oh, the dw shows on fix all the info every day, the world wide web for free because we can take the different w call, the world unpack, pulse of your info is in all the input w story. now onto the, the deep sea is dock and freezing cold. still some creatures cool is who. how do they supposed on that? and what do we really know about fish? do they to paying for example? and how does bias. so i click beacon, agriculture work without the use of animals,

personalizes. and how do you make sure it's done right? the that's i know coming up on tomorrow today dw science. the dc begins at 200 meters below sea level, few species can survive and these lucky i see which is where the pressure increases with every meter at a depth of 4000 meters, full 100 chinos of pressure per square centimeter. this is where manganese no deals . i found the appetite as size mineral deposits, the cabinet. this event mining them could provide much needed rule materials for the energy transition. but that would have dire consequences for the federal ecosystem. the there

are sea creatures living 5000 meters deep among these manganese nodules that covered the sea bed. many of them have yet to be identified. it's a habitat that's evolved over millions of years, skipped guns, but caesar show specific organisms such as carlos and sponges. mean mangan, these nodules as a habitat on savannah in turn, these provided a habitat for marine fonda, such as brutal stars and cooper pods. we could lose them for millions of years on these and familiar only out of it. this is what the sea bed looks like after it's been harvested. scientists with the g on my home old center for ocean research have examined a former test type used by a belgian mining company. that one little car. um, what does these mining operations are set to be large scale covering several 100 square kilometers a year? so bad life forms could be destroyed for many, many generations who get that up to one session throughout industry claims. these

naturals are needed for the energy transition. aside from manganese, they contain 3 highly sought after metals, cobalt nickel, and copper $3.00 to $5.00 times more than deposits on land. the elephant, let's face it, st. c. mining will not replace long binding. what will happen is that will start destroying the ocean, as well as the rest of the environment to teach. the strong manganese natural deposits in the world's oceans are at risk, including the clarion clipper tins on a site that many countries are currently buying to mind. the international c been authority has already approved exploration licenses. germany has submitted to claims and will also have a say on how to regulate deep c mining in the area keeps it according to maritime law. deep sea mining is permitted in principle, but only on the conditions that serious consequences for the marine environmental

rules out. things that they do when you search, we've been doing for many years, shows very clearly that they can't be ruled out. and that's why germany and other countries, including france, one to stop any mining plans until researches give the green light even if it takes generations to the german minimal resources agency is just one body that conducting studies, showing that demand for metals will increase many times over in the coming decades, but some could be recycled or simply replacing them altogether. that's a taking support for trends over at knology. it has advance to the point that we're developing cobalt free about trees and desktop with best new needs. a deep sea mining to support the energy transition problem to kind of gc that the deep sea and impact ecosystem for the next environmental disaster. it's up to the international c bet authority to decide on its future the we asked you on social

media, do you think deep sea mining coats, more opportunities? oh, more home on facebook, francisco santa maria says, coal mining is bad for the planets. people protest, but at the same time they look ready to do with that we have to make sure that mining does as little damage as possible. even if that makes it more expensive. a v b 1987 on instagram roads. you have to look more closely at the cost benefit ratio . i assume that not look to see that has the same characteristics of the same by diversity. also in instagram bones, it is highly dangerous. we're already contaminating the us in an uncontrolled way. deep sea mining and citrix traction of oil must be burned. does have most of

impacts on the time that they should be laws prohibiting. then thanks for your inputs. if our blood is red, why? what would you like to know about deep sea mining, or do you have any other questions about science? send us a video text or voice message if we on. so your question on the show will send you a little surprise as a thank you. come on just dos in the ocean. the d, b, u goes the highest, the most efficient method. you can go in hong kong to ask this question. why don't deep sea creatures get crushed by water pressure? 2 sides of the is covered in most of the oceans. all on average 4000 meters deep. anything deeper than 200 meters is considered deep seen.

