below sea level. few species can survive and these mucky, icy voices, with the pressure increases with every need to edit. that's a full 1000 maces, full 100 chinos of pressure has quest. and to me, this is where manganese no deals. i found the potatoes size, mineral deposits, the cabinet. this event mining them could provide much needed rule materials for the energy transition. but that would have dire consequences for the federal ecosystem. the zeros creatures living 5000 meters deep among these manganese nodules that covered

the sea bed. many of them have yet to be identified. it's a habitat that's evolved over millions of years. escape guns, but caesar show of specific organisms such as carlos and sponges, mean manganese nodules as a habitat on savannah. in turn, these provide the habitat for marine fonda, such as brutal stars and cooper pods. we could lose them for millions of years on these and familiar on the out of it. this is what the sea bed looks like after it's been harvested. scientists with the g on my homework center for ocean research have examined a former test type used by a belgian mining company. that one little car. what does these mining operations are set to be large scale covering several 100 square kilometers a year or so advanced life forms could be destroyed for many, many generations who get up to one session throughout industry claims. these

nodules are needed for the energy transition. aside from manganese, they contain 3 highly sought after metals, cobalt nickel, and copper $3.00 to $5.00 times more than deposits on land. so within the elephant, let's face it. deep sea mining will not replace land finding what will happen there's that will stop destroying the ocean as well as the rest of the environment to teach the fish. john manganese natural deposits in the world's oceans are at risk, including the clarion clipper to in zone a site that many countries are currently buying to mine. the international c beneficial already has already approved exploration licenses. germany has submitted 2 claims and will also have a say on how to regulate deep sea mining in the area keeps it according to maritime law. deep sea mining is permitted in principle, but only on the condition. that serious cons. quanch's for the marine environmental

rules out. so this is the one you search we've been doing for many years, shows very clearly that they can't be ruled out. and that's why germany and other countries, including france, one to stop any mining plans until researches keep the green light, even if it takes generations. the german minimal resources agency is just one body that conducted studies showing that demand for metals will increase many times over in the coming decades. but some could be recycled or simply replacing them altogether. does that change the portal trends over at knology has advance to the point that we're developing cobalt free about trees and decide what's best new needs. a deep sea mining to support the energy transition problem to consciously that the deep sea and impact ecosystem for the next environmental disaster. it's up to the international c bet authority to decide on its future the we asked you on social

media, do you think deep sea mining coats, more opportunities? oh, more home on facebook, francisco sense and maria says, coal mining is bad for the planets. people protest, but at the same time they look ready to do with that we have to make sure that mining does as little damage as possible. even if that makes it more expensive. a v b 1987 on instagram roads. you have to look more closely at the cost benefit ratio . i assume that not all of the steve and has the same characteristics of the same via the city. also and instagram bones. it is highly dangerous. we already contamination the us in an uncontrolled way. deep sea mining and the further extraction of bloom us the band. those have massive

impacts on the time as they should be laws prohibiting then thanks for your inputs. if our blood is red, why? what would you like to know about deep sea mining, or do you have any other questions about science? send us a video text or voice message if we on. so your question on the show will send you a little surprise as a thank you. come on just dos in the ocean. the d, b u goes the highest the most efficient method. you can go in hong kong to ask this question. why don't deep sea creatures get crushed by water pressure? 2 sides of the us is covered in boucher the oceans. are on average full 1000 meters deep. anything deeper than 200 meters is considered deep sea.

and the 19th century researches began to chop the depth of the oceans. one of the pioneers of deep sea research was edward folds. according to his theory, life couldn't survive and was this d kevin 500 meters today? we know that the deep sea is home to a variety of marine life new species with discovered every yeah. researches estimate that there are still thousands new species yet to be discovered. even though deep sea conditions, same pushing, inhospitable, the water temperature is always cold. there's no lights, and the pressure is immense. the d for you go the great to the water pressure. only very specific animals can but stand it some deep sea jelly fish live in most is as deep as 6000 meters at 10000 meters deep. there's

