maybe i should and the problems just get more difficult from that. my name is stone or the waltz. i'm an astronomer. i work here at nasa goddard space flight center. if we want to go to mars, we have to learn how to work in an environment that is very unfriendly, where we literally have to bring our own atmosphere, our, our, our own resources. and the best way that we, we could actually understand how to work in that environment is to work in a nearby environment. that's not that there's something that happens to be the lunar surface, the so the world's major space agencies tend to look to the moon. these days, many wish to repeat the success of the apollo landing. the, the reason is simple. proximity the distance from us to the moon is on average 384000 kilometer has. that's about so i see time

see us diameter depending on its position in a little bit malls is between 56 and 400000000 kilometers away. in the best case scenario, the journey to the red ton, it would take 6 months for that reason alone. the moon comes cheap from a purely economical standpoint. the trip takes just 3 days and requires a fraction of the fuel. shuttle service between us and the moon might even be feasible. thanks to advance. susan aerospace technology, the the oh, she is mission, caraway doubts on mountain there in 20. 22 is one of many that help with such as best to understand the news. here the team is testing move the prototype, allow youth is designed to explore on so many and difficult to access to raise the

roof and navigate so to mislead. identifying objects of interest and collecting some holes for this task is especially delicate. the allow you to should deploy a laser module to analyze the surface samples that has collected so far. the task has never been carried out successfully. then if it doesn't work and the um, crashes into the cameras and people have to start, all of us will sign off on, on the good morning. this

is, i'm going to design this up on another se area. that's how it goes in scientific research . some days it works some days, it doesn't them and then the 2nd one is the one we must stand down here all day waiting for something to work on. and then finally it's just about to work. and then there's some era, again, and then it starts all over again and me, well, that can be the motivating team, which when you're always standing here waiting and you've got a now something works and the next. and then the next era pops up again. but yeah, step by step by step by step tests, missions, light, these costs millions and have no direct financial benefits. a risk, most profit driven companies would never take want to do so take a little game on. it is an eviction without these technologies. the without this development and that you see here, commercial ventures wouldn't exist at all of these investments. they're based on these advancements and knowledge and it will us and happens that people trained

here and then end up working in commercial institute. so the implement celia and split the ranking space x may be sending the rockets, but the technology required for space exploration is developed at the expense of the state 2021 month to record year of government spending on space programs. and that's the investment is and the growing the china is pouring money into space exploration and did some of the g as a new big player among the traditional space powers. the chinese ways i was investigating the launch the unexplored fall side of the meeting . and it's already sent samples back to us, another res i reached mazda and has now transmitted sophie's and sound files. china is also building its own space station view, and with zillow to us. we do not all do. one of the reasons for the station

a simple we do not all of it will sit down 1st or do how technology is ready to deal with the 2nd 2 or 3. want to be a strong space nationwide. so you want me all to do this. so we need to expand out the 10 to defend people into space funds. while the also i'm calling about getting some point of them is we need to venture deeper into space so that we can use space peacefully. what are your folks into your thoughts of the chinese space station already in width and the 1st type, you know, what's the term used to the chinese students? they've already visited the in march 2021. china assigned a memorandum of understanding with rushes space agency. russ caused some us to build a joints luminous station. the label race to the moon is in full swing once again. yeah, there might be a little bit of a race, right. who is going to establish the values in the framework of how we're going to

operate in space. i think we would like those values to reflect our current values here in the united states. and to be able to do that. you need to be able to be out there. there are some states that share knowledge openly. there are other states that are very, very secretive about what they're doing, why they're doing it and their results. so i think there's always going to be a tension between these 2. that's my goal is as all the documents and the uh, so i'm very concerned about this. how do i think we use europeans absolutely must be prepared to act or elsewhere. missed the boat model and so by that's why i schuman so fascinated by space in the 1st place. to date some, 600 men and women have actually traveled to space. we aust, one of them. my name is kayla baron. i'm a active duty naval officer, a suffering more for officer and a nasa astronaut kane, a baron was the 600 and the 1st person in space. she spent $176.00 days on the

international space station. it's incredible. it's actually pretty hard to describe . there's are so many exciting moments, whether that's launch transfer, race space slash robotic operations, science campaigns. it's a humbling experience and a huge privilege to be a part of the team. when i 1st floor to the end of the space station, i think i was just overwhelmed by the visual experience because we use every surface. but the space stations is just packed with stuff computers, cables. it took a while for my brain to understand, you know, what was useful information that i needed to pay attention to. and what was sort of the background visual clutter. the sense of how big the structure is. these are the models that we actually are living

