causes some young children watching minecraft instead of going to class others can attend classes. after they finish, the millions of children over the world can't go to school. we ask why? because education makes the world a more just make up your own mind. w made for minds we move using our own muscle power. sometimes others give us the behind. we also move things all the time and we could soon be getting some help with us more and that's coming on the

kind of and welcome to tomorrow to david dw sign shown. now him to my teeth as part of a research team, working on a wearable structure that assists movement. it's called in excess skeleton. he's trying it out. it's limited in size. if you're in a stooped posture for a while, though, you'll soon start to feel the strain in your back, the excess scales and makes it easier to maintain that position for longer and for how long it takes us. good, dr. mean time, what's the excess skeleton does is absorb some of the mechanical strain from the human body and snomed pump. this highest isn't that it supports us and the movements we make every day in various ways. this, in the mean time to some, indeed, or through the work and gushing in is part of the european research project focused on exoskeletons for use in small and medium sized companies. the requirements in this context are different from those an industrial manufacturing your ics. so it's

kind of these extra skeletons are earmarked primarily for large companies. for example, in the car industry where the word processes are relatively clearly defined. newtonics and paul for the film kline, we are researching how we can use them, where they're actually needed most time. so in smaller companies, so the tasks are more varied unfortunately and the budgets are smaller and that's key. sima. loughlen commodities has an avatar, a digital twin, a process known as motion capture, records, all the research as movements to be added to our makes it clear what kind of strain is occurring we're in his body. let's see and do them about it. when the excess skeleton is being used, that's what the avatar shows us is that the strain in the inter vertebral disk is significantly reduced thomas. so the person wearing the suit is

a lot more comfortable, but that's not the work isn't is trying. it was because the exoskeleton is taking part of the load. this type of exoskeleton, it doesn't relieve strain in the need. however, the last, the ending can you missed. there are various types of exoskeletons, and these days a range of companies manufacture them. the basic mechanical design is simple and varies according to the tasks it's where or has to perform. and it's about, you know, it's, it's interesting to see exactly which x is scaled to in a suitable for which activity once we do this. so you have to take various factors into account to the is the material washable of the monthly. yeah. what are the suits, measurements of the price, and then we give the manufacturers are feedback. that's the stuff. what's the zip codes are gonna be has to, let's look at the best way to test the suitability of exoskeletons, is to try them out in real work environments. pbs pool of other shapes don't, is a powder coating company based in central germany. metal frames for windows doors,

carports, or conservatories, are quoted here and then returned to the manufacturer. as the workers have to repeat the same movements, hundreds of times a day, exhausting work which takes the physical tone and excess skeleton would make it much easier. but it takes some getting used to advance as noise. i'm feeling whenever you introduce something new. so be some reservations. that's how humans are the industry. they're skeptical a bit nervous. so we have to help with the adjustment. when is the quick partner for our project partners have investing money in excess skeletons? it's a shame if they just sit in the closet and we don't manage to convince people to use it. and they don't realize what its benefits are, the plastic or for tied it up on hub. and that can take time. where's can't move the way they normally do the suit, forces them to move in

a way that's better for their back but doesn't feel very natural shop or to enough i'm i've been working all day hind but don't have any pain in the lower back and looking but before i'd feel some twinges now and then we'll have some options for most one it's, let's get to sleep. in small companies, workers usually perform a range of task. whatever they're doing, wearing the exoskeleton shouldn't be a hindrance. is this anything what she gave us? one job might be moving something from a to b. well, another is during a forklift and i may not always have time to take it off, put it on again, and take it off again. at some point, you leave it off because you're a quicker without at the place that i've been to, the small exoskeletons will only become part of everyday operations. if there's sufficient demand for production, it seems likely there will be ex of skeletons, could also prove helpful in other areas. a complete answer. there are the fields of