one ton of pressure per square centimeter. and yet, sea creatures don't get crushed. most deep sea creatures don't have a swim. bladder or other hollow goods on like creatures that live in china was his best when blood is would be crushed at that depth. deep sea creatures also have high it in the pressure. they would never survive close to the surface the another church out best leaves try metal the main oxide o t m a for short. this molecule stabilizes the proteins within the cells so that they don't lose the shape on the high pressure. the higher the concentration of t m a ok. the deep, the creature can go. the human body can never survive such pressure. but with diving bells,

humans have gone all the way down to 10000 meters. the world record for the deepest dive without so protective caps. fuel was just 333 meters. and it took the dive of 15 hours to equalize the pressure on his ascent. juice, fish have feelings that a blink and they don't cry. whatever happens, they don't change the facial expressions. that's one reason that no one thinks about the well being. not the how the anglers know, so i can successfully nowadays new data about the ability of fish to feel stress and pain and that could have far reaching consequences. cold as a fish. we own the say. no one worries

very much about their feelings, including body to clearly chosen angling. instructor domestic vision have to be a specific size before it's legal to catch them. this little perch was lucky. clearly doesn't think that the pain of a hook and their lip is too terrible. i always say when i'm teaching, you have to think of it like getting your living here from your own board, looking for guessing. it certainly hurts the fisher maybe for a short time. and for example, flies, my thoughts on the visas. but i imagine it just feels a bit strange anymore. still, it's nothing that affects it in the long term because you have to meet to see if there's, you know, how it is by and kristi. most people assume that fish either feel little or no pain . what does the research say of the

marine biologist, whom with zig now has long been interested in the question as to whether fish, fuel pains we meet up with him in the natural history museum pounds a month. but when you talk about pain, you have to distinguish between 2 factors and is the high one is the purely sensory perception. and the other is the psychological perception, which it hurts and it's unpleasant and fish can feel sensory pain. and that's the questionnaires. can they also feel it psychologically on him? there was one study by james rose that concluded they don't know based on the reasoning that in humans processing the payment processing. emotional pain takes place primarily in the cerebrum. i'll buy things not exclusively, but mainly in the survey. bramble face do not have a cerebrum. so the argument is simple. no brain, no pain was no brain, no pains, incision or pain kind. but since then, in the last 20 to 30 years, there's been a lot of evidence from research that suggests that's a big to simplistic a plus to. i'm talking to an experiment that's considered

a milestone in research on the neuro behavioral nature of fishes scientists to look into whether fish would pay as it were for pain relief. z profession normally prefer to move around in aquariums with plants and to send the bottom to offer them protection and food. in an experiment, one group was injected in the lip with a c, the gas it, which hurts. and the control group with iso tonic sailing solution. both are harmless for the fish. they have the choice of staying in the barren or the hospitable side of the aquarium. at 1st, as expected, they all state in the hospitable car. however, when a pain killer was dissolved on the other side, the fish injected with a see the gas, it preferred to swim there. the shows on the one hand that fish react to pain killers and on the other, and that they're willing to pay a price for release, sacrifice of protection and food options. the

many earlier skeptics now accept that fish can have a psychological experience of pain. the debates has revolved around the definition of consciousness in fish compared to humans. and if fish do feel pain, what can we do about it? and she should, if fish don't feel pain, we can treat them very differently according to the animal welfare laws concerning reading, capture, and experimentation. then if they're pain sensitive and so it has direct consequences. do you think the consequences in germany, like many other european countries, animal welfare is in fry and in the law? no 1 may cause pain, suffering or harm to animals. the reasonable exceptions might be made for strictly controlled research or

slaughtering animals to eat them. this was philosopher matthews. village is critical of this approach. just recently, she is still so the main thing is that we try to protect animals from stress fear and paints and flats and trying to be animal protection act looking. so from an ethical perspective, i think that's very important. it's the animal protection act in switzerland and germany regulates the economic use of animals. you can give yourself this a new test and for see special protection for animals, it just regulates how we're allowed to use them. via t as a not some do put in that global fish industry, fish welfare is not an issue. squeezed together for hours farmed fish out pulled up to the surface of park you quickly, which makes their swim. bladder is rupture on deck. they suffocate in agony. these pictures come from green peace. they don't appear to have been stunned before being