in working inside. so when you see video from us inside, we're inside these pressure as models. but then you can also see the on pressure section of a space station. this huge trust that primarily supports the solar rays in a radiator. so that's how we get our get rid of piece. um but it's big and i think you're especially getting an appreciation for that when you go outside to work on it. and it's kind of byron did just that twice. in fact, each time she worked for about 7 hours, just 3 images of space, sage, separate to tell from the rest of the universe. when you look out the window, these views are incredible. but you know, you're looking at a window and there's something about being in a space suit. that's really cool because when you look out your advisor, there's nothing in your peripheral vision. and so you really are like, i'm out in the vacuum of space in this tiny space suit on this tiny thing on this

giants space station, just zooming around the planet. when you look up and taking those incredible views, it just takes your breath away. many asked, who knows, who has seen us from this extraordinary perspective, described the experience as transformative, the seeing the planet from that perspective. change is everybody the 1st time i looked at the earth, seeing it as this inner connected organisms with all these different eco systems, all these different species living all over the planet. i think it really made me as an individual human being. i feel like i was a steward of the planet,

you just feel really amazed at. c or if even exists and that we get to exist on it, the, i think going to space really sparks this child like wonder, you discover the world all over again, you know, living in this unique environment floating around, getting to play with water in space. i think we all felt like kids, a lot of the time, a pizza space, you have to learn how to move around again, how to go to the bathroom, how to eat the how to get water. like all these things that we take for granted in our day to day adult lives down here, you have to re learn up there. so yeah, definitely made me feel like a kid and give them a lot of ways the, the international space station has been moved between some 400 kilometer is above the for more than 20 years. it's retirement is planned to the end of 2030. the. the

exact dates has not yet been determined. the experience of living in space is something private. aerospace companies now want to offer too many more people. for a price a private company in houston, texas is one of them. the mat under i'm the chief technology officer for act, same space. extra space is primary business models to build the 1st commercial space station, which is incredibly complicated. the concept is kind of the basic idea is to utilize the infrastructure. if the i ss gradually looking for new modules on. so it is more of its own station, but we're able to leverage certain resources on the i assess, for example, we'll get power from the i assess early so it makes it easier to build

a space station when you're building it off of the ice. since it's like a going camping, but you got running water electricity. this is our entire station. the 1st 2 modules plus the 3rd module, which is dedicated to research manufacturing. and then the power thermal module, the earth observatory, these are the largest space windows ever attempted. there are about 2 meters by one meter. that's where all the is ramping is, will be taken, is from there as reserved are necessary. supposing this project with 140000000 us donors, what that building is essentially a hind, the exclusive space hotel. here's a mock up of our crew quarters. so this is where they are sure i will sleep, get some private time. they have a window that looks at tears should be pretty amazing. and then of course they have a infotainment center where they can monitor the station important to be able to

kind of get away from the rest of the crew every once in a while, i always say the inside of the international space station looks like a crazy person's garage, there's just stuff everywhere and some of that is because this devolves over many years and wasn't always planned to be how it is now. we're a little beyond that where we're leveraging a lot of experience from the i assess. so we will be able to build our commercial space station, the $41100.00, the cost of what it took to build the i assess, we're not trying to solve science problems. we're not trying to solve technology problems. it's really an engineering problem. and so when you're solving engineering problems, it's so a lot less costly to do that if you're trying to break through on some fundamental physics axiom space. so ready completed one mission. in april 2020 to 3, investors was sent into space along with foam and nasa astronaut to michael lopez. alegria the estimated price for a single tickets. $55000000.00 us dollars the

well they have the private test or no, it's kind of we down to the set of experiments that might not have otherwise been possible the, but not every thing. rand seamlessly is complimented the mission vicinity. by this time, there were moments that surprised made them spend thousands of people. we said no feedback was for future private mission loads and some things will need to be modified. but i'll put it that way it bends or that they could only carry out their experiments with our help and mit ones, which meant we sacrificed our working time to help with their experiment. you're the experimentalist. there was a lot of learning and figuring things out on both sides and all and a long process for seeing a lot more countries interested in flying country astronauts. so i think our station we filled with a mix of country astronauts, there might be astronaut as from particular companies. and then we help to that where the place where nasa extends its asher knots to,