clinical care nursing and surgical care. in these areas, it's important that they're safe and then can a patient get a finger caught somewhere, for example, can eggs or skeleton be worn under a uniform? did they adhere to hygiene standards? can they be used in patient care in a company? these are factors we're addressing in this project and is important because i'm of course, will talk you financially. but in the meantime, allowance, my teeth will have to keep carting a lot of heavy boxes around the lab. of the results have long been an active pause about well same mode, the loan clean up after us. they help to explore space before many rolls and manufacturing. some

of them can run dodge obstacles, jobs, even dogs, but things don't always go as planned. this is gone me, it's named often damage pods and cache. and the bavarian town where it was developed, the rebuilt is to function as enough and companion for the elderly. so it needs to be able to serve patients a drink rhythm on la luis big hereto from the technical university of munich wants to test how well gummy does carrying hot coffee. the researches have filled the gloss to the brim will go, may be able to serve it without spilling any who can do better, man, or machine to find out, read him on law is going to go off again. it's gone me despite having little experience as a way so i can try and it's probably better and i managed to

move it without spilling and drop but yeah, let's see how it goes. he gives it his best shot, but still some coffee on the way. it is a big challenge. i just barking liquids, we felt flushing. so we're working late tonight in the different projects and having some coffee in the drop the coffee. and then they start thinking about how we could make the work. and from that on they start putting their d as in to pay for them for a stormy and going that direction. the problem is programming a robot to do it. many have tried, but so far no researches have succeeded. the man approaches has to be to try to focus on the liquid. so try some other than that. mix of the liquids. and

this can be very complex and very time consuming. so it can takes minutes, hours to compute flooded the dynamics of the liquid and the working someone you don't want the robot to feed for hours before it moves. in this video showing american teacher, he that swings in different directions like a spherical pendulum, gave the research as an idea for a much simpler approach. because in terms of physics, here's what happens. gravity and the movement of the go off, always act in the direction of the pendulum pivot. all other forces are absorbed by the tray. this means there are no lateral forces acting on the law, so the liquid in it. no transverse forces means nothing, spills of. so it's even possible to climb stairs with a gloss filled to the brim. the reset just been applied this basic physical principle to gummy wants to explain everybody say that call it so. so i'll

just because it is once you understand this is the easiest solution. it's the c plus solution, but dummy still has to prove that it can really do it. the gloss is filled to overflowing. yet he still manages to set it down without spilling a drilled rhythm. and his last book takes it in his straight. and another test all goes smoothly, even when someone just fills the robot. something that could easily happen when caring for seniors on a daily basis. we wants robust to be working close to him and if for any reason you are moving quickly, your hand and there are button is to react with the form of guarantees that would never drop the coffee on you. because if it does, then the trust between you and the robots were broken. so safety always comes 1st. and that's why gummy should soon be given more capabilities. so the right place for

directions is have the robust imbedding with them of outlets is like perception and visual systems. so we can predict and for see to whom emotions. so it works even better plus the humans. but there is such a still have a ways to go before gummy will be allowed to do all that. when the cats go walk about, they don't usually go that far. i mentioned national, kept track of studies show. they mostly stay within $100.00 maces of a home lions hanging around in areas where prey is plentiful. they territory typically covers an area twice the size of paris. had charges contained with one square kilometer. that's enough for them to eat the film. most animals move and so defined for the food supplying what about pay or not?

so what leo from bri nice centers. this question. why are there no penguins in the article the north pole is famous for its polar bears. one of the largest land predators on earth. they probably loved to snack on penguins. but even though penguins loved the cold, there never found in the icy climes of the arctic the there are nearly 20 different species of pain when all the one live in the southern hemisphere. only the galapagos penguin is found on some of the galapagos islands north of the equator. the remaining species are found in south america, south africa, australia, and new zealand. only a handful of species are actually found and, and article here. the coastal waters provide the best conditions for penguins.