killed as required by animal welfare loss in many countries. with marine biologist rosella a, used to work in research. now she works for the n g o fair fish, which campaigns for better standards and fisheries and aquaculture. not that most people aren't even aware of what the fish, the ends up on the plate has been 3 and they buy and select the fish fish. then there's a nice little source that goes with it. there's almost no one knows the fox like what kind of fishy to square it, lift how it died, and how it was cold by different name on. most wildcard fish comes from fishing fleets owned by industrial nations. they buy fishing licenses from small african countries, for example, and then to police all the local fish stocks. the local fishermen don't see a cent of the profits. what should be done to fight injustice and fish suffering the saving status? i would like to see the fishing and industrial fishing as its practice today cease

to exist at one point, at least we should i be. i mean, it's a brutal, slow tour of trillions of fish country to any animal. well, fellows, he's sick that thomas option austin from it's not just a large mass, these individual fish living creatures 5th. and they does of back to see if you have any fish have feelings just like other animals. this is a fact that consumers and the fishing industry need to grasp the as fish stops dwindles. the fish industry is costing its nets ever wider. the bowls oceans are in poor condition, listening pollution and climate change leading to algae growth, which rubs to so it's nice and oxygen. marine life is increasing the vulnerable

the in seen. you said connected to the open ocean by only a narrow, straight, all particularly affected on the baltic sea. then looking for a solution these german politicians all visiting the baltic sea thanks to a special camera. they can tell that it's not in good condition. and dizziness we've seen that the sea grass meadows are well developed on the surface, which is important for climate protection. but as soon as you get into deeper waters with the sea grass disappears, that's due to the presence of nutrients which blocks sunlight. and that's a big problems put in these nutrients. so that because of all the fuss, eliza washed into the sea by rivers. it also results in areas with low oxygen levels, known as dead zones, were requesting life consul, vive, it's not the both exceeds the problem. is the fishing and pollution from plastic

and world war 2, munitions, of putting a strain on the ecosystem to a vish. this is this, the, i will, it's important that we give nature room to recover. so species can we generate and multiply that mean the zones that are not being used? not even for fishing so that nature can develop freely who do not. why i'm just fight and fight as special representative for the oceans. sebastien on that supports the idea of creating a both exceed national park. local fishermen, however, are skeptical notes on starting to hear me that zone where boats aren't allowed. what will be allowed as well? so shouldn't be allowed, don't have enough protected areas already moving folks can be there from older or 25 of them on the baltic coast to ensure these we coach time. we're fishing is already restricted. and so i use, i guess no culture, his doubts. the worried the tourists might stay wave too much of the beach is out

of bounds. so now the baltic sea national park is just one proposal to improve the states of the baltic sea. but one way or another, something needs to be done. the conventional foaming crops sprayed using 1st in line to arrive from intensive livestock farming. which is not good for the animals. the soil. oh, the excitement. what would a moke sign that friend d tons of agriculture look like we find out from the farmer and southern germany who uses exclusively plans based fertilizes. it is applicable to one day organic farmer. claimant's phones got the shock of his life. he had switched over to organic fruit farming 20 years ago. he was quite successful and

happy until one day he received a fertilizer delivery that really shocked him. i think the sick else came when i opened up the sack, there was half a cows headed in there and explained of stones as i was surprised that a cows had was in there because i had actually ordered. horn shaving. see of all by somebody will just give you the smell was revolting. so one shavings in the bag. smoke like burn, car tires, and then the whole thing that same year i bought chicken peak, says fertilizer things like they were supposed to be from organic chickens in italy . but they were actually from caged industrial chickens and hungry, eaten chagrin. those neighbor gives and design of the that was the experience that made me realize that i don't want any of that on my farm. leave me study. so les calling me, i'm not going to support anything that gives me a bad feeling. will me out and kind of going to skip through. animal fertilizers, made of industrial meat scraps are cheap and deficient. avoiding them completely would be a big financial risk. steel claimants horton funds,

