6 times to produce this product has to spend life from 50600 new car and key more people than ever on the worldwide in such a fashion, life you know, is a very difficult journey. and one is very hard. everything audio stuff, find out about some on storage, info, migrant, reliable news to migrate. the open the lid for in the hot water and enjoy all that's left afterwards is the packaging. what do we do with all the plastic weight? or could we manage without plastic the

welcome to tomorrow, to date this thing and show on dw? well, eagles, i've been a favorites for decades. the japanese version is especially popular among young people. it's known as rom, and a super fast food appreciated by busy students. the growth faced in hubs are packaged in plastic, a for an e, you competition agree for graduate students took on a challenge. could this evening be packaged in something non plastic and edible, maybe excels. 2 2 2 seasoned not, not actually part of the eggs that we can see, but that's still an important resource for us. because to us they also contain interesting properties that could help us create better food packaging people. that's of the items often have for him come with a hard boiled soft roll fake so delivered in their own

ideal packaging the plant of old every year, germans alone, each $20000000000.00 of them. so team edgy decided to focus its research on itself from the university of holland high and they still got it's one of the best in gemini, for food science with a life that makes all kinds of experiments possible. the team spent 9 months conducting intensive research into edible packaging. in that time they perfected the formula. it's made of fine, the ground excels. he didn't sanitize to be, i genic a vegetable protein and a binding agent. the exact composition remains a secret of water mix. well then poured into a tray, drawing that house in the oven creates a thin film that behaves like a plastic bag. i know the price to go property of the film is that it reacts to heat but can be fused together of with the contents of an audit. this means that

can be sealed into separate portions. it's a very simple product, a cup of pasta and a seasoning sachet at home voltage on the substrate to solve in a split 2nd step it altogether. um that's it. and environmentally friendly snack without plastic waste winning edgy the 1st prize and the competition . so, you know, for the packaging succeed in retail, food markets, i would say the chances are $5050.00 right now. the situation is quite favorable because companies are looking for new solutions. and this is an interesting solution into the front of those on the students. the already hoping to get a commercial partner with a view to funding that really still tap a sign until the following day. it was rate to eat my 1st bought needles with all the packaging texts and evidently sustainable noodles sleep create, sustains satisfaction.

the we use it for food, water bottles. detergent, plastic is everywhere. but what is plastic exactly? what is it made up? and why does it stay in the environment for so long? it's a material that's been part of our lives since we were born cheap stereo and practical plastic has assumed various roles over the decades. as toys accessory is, utility products and the dream for innovative designers. plastics consist of large molecules called polymers which are generally manufactured from mineral oil. the oil is broken down into its constituent components, which are then recombined to create synthetic polymer change. the new

material has very special qualities which like robust and can be molded into practically any stream you want. but plastics not as easy to dispose of this instead of polymers are almost impossible to break down and degrees extremely slow . the some need 500 to a 1000 years to fully decompose plastic cell, great from an acid production. but not all of them are made for an oil. the some polymers are naturally occurring and are used to make bio plastic, cohen, sugarcane and cellulose can be chemically converted into mil killer chains with comfortable properties to boil derived plastics. the degrades easier and even if it takes them time to do so, there's obviously a need for non fossil basic solutions. 90

percent of plastics are manufactured from oil. the amount recycled corps qualifying is bio plastic, is not even 10 percent. so where does the plastic that doesn't get recycled and a lot of it enters our rivers and from there it's carried out to see our oceans are drowning implants. a team of scientists is analyzing what happens to the plastic left and the water. these plastic tanks have been floating around in the school to for almost 2 years now and they'll be there for at least another age. one of the tanks is filled with fresh water. the other with c will 10. you can see it's coded with quite a layer of salt to see water, certainly having an effect because it's part of a long term study being conducted at the university in easton, gemini,

and smart. basically. in this experiment, we're looking to see how plastic still composed in water that in particular because we want to know whether they can be recycled after by young and water for years. i guess is the researches from knock to books, university of applied sciences are especially interested in what long term would you exposure does to normal every day? plastic waste. how does it change its structure? how is the surfaces affected? the demonic is generally we concerned with what the material does to the eco system, the water. but we're looking at what the water does to long plastic. can we really get it out of the water and use it again? because speed of office advocates. the plastic is being exposed to natural influences in as many different environments as possible. these tanks have been floating in the baltics that 18 months does not. what does it play as a bond with pocono of your home, but we also have 5 homes out them and that see, we just can't recreate that interaction with miss austin. may

the, the team a scientist hoping for lots of new insights. ones that will help us to better find the growing tidal wave of plastic in our oceans. new studies and warning of an exponential rise in the amount of trash and seeds. by 2050. that could be more plastic than fish in the sea. span poor. yeah. every year, a total of about $300000000.00 metric tons of plastic is produced to be in this see me at least $10000000.00 tons end up in our oceans. for that's the united nation is estimate, and you could say a truckload of plastic is dumped into the sea every single minute you have like a kicked plastic can take hundreds of years to break down.