in the 19 century, researches began to talk the depth of the oceans. one of the pioneers of deep sea research was edward folds. according to his theory, life couldn't survive invoices deeper than 500 meters. today. we know that the deep sea is home to a variety of marine life new species with discovered every yeah. researches estimate that there are still thousands new species yet to be discovered. even though deep sea conditions, same percy, inhospitable, the water temperature is always cold. there's no lights, and the pressure is immense. the d for you go the great to the water pressure. only very specific animals can but stand it. some deep sea jelly fish live in most is as deep as 6000 meters at 10000 meters deep. there's

one ton of pressure per square centimeter. and yet sea creatures don't get crushed . most deep sea creatures don't have a swim bladder or other hollow guns on like creatures but live in china was his best swim bladder as would be crushed at that time. the deep sea creatures also have hired in the pressure. they would never survive close to the surface, the another church out best leaves tri metal, a main oxide o t m a. for short. this molecule stabilizes the proteins within the cells so that they don't lose the shape on the high pressure. the higher the concentration of t. m. a. ok. the deep the creature can go. the human body could never survive such pressure. but with diving bells,

humans have gone all the way down to 10000 feet of the world record for the deepest dive without the protective caps. fuel was just 333 meters and it took the dive of 15 hours to equalize the pressure on his ascent. juice, fish have feelings that a blink and they don't cry. whatever happens, they don't change the facial expressions. that's one reason that no one thinks about the well being. not the how the anglers know. so i can say fishbock the know there's new data about the ability of fish to feel stress and pain. and that could have far reaching consequences. cold as a fish. we own the say,

no one worries very much about their feelings, including body to clearly tools and angling. instructor domestic vision have to be a specific size before it's legal to catch them. this little perch was lucky, clearly doesn't think that the pain of a hook and their lip is too terrible. i always say when i'm teaching, you have to think of it like getting your living here from your own board, looking for guessing. it certainly hurts the fisher maybe for a short time. and for example, flies, my thoughts on the visas. but i imagine it just feels a bit strange anymore. still, it's nothing that affects it in the long term because you have to meet to see if there's not how it is by and testing. most people assume that fish either feel little or no pain. what does the research say of the

marine biologist, whom would zig now has long been interested in the question as to whether fish, fuel pains we meet up with him in the natural history museum about a month. but when you talk about the thing, you have to distinguish between 2 factors and is the i and one is the purely sensory perception. and the other is the psychological perception who it hurts and it's unpleasant and fish can feel sensory pain. now the question is, can they also feel it psychologically on him? there was one study by james rose that concluded they don't know based on the reasoning that in humans processing pain and processing. emotional pain takes place primarily in the cerebrum. i'll buy things not exclusively, but mainly, and the survey bramble fish do not have a cerebrum. so the argument is simple. no brain, no pain or no brain, no pains, and sation pain kind. but since then, in the last 20 to 30 years, there's been a lot of evidence from research that suggests that's a big to simplistic 8 plus 2,

i invested in an experiment that's considered a milestone in research on the neuro behavioral nature of fishes scientists look into whether fish would pay as it were for pain relief, z profession normally prefer to move around in aquariums with plants and just sandy, bottom. needs to offer them protection and food. in an experiment, one group was injected in the lip with the see the gas it, which hurts and the control group with iso tonic sailing solution. both are harmless for the fish. they have the choice of staying in the battery or the hospitable side of the aquarium. at 1st, as expected, they all stayed in the hospital cars. however, when a pain killer was dissolved on the other side, the fish injected with a see the gas, it preferred to swim there. this shows on the one hand that fish react to pain killers and on the other, and that they're willing to pay a price for release, sacrifice of protection and food options. the

many earlier skeptics now, except that fish can have a psychological experience of pain. the debate has revolved around the definition of consciousness in fish compared to humans. and if fish do feel pain, what can we do about it? if you should, if fish don't feel pain, we can treat them very differently according to the animal welfare laws concerning reading, capture, and experimentation. then if they're pain sensitive and so it has direct consequences. the i think the consequence in germany, like many other european countries, animal welfare is in fry and in the law no 1 may cause pain suffering or harm to animals. the. 1