18 hector's of organic apple trees near lake constance in southern germany. i asked by fertilizer provider to ship me something different and he said it wouldn't be a problem and that it would cost more attention, get it for me since he wants me to pay for his services. so he said, i'll get you something else, but you are the only one who isn't happy. that i said, okay, then i'm the only one. the advantage animal fertilizers have over plan based ones, is that they contain more nitrogen and other nutrients that includes fertilizers, made of horn shavings and cow hoops. however, a big disadvantage is that they came from conventional animal farming, according to agricultural scientists and sabine, etc, cuz he, that's a big problem. ecological meat farming isn't wide spread enough, and that's why organic farmers depend on fertilizer. meat from 5 products of the conventional media industry was fund routes to not that using animal waste products

from industrial sloth to house as well. that raises a whole slew of questions about with the thoughts really comic farming will just be and that's why the organic farming industry is starting to use new satellites, us to break the cycling through them into 2 lots. and that way they will not be so dependent on fact, alliances that come from conventional sources took them into the requirements and in the opinions to find the new fertilizers. like clover brass, peas and algae have different amounts of nitrogen and nutrients. so who in time researches are investigating how well they work in a long term project over several years. and they want to determine how plant based fertilizers perform compared to animal based fertilizers. that also includes liquids that come from plants. and that's the most important time. what we found is that there was something 5 to life is like the now which is a liquid fertilizer released nitrogen rapidly you have on the other 5 slices that release nitrogen gradually. so the timing is not as easy. so i can still use them.

can you just have to adjust the font device ation stress j do is try to gain entry, placing it on tests, claimant's phones decided for a different path. he doesn't use animal fertilizers anymore. by reviving old techniques, he's discovered new possibilities of the escape plan for the hit to there are plan based fertilizers, but they aren't very popular because they're so expensive. a couple of which i how i agree, i use potato skins, brown algae, and us, which is an important fertilizer that is commonly used and organic fertilizer, including with us and fetus. allow me to know about how you there are lots of nutrients inside what it's all plan based on 3 cos we side of the i'd say. and finally, i saw clover for the newer plantations so that the nitrogen gets bundled, and they have enough nutrients at the beginning to move so organ. at 1st, the claimant's own felt like he was fighting an uphill battle. he didn't realize

then that more and more farmers are also doing without animal fertilizers. their method is known as bio sick, like deacon agriculture, which includes composts to fertilize re shows up unit c could the video recordings that we're taking on claimant's phones, phones with. she's convinced that his trees are getting enough nutrients from the bios to click begin. fertilizer and using fluffy compost is also a key part of the new strategy of fish to this and shop. this is from a scientific point of view. you can post as a silent homicide to you out of got a laptop which is good for story with composition of thoughts. who does people get tools to increase the soil structure? a lot of 20 out when you nutrients. that's more of a long time satellite ation. procedure on, but you also get the positive effects of these, of the soil qualities on the night shop. scientists have discovered that plant based fertilizer also works well on tomatoes and pickles. there's a lot of potential for doing away with animal fertilizers on fruit and vegetable

farms. the many of the claimant's ones colleagues are now interested in purely planned face fertilizers. so you 2 are no longer convinced that the animal fertilizers that still dominate the market are all that eco friendly banassi. so they're following hooton's lead from the field. so we mostly use is that sick? liquid fertilizer. that's a bit like molasses. all the i fi pulled up to 40 sceptics. it's very sick and takes a bit of getting used to, but it works. he'll stick arbutus from bio sick look leak. and agriculture is more expensive and more complicated to use. but claimants hunt takes it all in stride systems. ok, it has to be ok for me. that's very important. when the plants are doing well and i feel good about using it, then i'm happy because i'm taking care of the soil and even improving it for future generations. the same as honda stopped using fertilizers that come from industrial

farming research and this experience have shown firsthand that this approach can be both eco friendly and economically successful. that's it for this week's edition of tamara today, d w science program. join us getting next week for more exciting stories from the world of science and tech until then by the

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