for come into this register now for the dw global media on 2023 in germany and online the increasingly fragmented world with a growing number of forces digital. the amplified where this cluster can lead, we really need overcoming divisions and a vision for tomorrow's journalism. register now and join us for this discussion at the 16th edition of d. w's global media forum. the, the deep sea is dog and freezing cold. still some creatures cool, a tube. how do they supposed on that? and what do we really know about fish? do they to paying for example, how does biased electric beacon agriculture work without the use of animals,

personalizes? and how do you make sure it's done right? the that's i know coming up on tomorrow today, d, w, science. the dc begins at 200 meters below sea level. few species can survive and these mucky, icy voices with the pressure increases with every mesa at a depth of 4000 meters, full 100 chinos of pressure per square centimeter. this is where manganese no deals . i found the potatoes, size, mineral deposits the cabinet to see that mining them could provide much needed for materials for the energy transition. but that would have dire consequences for the federal eco system. the,

the sea creatures living 5000 meters deep among these manganese nodules that covered the sea bed. many of them have yet to be identified. it's a habitat that's evolved over millions of years. skip guns which either show specific organisms such as carlos and sponges, mean manganese nodules as a habitat to provide on friends in turn. these provide the habitat for marine fonda, such as brutal stars and cooper pods. we could lose them for millions of years on these and familiar on the out of it. this is what the sea bed looks like after it's been harvested. scientists with the genome, our homework center for ocean research, have examined a former test type used by a belgian mining company. that one little con um one does. the visa mining operations are set to be large scale covering several 100 square kilometers a year. so the live forms could be destroyed for many, many generations who get that up to one session throughout the industry. claims

these nodules are needed for the energy transition aside from manganese. they contain 3 highly sought after metals, cobalt nickel, and copper $3.00 to $5.00 times more than deposits on land. so what benefit allison? let's face it. dixie mining will not replace long binding. what will happen is that will stop destroying the ocean as well as the rest of the environment of tc. its a strong manganese natural deposits in the world's oceans are at risk, including the clarion, clipper tens own a site that many countries are currently buying to mind. the international c been authority has already approved exploration licenses. germany has submitted to claims and we also have a say on how to regulate deep sea mining in the area keeps it according to maritime law. deep sea mining is permitted in principle, but only on the conditions that serious consequences for the marine environmental

rules out into the research we've been doing for many years shows very clearly that they can't be ruled out. and that's why germany and other countries, including france, wants to stop any mining plans until researches give the green light, even if it takes generations to the german mineral resources. agency is just one body that conducted studies showing that demand for metals will increase many times over in the coming decades. but some could be recycled or simply replacing them altogether. does that take just a partial trans over at knology has advance to the point that we're developing cobalt free by trees and desktop with best new needs. deep sea mining to support the energy transition problem to kind to see that the deep sea and impact ecosystem for the next environmental disaster. it's up to the international c bet authority to decide on its future the

we asked you on social media, do you think deep sea mining coats, more opportunities? oh, more home on facebook, francisco santa maria says, coal mining is bad for the planets. people protest, but at the same time they look ready to do with that we have to make sure that mining does as little damage as possible. even if that makes it more expensive. a v b 1987 on instagram roads. you have to look more closely at the cost benefit ratio . i assume that not all of the cdn has the same characteristics of the same via diversity also and instagram bones. it is highly dangerous. we're already contaminating the us in an uncontrolled way. deep sea mining and citrix fraction of oil must be burned. those have massive impacts on

the time as they should be laws prohibiting then. thanks for your inputs, the red. why? what would you like to know about deep sea mining, or do you have any other questions about science? send us a video text or voice message if we on. so your question on the show will send you a little surprise as a thank you. come on just dos in the ocean, the d. b, you go the highest, the most efficient method. you can go in hong kong to ask this question. why don't deep sea creatures get crushed by water pressure? 2 sides of the is covered in most of the oceans. all on average full 1000 meters, deep. anything deeper than 200 meters is considered deep sea.