the open sea is their hunting ground, providing a rich supply of food. their preferred dish is cruel, but they also eat and cho, these crabs, and even octopus, the what the flightless birds rear their young on land. some species build nests from small stones. the others lay their eggs and rocky burrows, their caves. like the madge lennox penguin, the african penguin nest, directly on the beach, digging small hollows in the sand. penguins incubate their eggs for one to 2 months, depending on the species. so the north pole wouldn't be a suitable environment because it's not solid ground, but it's mostly formed only of ice, which is constantly moving. some species can cope with a mild climate,

but none like it really hot. so the warm water is at the tropics act like a natural barrier, stopping penguins from moving further north. the still dave occasionally been spotted way up north in recent decades. but scientists believe they didn't swim that far on their own. it's possible they were picked up by fishing boats, reaching as far north as the coast of canada. another possibility is that crews liners took them north. at the southern most point on earth in central antarctica, there are no penguins. the south pole is much too far from the sea. only a few bird species make it that far like the south color skewer. but it can also fly. let is read. why do you have a science question?

send it in by a voice message. text. oh video. if we onto it on the shows, you'll get a little surprise as a thank you. come on just dos for traveling long distances. most of us take a vehicle. it might be a car wreck, show a trump a boat of course we guess on the plane for the environments. it's not so good luck to new materials and fields help reduce the impact of planes on how well these boeing triple 7 is getting a new skin. ridley film is being glued onto the chrome fuselage and engines piece by piece, each measuring one meter by 50 centimeters. that's 950 square meters film for each croft, adding up to a good $1800.00 pieces of fil. a huge task. beginning step forward is here in

groove, the difficult thing is to position the film correctly. and also there are no wrinkles pop as the source of the aircraft. fuselage is curved, so that's the difficult part. so definitely, so maybe we can know that all 12 of swiss airlines loan whole boeing, triple 7 across will be equipped with the arrow shock ridley film. the material was developed by newton's attached nik. i'm the chemicals company, p a s f is inspired by shock, skin shock, slide smoothly. we will, to, thanks import to the unique scales. these dental dental goals have tiny grooves that minimize friction, the river that so mimics the properties of shock, skin, reducing surface friction. when the plane is in the the structure on the film is barely visible to the naked eye. on the depth of the group is about the damage or of a human hair. you can't see it. if you run your finger nail over it,

you hear it. according to the lines calculations, the film will save nearly $5000.00 tons of kerosene annually. and over 15000 tons of c o 2, that's equivalent to the amount submitted by 87 long whole flights from c a rick to them by the actual fuel savings amount to just 1 point one percent. that sounds like a tiny drop in a very knowledge tank. but aviation expert, andreas fitness puts it into context. itemized times 1 point, one percent doesn't sound like much, but it's a contribution with guides that we're operating in a system is technically highly developed. and only small steps are possible. if i go to ice, the only big step is sustainable fuel. to everything else is small steps being fine . tuning an existing system status each day. the a, the ation industry is pending its height on sustainable fuel either bio kerosene,

produced from plant waste oil synthetic pills produced in a chemical process. but us yet the amount of available tentative fuel is negligible. approximately 100000000 meters we produced last year. on average, the global aviation industry requires more than 1000000000 liters of aviation fuel per day. and sustainable fuel is many times more expensive than the fulsome kerosene. types of synthetic fuel is currently the only way to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, more or less. but the general public has to be willing to pay for it. because at this stage of production is ramping up, synthetic fuel is significantly more expensive to passengers, airlines, society and government has to do their bit to make it work. new style takes off the

stopped, so it does ongoing and swiss will be the well 1st passenger line to synthetic fuel regularly starting next year, adopting the new across skin technology is what on its way. but the goal of becoming called a neutral by 2050 is still a long way off. the idea of expanding a radius of movement is not just a modern one. there has been countless inventions throughout history. not all of them have survived into the modern era, but we don't always know why not. historians were curious about one particular ministry power to use the roman empire, so they built a replica to try it out. the lake in southern germany provided the backdrop for the start of a big day for both builders and scientists from l long and university. last summer, they finally managed to launch a purpose built for ton vessel, the daniel vino,