reasonable exceptions might be made for strictly controlled research or slaughtering animals to eat them. this was philosopher, mattress village is critical of this approach. just recently, she is close to the main thing is that we try to protect animals from stress fear and paints and flats and trying to be animal protection act looking. so from an ethical perspective, i think that's very important. the animal protection act in switzerland and to germany regulates the economic use of animals. you can give yourself to submit testing for seas special protection for right, and most of it just regulates how we're allowed to use them via t as a not some do a put in the global fish industry. fish welfare is not an issue. squeezed together for hours farmed fish are pulled up to the surface of park you quickly, which makes their swim. bladder is rupture on deck. they suffocate in agony. the pictures come from green peace. they don't appear to have been stunned before being

killed as required by animal welfare loss. in many countries. swiss marine biologist, rosella tay, used to work in research. now she works for the n g o fair fish, which campaigns for better standards and fisheries and aquaculture. not that most people aren't even aware of what the fish, the ends up on the plate has been 3 and they buy and select the fish fish. then there's a nice the whole source that goes with it through the too much. no one knows the fonts like what kind of fish it his square it, lift how it died, and how it was cold by different name on most wildcard fish comes from fishing fleets, owns by industrial nations. they buy fishing licenses from small african countries, for example. and then to police all the local fish stocks, the local fishermen don't see a cent of the profits. what should be done to fight injustice and fish suffering the saving status? i would like to see the sea fishing and industrial fishing. as its practice today,

cease to exist at one point. anything should i be mean? it's a brutal, slow tour of trillions of fish country to any animal. well, fellows, he's who can fix that honest option often from it's not just a large mass. these individual fish living creatures, 5th and they does of by time you will see having the fish fish have feelings just like other animals. this is a fact that consumers and the fishing industry need to grasp the as fish stops dwindles. the fish industry is costing its nets ever. wide bowls, oceans are in poor condition. listening pollution and climate change leading to algae growth, which rubs to so it's nice and oxygen. marine life is increasing the vulnerable

the in this thing is that connected to the open ocean by only a narrow, straight all particularly effected on the baltic sea. then looking for a solution these german politicians are visiting the baltic sea thanks to a special camera. they can tell that it's not in good condition. within this, we've seen that the sea grass meadows are well developed on the surface, which is important for climate protection. but as soon as you get into deeper waters with the sea grass disappears, that's due to the presence of nutrients which blocks sunlight. and that's a big problems put in these nutrients. so that because of all the fuss, eliza washed into the sea by rivers. it also results in areas with low oxygen levels known as dead zones, where requested life console vive. it's not the basic fees. and the problem is the

fishing and pollution from plastics and world war 2 munitions, of putting a strain on the ecosystem to a vish. this is this, the, i will, it's important that we give nature room to recover. so species can we generate and multiply. that means zones that are not being used, not even for fishing so that nature can develop freely who do not. why i'm just fight and fight as special representative for the oceans. sebastien on that supports the idea of creating a both exceed national hawk. local fishermen, however, are skeptical notes on starting to hear me that zone where boats aren't allowed. what will be allowed as well? so shouldn't be allowed, don't have enough protected areas already moving folks can be there from older or $25.00 of them on the baltic coast to ensure these we coach time we're fixing is already restricted. and so i use, i guess, no culture. his doubts that worried that tourists might stay wave too much of the

beach is out of bounds. so now the baltic sea national park is just one proposal to improve the states of the baltic sea. but one way or another, something needs to be done. the conventional foaming crump saw sprayed using 1st in line so it derives from intensive livestock farming which is not good for the animals, the soil of excitement. but what a moke sign that friend d type of agriculture look like. we find out from the farmer in southern germany who uses exclusively plans based fertilizes. it is applicable to one day organic farmer. claimant's phones got the shock of his life. he had switched over to organic fruit farming 20 years ago. he was quite successful and

happy until one day he received a fertilizer delivery that really shocked him. a isaac, the sick else came. when i opened up the sack, there was half a cows headed in their explain of stones as i was surprised that a cows had was in there because i had actually ordered, horn shaving evolve, asking me to give you. the smell was revolting. so one shavings in the bag, smoke like burn car tires, and then the whole thing that same year i bought chicken peak says fertilizer things like they was supposed to be from organic chickens in italy. but they were actually from caged industrial chickens and hungry, eaten chagrin. those neighbor gives me design. what does that was the experience that made me realize that i don't want any of that on my farm, leave me study. so west college, i'm not going to support anything that gives me a bad feeling will be out and kind of going just because we get animal fertilizers, made of industrial meat scraps are cheap and deficient. avoiding them completely would be a big financial risk. steel claimants horton funds, 18 hector's,