and the 19 century researches began to chop the depth of the oceans. one of the pioneers of deep sea research was edward folds. according to his theory, life couldn't survive and was his deeper than 500 meters. today we know that the deep sea is home to a variety of marine life, new species, the discovered every yeah. were such as estimate that there are still thousands new species yet to be discovered. even though deep sea conditions, same pushy, inhospitable. the water temperature is always cold. there is no lights, and the pressure is immense. the d for you go the great to the water pressure. only very specific animals can but stand it some deep sea jelly fish live in most is deep is 6000 meters at 10000 me just deep as

one ton of pressure per square centimeter. and yet sea creatures don't get crushed . the most deep sea creatures don't have a swim bladder or other hollow guns on like creatures, but live in shadow. worse as best when blood is would be crushed at that time. the deep sea creatures also have higher in the pressure. they would never survive close to the surface. another check out the sleeve, try and metal a mean oxide, o t m a. for shown. this molecule stabilizes the proteins within the cells so that they don't lose the shape and the high pressure. the higher the concentration of t, m a o. d to the creature can go. the human body can never survive such pressure. but with diving bells,

humans have gone all the way down to 10000 meters. the world record for the deepest dive without a protective cap fuel was just 333 meters. and it took the dive of 50 now is to equalize the pressure on his ascent. juice, fish have feelings that blink. and they don't cry. whatever happens, they don't change, they facial expression. that's one reason that no one thinks about their well being . not the how the anglers know, so i can successfully with know there's new data about the ability of fish to feel stress and pain on us could have far reaching consequences cold as a fish. we own the say. no one worries

very much about their feelings, including body to flakes, tools, and angling, instructor of the domestic fish have to be a specific size before it's legal to catch them. this little perch was lucky say like, doesn't think that the pain of a hook in their lip is too terrible to knock them. uh, i always say when i'm teaching, you have to think of it like getting your living here from your own board and little thing and certainly hurts the fisher maybe for a short time. and for example, for life, my thoughts on the visas, but i imagine it just feels a bit strange anymore. still, it's nothing that affects it in the long term. this helps me to see if there's not how it is by in testing. most people assume that fish either feel little or no pain . what does the research say of the

marine biologist, whom with zig now has long been interested in the question as to whether fish feel pain. we meet up with him in the natural history museum, found remote, but when you talk about pain, you have to distinguish between 2 factors and is the high one is the purely sensory perception. and the other is the psychological perception which it hurts. and it's unpleasant and fish can feel sensory pain. now the question is, can they also feel it psychologically on him? there was one study by james rose that concluded they don't know based on the reasoning that in humans processing the payment processing, emotional pain takes place primarily in the cerebrum. i'll buy things not exclusively, but mainly in the survey. bramble face do not have a cerebrum. so the argument is simple, no brain, no pain or no brain, no pains and sation of pain kind. but since then, in the last 20 to 30 years, there's been a lot of evidence from research that suggests that's a big to simplistic 8 plus to i talked about in an experiment that's considered

a milestone in research on the neuro behavioral nature of fishes scientists to look into whether fish would pay as it were for pain relief. z profession normally prefer to move around in aquariums with plants and just sandy, bottom. needs to offer them protection and food. in an experiment, one group was injected in the lip with a seated gas. it, which hurts and the control group with iso tonic sailing solution. both are harmless for the fish. they have the choice of staying in the battery or the hospitable side of the aquarium. at 1st as expected, they all state in the hospital cars. however, when a pain killer was dissolved on the other side, the fish injected with a see the gas, it preferred to swim there. this shows on the one hand that fish react to pain killers and on the other, and that they're willing to pay a price for release, sacrifice of protection and food options. the

many earlier skeptics now, except that fish can have a psychological experience of pain. the debate has revolved around the definition of consciousness in fish compared to humans. and if fish do feel pain, what can we do about it? in the future? if fish don't feel pain, we can treat them very differently according to the animal welfare laws concerning reading, capture, and experimentation. then if they're pain sensitive and so it has direct consequences. do you think the consequences in germany, like many other european countries, animal welfare is in fry and in the law? no 1 may cause pain, suffering or harm to animals. the