to do work to if you look historically, since the beginning of the space age, probably about 500 people have phones of space about 95 percent of them have been government employees, i think going forward, it's going to be an order of magnitude more like $5000.00. and the vast majority of them are going to be private citizens as opposed to government employees. and this is the start or of that right now. in 20 years, we're going to look back historically at this time that you and i are living in right now and said, yeah, that was the turning point. that's when things really started to change. if you're a hammer, you tend to see everything as a nail. you know, if you're working in the commercial sector, you, you see everything as a process line. and i think that if that sensibility of space exploration as a business endeavor becomes the dominant, same rather than scientific exploration. then i think we have problems, missions to mars and private space stations receive

a lot of attention. but the space worlds main activity is not quite so glamorous. placing satellites in space, the biggest undertakings of stone link and one web. those are designed to encircle us and deliver a low cost satellite internet. i know that project is your ups and navigation satellite system got a layer of the satellites, the permanent, the o between the us and delivering navigation data. there are about $5700.00 at to start tonight circling the us right now. twice that number retired and just become space debris. when it comes to basic bucket propulsion little has changed since the mid 20th century. there are 2 technologies, solid propellant engines and liquid propellant engines in solid propellant systems. the propellant is

a solid mass in the engine and liquid propellant systems. the propellant is a liquid outside. the engine once ignited the reaction of a solid rock. it cannot be stopped. similar to fireworks on new year's eve in the liquid propellant engine chemical components that carried in separate tank sensitive to the actual and engine. this analysis trust regulation meaning that the drives can be controlled during flight. the best performing propellant is made by combining liquid hydrogen undulate could oxygen. the legendary space shuttle combined solid undulate, quit propelling the 2 whites on age work, at least as on the rim. powered most of the stuffing thrust ones apple and they would just as and and continued flight was taken over by liquid propulsion.

the catches liquid rocket some more expensive, more complex and more prone to failure than solid propellant rockets and so many decades. they were only suited for one time. yes. it's like taking an airplane, a $737.00 and flying it from new york to california. one time and then dropping it in the ocean. it makes no economic sense. nobody would be able to afford a plane ticket if you did that every single time. but that's what we're doing in the space industry. we knew it wasn't the best way and we knew eventually were usability was going to make a big impact. private enterprises needed to make liquid propellant rockets reuse the in 2015, one company succeeded space x. the

space x was able to do was get reuse the ability to the point where they could quickly and easily and cost effectively turnaround their hardware and fly it again . and that brought the costs down. dramatic financial reasons, basics and blue origin accounting and reuse ability them looking real kits returned to us afternoons. then stand by so take off on another day, the 2 a cheese they say needs to be a pioneer symbols rockets. we use the board propulsion technology and the guarantee of a safe landing the, the cost of transporting a kilogram of cargo into low us little bit has been drastically reduced by these innovations. that has been

a major accomplishment that fits has shown that the private sector is mature enough to take on some of the challenges of going into space working in space and actually turning a profit from it. i think the profit motive is a big incentive for progressing faster, deeper into space. and i'm, i'm glad that that you'll finally take an interest of this spends eps smith. i'm i myself have flown with a private provider and i'm with space x. i know recycled rocket and it was a good feeling for me knowing that the rocket flies up. you said that the lands again and we'll be re you is do that instead of becoming space debris, i'm showing afterwards my colleagues, samantha christoph, are ready. okay. i'm up to the space station with the exact same rockets that had gone up, and i think that's terrific if long, but this is the right way of instead of this to give you the, the most extensive research you still primarily conducted by government agencies

like nasa the european space agency or the gym, and aerospace center, not kia roan mountain with the day i research drive. the most idea shown. if you look at idea, you can see here that we have a total of 4 cameras, each folding, 2 stereo pads. and with that, it can be saved great depth. it flies with only camera systems and i am you sense is i am you, i am, you is excel or amazes on gyros codes. it's kind of like the, you know, you and humans. so we thought they are, we can not only conduct the planetary exploration on the surface, but we can also fly into a lot of cases and explore other cases as well. and who am i follow the task successfully? and marcus miller and his team has been working on this technology for mold in a decades months this through that driving mobiles, the environments in real time offering 3 d visibility. so this is essentially the brain of idea that it contains all the computational