a lot, chris. it's a replica of a roman patrol boat. they want to study how the river danube was used as a natural border. why did the romans use this kind of boat to patrols or borders? the scientists help to find out which by testing the boat for his story and buddhist hire, it was the start of an unusual experiment on the river down you the job of district. we've staked out 40 kilometers stages. does label require everything from the rowers. this is not a light rolling boat for me, it's a 4 ton barge field. it's 40 degrees celsius today. most months, so it will be tough, continental and volume. boris. diana and his team already have previous experience with an older type of ship. in 2018, they built the free to reach yanna alexandria,

novice or f. a. and the 2 ships were among those most used by the romans. the tests are a unique opportunity clear this will enable us to understand how the romans were able to defend and monitor their water borders. and today we can actually test these 2 boats against each other directly to determine the advantages and disadvantages of each design running both go to lee can for centuries, the line nice mark the outer border of the roman empire. it stretched from scotland and the north across europe to what is today, the middle east and north africa. a line of defense that was more than 5000 kilometers long. our perception of the frontier is mainly shaped by monuments like heat rains well in prison. for the upper germanic region line, ease in germany. but today we know that river borders like the rhine and the danny

were actually much more important for the roman empire door to a time that they were necessary for trade and for exchanging information about the ryan and the danube were like the free ways of antiquity the danube frontier is littered with key former roman settlements the like. regensburg, for example. stopping or pass out the danube line. ease of loan runs through multiple countries including austria, slovakia, hungry and romania. after the official launch the tests with the danube. deena alacrity finally got underway. for as dryer was confident, they would reveal many new insights give out more time to get tests. we're going to do a number of tests because we assume the roman somehow managed to land on the right bank and not the enemy bank. that's very important for the danube, and you know,

we have to somehow figure out what kind of sales they used to do that the test on best productions problem. the problem is no one knows what kind of sales the romans used on rivers like the danube. in previous experiments, researchers have always used rectangular sales. so boris ty, at once to try out triangular or so called routine sales. at the end of the 1st century, the romans still used the mediterranean style boat, 16 meters long, and mainly made a soft wood like the 1st replica. the group made the f a in this new one, the daniel vina. allat chris is a replica of a river ship from around $358.00, be made of solid oak and 18 meters long for the romans. it was a new type of boat influenced by the sounds and it appears to have been an overnight success. is avoided, was like the volkswagen of ancient military shipping and caught on really quickly.

but we don't know why it's not a single forest. i think the boat was perhaps especially well suited to rivers, perhaps also with the sales another inside that their trip down the down, you could give them the team planned 5 days for the journey. their clothing and equipment was adapted to be as close as possible to what the romans would have used. this for a long time. we've slowed down to 31 strokes when we've settled in the danube, and we're moving with the current. we're moving to shift operations. we're moving 4 kilometers an hour. we've slowed down. the aim here was to measure and compare the speed of the 2 boat designs. and it turned out to be an acid test with tough conditions, without current or even wind. the cruise had to flight for every meter up there,

progress on the down, you of the intense heat made it even more exhausting. almost one week and 200 kilometers later, dias team finally made it to the finish line and paso. but they were forced to leave the s a and behind on route because too many crew members dropped out with all those involved, still considered the journey on the danube line. these a success due to my suits and kits always said that these roman fords for 15 kilometers a part. so that was the distance, the controlled, hey, have my respect sailing down stream. you go with the current, but 15 kilometers upstream is quite a distance on the district, how many smokers didn't use right now, really experience the alignments and appreciate how much harder and therefore greater the achievement of the romans was. this was routine for them. the best able to alternative between the, the era of the line these ended with

a collapse of the roman empire, the scientific mission with the daniel vena allat. chris ended on reaching paso. now the data has to be analyzed. but 1st, a refreshing break to for this edition of tomorrow, today will be back next week with most sign stories. see you then by the,

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