reasonable exceptions might be made for strictly controlled research or slaughtering animals to eat them. this was philosopher, my disability is critical of this approach. just recently, she is still so the main thing is that we try to protect animals from stress, fear, and pains to flats and trying to be animal protection act looking. so from an ethical perspective, i think that's very important. it's the animal protection act in switzerland and germany regulates the economic use of animals. you can give yourself this a new test and for see special protection for animals, it just regulates how we're allowed to use them. via t as a not some do put in that global fish industry, fish welfare is not an issue. squeezed together for hours farmed fish are pulled up to the surface of park you quickly, which makes their swim. bladder is rupture on deck. they suffocate in agony. the pictures come from green peace, they don't appear to have been stunned before being killed as required by animal

welfare loss. in many countries. with marine biologist, rosella tay, used to work in research. now she works for the n g o fair fish, which campaigns for better standards and fisheries and aquaculture. not that most people aren't even aware of what the fish, the ends up on the plate has been 3 and they buy and select the fish fish. then there's a nice little source that goes with it. there's almost no one knows the fox like what kind of fishy to square it, live, how it died, and how it was cold by different name on. most wildcard fish comes from fishing fleets owns by industrial nations. they buy fishing licenses from small african countries, for example, and then to police all the local fish stocks. the local fishermen don't see a cent of the profits. what should be done to fight injustice and fish suffering the saving status? i would like to see the fishing and industrial fishing as its practice today cease

to exist at one point. we should i be mean it's a brutal, slow tour of trillions of fish country to any animal. well, fellows, he's who can fix that for thomas option austin from it's not just a large mass, these individual fish living creatures 5th in. and they does of back to see we'll see having the fish have feelings just like other animals. this is a fact that consumers and the fishing industry need to grasp the as fish stops dwindles. the fish industry is costing its next ever. wide bowls. oceans are in poor condition, listening pollution and climate change leading to algae growth, which rubs to so it's nice and oxygen. maureen, life is increasing the vulnerable the

in this thing is that connected to the open ocean by only a narrow straight, all particularly affected on the baltic sea, then looking for a solution these german politicians are visiting the baltic sea thanks to a special camera. they can tell that it's not in good condition and dizziness. we've seen that the sea grass meadows are well developed on the surface, which is important for climate protection. but as soon as you get into deeper waters with the sea grass disappears, that's due to the presence of nutrients which blocks sunlight. and that's a big problems put in these nutrients. so that because of all the fuss, eliza washed into the sea by rivers. it also results in areas with low oxygen levels, known as dead zones, were requesting life consul, vive, it's not the both exceeds the problem. is the fishing and pollution from plastic

and world war 2, munitions, of putting a strain on the ecosystem to a vicious this is this, the, i will, it's important that we give nature room to recover. so species can we generate and multiply, that means zones that are not being used, not even for fishing, so that nature can develop freely who do not. why i'm just fight and fight. as special representative for the oceans. sebastien on that supports the idea of creating a both exceed national hawk. local fishermen, however, are skeptical. not on store prohibited zone where boats aren't allowed. what will be allowed as well? so shouldn't be allowed. don't we have enough protected areas already moving folks could be dead from old. there are $25.00 of them on the baltic coast to installation because time we're fixing is already restricted. that's why i use, i guess. no culture, his doubts. the worried that tourists might stay away if too much of the beach is

out of bounds. so now the baltic sea national park is just one proposal to improve the states of the baltic sea. but one way or another, something needs to be done. the conventional foaming crops saw sprayed using fertilizer to arrive from intensive livestock farming, which is not good for the animals. the soil of excitement. what, what a mole, climate friend d type of agriculture look like. we find out from the summer in southern germany who uses exclusively plans based personalizes. it is applicable to one day organic farmer, claimants phones got the shock of his life. he had switched over to organic fruit farming 20 years ago. he was quite successful and happy until one day he

received a fertilizer delivery that really shocked him. i think the sick else came when i opened up the sack, there was half a cows hidden there. it's theme of stones. i was surprised that a cows had was in there because i had actually ordered horn shaving evolve, asking me to give you. the smell was revolting. so one shavings in the bags. smoke like burned car tires and then the whole thing that same year i bought chicken peak, says fertilizer things like they were supposed to be from organic chickens in italy . but they were actually from caged industrial chickens and hungry, eaten chagrin, those neighbor gives and design. i was that was the experience that made me realize that i don't want any of that on my farm. leave me study. so less calling me. i'm not going to support anything that gives me a bad feeling will be out and kind of going to skip through. animal fertilizers, made of industrial meat scraps are cheap and deficient. avoiding them completely would be a big financial risk. steel claimants horton funds 18 hector's,