components and the cameras. so it's kind of the eyes of idea. and on the other side here we have the propulsion system. the drive system of id in front of the roads is a still on able to if we were on the new now we wouldn't have any edit. that means we would need a different propulsion system and we'd use jet. and that's how we fund a system like audio works without gps, instead utilizing its own measurements census. the goal is to drones, to one day navigate of the planet. so turn in the sea and mount the surfaces here on mount aetna. the drone is deployed to study the terrain force initially what well is now acting up. the theme is trying to get the drone to fly again. but so far without any luck to somebody this cause to be i'm looking for the problem is that we flew once and it happens every now and then

that we see slight anomalies. and that they cop to go slightly into the pitch. so it makes almost a $45.00 to $50.00 degree pitch tonne and then crashes to be a month. and then after the close is simple, the wind is just too strong given concerning this, the wind speed here as well as a 10 meters per 2nd on average wind and the gosset's. so we'll epithet he made his testing inside of that time. the system just isn't designed for that phone, turn off and is always colleagues producing bins for now the research is have no choice but to take the measurements from the grounds. it's so frustrating compromise. so we can move the scale a long way to go and an extraordinary amount of effort needed before the technology can be deployed in space. consistency of items moving, we're here to explore and advanced technologies to buy some supplies. our vision is that we can achieve more by using heterogeneous robots over time. different types

of robots, then we can with just one system sustain besides few come, we believe that combining robots with different skills. we can solve the testament better, you know, just like when different people work together. combined engineers, of scientists and technicians. i'm in this technologies still being tested for future space missions. but some of them are already thinking beyond that. my numbers, my name is mathias linked to i'm the director of the luxembourg space agency. let's say it just for me and i've been involved in the development of the space tech to here in mexico for many years. the small country was once one of the world's largest producers of steel. today, election book is a driving play behind a new idea. space mining. to get the principal results has the existing state everything you find on us. you can also find in space. that means if humans extend

out into the solar system to the moon, light it to mazda and maybe at some point even further, it just makes sense that you use the local resources. what's one possible targets? meteorites containing platinum and gold. the main contains ram and the rules. it also has frozen more to that could be used to produce fuel and reasonable. and then there are the so called of m type asteroids. these contain precious room materials that could in turn be used in future space projects. so now the results is in space seem infinite. most of the science fiction stories i read in high school and middle school. we're all about, you know, families that, that bought their own rocket and went up to the asteroid belt in mind. and you know, did stuff like that? i think it's kind of cool. but the, the problem is that, that it's not like those resources are going to come back to the nearest thing. it all sounds like science fiction. at 1st, it's really more of a long term endeavor and will happen on

a relatively small scale. let's say in the next 10 years, then bit by bit, it will continue. in the coming decades, new markets will emerge in dunlab enough to interesting the search for space resources could become a booming business. in 2017 luxembourg adopted a legal framework to mine rule materials and space becoming only the 2nd country off to the united states. to do so, the hope is this will enable exclusive access to this new potential markets. and i just wanted to hook the kind of voice in one, so no one owns out of space. but it gets smoky when it comes to the results is out that if you fly to the moon and take a rock and process it, or you drill for water and use it, things start to get complicated. this means we absolutely need an international framework that can effectively us in these technical advancements and can repeatedly be modified as needed. but the light comes on and off and it's quite

clear that a single like some of the law cannot be the solution. and i'm assuming this looks more because that's just the loose on the sign come the european space agency has also become involved in the near future. the agency hopes to study and extract roy new new materials. so that's like a joystick. so you click on it with a mouse night. a gold rush could be on the horizon and a new era of commercialism in space. will europe be positive? the race will isn't because europe is on the one hand for leader and space have to live when it comes to satellites, birth thoughts, or vision and navigation. we have very strong programs, explode on, but in the field of exploration and asked are not x. we're always in the shadow and they're so not they're not as i think europe has to be braver problems. we shouldn't let this new space development,

which we see in the united states pass us by and with us if we act in europe, can also be world class. and as soon as you got me by the center of the conflict with tim, sebastian america expecting to stay down to the clinton was finally engaging in a long delay. that's, that's a whole slide in us china relations. the main sticking point is go try one. i guess

the top one is 4 minutes that joseph the islands living on the in this award winning offer is available. and for every language learning german has ever been simpler german to go. the saxophone operator, who wrote her master's thesis on potato, really to read. not to turn on well, it gets more ridiculous from there. for true list,

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