of organic apple trees near lake constance in southern germany. the fertilizer provider to ship me something different on the he said it wouldn't be a problem and that it would cost more attention. get it for me since he wants me to pay for his services. so he said, i'll get you something else, but you are the only one who was in tammy, and i said, okay, then i'm the only one. the advantage animal fertilizers have over plan based ones, is that they contain more nitrogen and other nutrients that includes fertilizers, made of horn shavings, and cow hoops. however, a big disadvantage is that they came from conventional animal farming. according to agricultural scientists and sabina, it's equally, that's a big problem. ecological meat farming isn't wide spread enough, and that's why organic farmers depend on fertilizer. meat from 5 products of the conventional media industry was one lots to know that using animal waste products

from industrial sloth to house is one that raises a whole slew of questions about with the thoughts really comic foaming. so just being that's why the organic farming industry is starting to use new satellites, us to break the cycling through them. but to, to look that way. they will not be so dependent on 5 devices that come from conventional sources to them and, and also requirements. and in the opinions to find new fertilizers like clover grass, peas and algae have different amounts of nitrogen and nutrients. so who in time researchers are investigating how well they work in a long term project over several years? and they want to determine how plant based fertilizers perform compared to animal based fertilizers. that also includes liquids that come from plants. and that's the most important time. what we found is that there was something faster. life is like venice which is a liquid fertilizer release nitrogen rapidly. you have on the other fast slices that release nitrogen gradually. so the timing is not as easy so i can still use

them. can you just have to adjust the satellite ation, start, stay students taught to gain entry places. on passing claimant's homes decided for a different path. he doesn't use animal fertilizers anymore. by reviving old techniques, he's discovered new possibilities. escape plan to the hit to know there are plant based fertilizers, but they aren't very popular because they're so expensive. a couple of which i don't, i and i use potato skins, brown algae, and been us, which is an important fertilizer that is commonly used and organic fertilizer, including with us in fetus. so how many 3 not behind there are lots of nutrients inside what it's all plan based on 3 cos we side of the i'd say. and finally i so clover for the newer plantations, so that the nitrogen gets bundle and they have enough nutrients at the beginning. so looking at 1st the claimant's own felt like he was fighting an uphill battle. he

didn't realize then that more and more farmers are also doing without animal fertilizers. their method is known as bio sick, like deacon agriculture, which includes composts to fertilize re shows up unit c to the video recordings that we're taking on claimants. one's fine with. she's convinced that his trees are getting enough nutrients from the bios to click begin. fertilizer and using fluffy compost is also a key part of the new strategy of fish to this in shop. this is from a scientific point of view compost as a soil and homicide to you out of got a laptop which is good for soil composition of dots. who does people get tools to increase the soil? start much for a lot of 20 out. when you add nutrients, that's more of a long time satellite ation procedure on, but you also get the positive effects of these, of the soil qualities on the board. and i can shop scientists have discovered that plant based fertilizer also works well on tomatoes and pickles. there's

a lot of potential for doing away with the animal fertilizers on fruit and vegetable farms. the many of the claimant's ones colleagues are now interested in purely planned face fertilizers. so you 2 are no longer convinced that the animal fertilizers that still dominate the market are all that eco friendly banassi. so they're following hooton's lead from the beautiful, the mostly uses that sick liquid fertilizer. that's a bit like molasses. all the i fi pulled up to 40 sceptics. it's very sick and takes a bit of getting used to but it works. he'll stick arbutus from bio cyclic vague and agriculture is more expensive and more complicated to use. but claimants hunt takes it all in stride. it has to be okay for me, that's very important when the plants are doing well and i feel good about using it, then i'm happy because i'm taking care of the soil and even improving it for future generations. the same as honda stopped using fertilizers that come from industrial

farming research and this experience have shown firsthand that this approach can be both eco friendly and economically successful. that's it for this week's edition of tamara today, d w science program trying us get next week for more exciting stories from the world of science and tech until then by the

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