of organic apple trees near lake constance in southern germany, asked by fertilizer provider to ship me something different. and you said it wouldn't be a problem and that it would cost more attention. get it for me since he wants me to pay for his services. so he said, i'll get you something else, but you are the only one who isn't happy that i said, okay, then i'm the only one. the advantage animal fertilizers have over planned based ones, is that they contain more nitrogen and other nutrients that includes fertilizers, made of horn shavings and cow hoops. however, a big disadvantage is that they came from conventional animal farming, according to agricultural scientists and sabine, etc, cuz he, that's a big problem. ecological meat farming isn't wide spread enough, and that's why organic farmers depend on fertilizer, meat from 5 products of the conventional media industry. plus one wants to know

that using animal waste products from industrial sloth to house as well. and that raises a whole slew of questions about with the thoughts really comic foaming will just be . and that's why the organic farming industry is starting to use new satellites. us to break the cycling through them between the 2 lots and that way they will not be so dependent on 5 devices that come from conventional sources to them and, and also requirements and in the opinions to design new fertilizers like cobra. grass. peas and algae have different amounts of nitrogen and nutrients. the holding time researchers are investigating how well they work in a long term project over several years. and they want to determine how plant based fertilizers perform compared to animal based fertilizers. that also includes liquids that come from plants and that's the most important. what we found is that there were certain fact alliances like venice, which is a liquid fact, eliza released nitrogen rapidly. you have on the other fuss slices, that release nitrogen gradually. so the timing is not as easy so i can still use

them. can you just have to adjust the satellite ation stress? j. do is taught to gain entry placement. on passing claimant's homes decided for a different path. he doesn't use animal fertilizers anymore by reviving old techniques, he's discovered new possibilities. this is keep sense of the hit through all there are plant based fertilizers, but they aren't very popular because they're so expensive. a couple of which i how i and i use potato skins, brown algae, and us, which is an important fertilizer that is commonly used and organic fertilizer, including all testing fetus. so how many 3 novels i there are lots of nutrients inside what it's all plan based on 3 cos we side of the i'd say. and finally i so clover for the newer plantations, so that the nitrogen gets bundle and they have enough nutrients at the beginning to move so organ. at 1st, the claimant's own felt like he was fighting an uphill battle. he didn't realize

then that more and more farmers are also doing without animal fertilizers. their method is known as bio sick, like deacon agriculture, which includes composts to fertilize re shows up being let's see, to the video recordings that we're taking on claimants. one's fine with. she's convinced that his trees are getting enough nutrients from the bios to click begin . fertilizer and using fluffy compost is also a key part of the new strategy. a solution to this and shop this, it from a scientific point of view compost as a soil and homicide to d. u outlook on a laptop which is good for soil composition of dots. who does people get tools to increase the soil? start much for a lot of 20 hours when you add nutrients, that's more of a long time satellite ation procedure on. but you also get the positive effects of these other soil qualities on the night shop. scientists have discovered that plant based fertilizer also works well on tomatoes and pickles. there's

a lot of potential for doing away with animal fertilizers on fruit and vegetable farms. the many of the claimant's ones colleagues are now interested in purely planned face fertilizers. so you 2 are no longer convinced that the animal fertilizers that still dominate the market are all that eco friendly banassi. so they're following hooton's lead to putting to beautiful. the mostly uses that sick liquid fertilizer. that's a bit like molasses. all the i fi pulled up to 40 sceptics. it's very sick and takes a bit of getting used to, but it works. he'll stick arbutus from bio sick last week and agriculture is more expensive and more complicated to use. but claimants hunt takes it all in stride. it has to be okay for me, that's very important when the plants are doing well and i feel good about using it and then i'm happy because i'm taking care of the soil and even improving it for future generations. the same as honda stopped using fertilizers that come from

industrial farming research and this experience have shown firsthand that this approach can be both eco friendly and economically successful. that's it for this week's edition of tamara today, d w science program. join us again next week for more exciting stories from the world of science and tech until then by the the

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