it's practically invincible. in water, it decomposes slowly into micro plastic and then often it's not. it sinks down into the depth, the sea. mon shits, the fits estimated that already 80 percent of plastic is already lying. i'm a see bed and can no longer being removed. it slipped, thought they would get eaten by worms and all kinds of organisms organism and when to create in short said lions back in our place by the food chain via the fish, we don't can i can and cannot become many green organizations trying to break this vicious circle, the ocean cleanup is probably the best known project. it uses floating structures to capture marine litter. one is one ocean is consuming a similar goal. using folks still gather up the plastic, salted, and recycle it. then that is the of

a wave project which involves trying to remove alicia from rivers before it can even get to the si se puede to putting of heat and fire. on the one hand, these projects raise awareness of the issue, warning us about our use of plastic him quinn stuff and fuck came to us on the other. they are a drop in the ocean shine by to the december coming in queen stores. we are currently dumping into the seas can be removed by any project or with any technology in the world and how school with it and kind of michelle steiger agrees . but he's determined to do something to of the plastic, as well as the big projects service, small businesses like his attempting to recycle marine the to he and his team produce rucksacks made completely of plastic from the ocean pacific that they were already a lot of great projects out there thinking the more the better. and we think that all these projects combined are also having an effect on the environment. it was

in the philippines, some $100.00 people gather plastic from the waters off, one of the articles it goes on and the pacific ocean throws up a lot of trash on the beach is here. most of the plastic is only being in the water for a few weeks or months. the creek and recycled about 20 percent of the other 80 percent is made up of plastic coated wrapping paper. you can recycle back to anywhere in the world, including germany. they are incinerating, this is the only currently existing way of getting rid of these materials. only lorraine that if i'm close to the beach, is used to make his rock socks us. it's on clear how suitable plastic is this been out at sea for years. in the future science consent new lights on that fucking mach to book the experiments currently being carried out until 5 much time as much as the so i'm,

i know for the material is so contaminated for the cleaning and preparing it to get to a point that it could be turned into something new. it's so much effort to 1000 the chances of sight in this trash of the songs. on the middle of this research on marie mitchell, they say it's important to them. one thing in mind now is a stop listening message. the message can be no problem. we can recycle it. we comp that's done. it shouldn't end up the in the 1st place. seen black on this stuff done this month. and we will need to keep on researching over the next few years to find out what we can do with the plastic. if it does end up that to the ideal solution for the world's waste problems would be a plastic eating pac man. type need a huge appetite, be able to eat fast and digest plastics like p t that's used for water bottles. amazingly, scientists have discovered an enzyme that can do just that. the researchers in

the city of leipzig have found an enzyme that breaks down plastic very fast. but to work it has to be heated between 60 and 70 degrees celsius. christiane and son in dick is team building is biotechnology holds the key to our plastic problem. yes, all, when we look at how nature does things and then copy it and not a tree, uses enzymes to breakdown polymers. so that's what we're doing. all the team heads down to one of live 6 main cemeteries. this is where they found their enzyme on a compost heap. let's see what we find. the research is identified an enzyme that decomposes leaves, and it can also break down p t plastic. so a lot that's not the only things have a wax light coating formed by an outer layer of eugene, which is a polyester. if that's a polymer that's built up by a ester bonds,

just like with p t o. by fusing buick and stuff, it's the same for many bio plastics to eat. and semi enzymes are so non specific that they can recognise and break down a broader spectrum of polyesters and inductance. and that's the advantage we're lucky to have a biological answer into our plastic problem. opens up plastic covering for christie and zoning. decor showed us how fast the enzyme works as long as it's capped at 60 to 70 degrees celsius. the p t packaging dissolves completely in one day. all that remains is the basic building blocks. the enzyme was a lucky find for the researchers. we have all of that page 07. which stands for polyester, hydrolyzed slide $600.00 on the 7th candidate out of the 9 that we found out that was the best performing enzyme. and this is what it looks like. they produced a 3 d printed model to show how the reaction works. i mean,

it seems the enzyme and here's the key chain with the esther bond, the links that will be broken. no i, this is what it means. i'm comes like a pac man, and it goes off the individual ester bonds, leading the basic building blocks parabolic assets and ethylene glycol. and from them we can make new plastics. i was coming from you don't notice plastic systems and inject his team have now moved on to the next step. they want to modify the enzymes dna so that each plastic even faster. to do this, they're experimenting with many different modifications. they analyze each variant individually selecting the most efficient ones for further study. they're also turning to modern technology and artificial intelligence to help bio technologist ronnie frank is assist them via it's also no one to scale up our technology. so we have our new prototype here that will allow us to analyze around $100.00 ends. i'm

samples at once, and we've been studying multiple layers at the same time. can i get the ones to dock and you get that will generate the data? we need to feed our ai to then train it to identify new, improved enzymes that can break down plastic. they're analyzing thousands of enzymes each day in search of a super enzyme. and they have a larger vision to yeah, well, any manufacture ultimately we want to get the market to work more with poly yesterday. that are easy to break down with enzymes and damage that will allow us to develop really efficient circular economies in good enough for you. and we have no alternative because right now we can cope with the plastic waste of money. so we're looking to the future and we're having a vision of recycling, plastic waves, sustainable fluid is also not high different. so i think the most plastic is made from crude oil, which was produced long before we came along. our norful keentonia from el salvador,

such as a question about that. how is crude oil made crude oil, wouldn't it be possible without the smouldering animals and puffs clinton itself just food for sea creatures. the petroleum being extracted today, foamed over millions of years, and tiny creatures just like these. as soon as clinton dies, it sinks to the bottom of the sea. since there is barely any oxygen at great depth, the clinton does not decay. instead, it mixes with different settlements, like clay and found on the sea, but these settlements flowed from rivers into the ocean. together with your gun at clinton, they foamed became sludge. the souls for real petroleum over the course of 10000 to several 1000000 years. settlement trulia is stuck on top of each other,

becoming hundreds of meat as high. this process increases the pressure on the petroleum sole salt and raises the temperature. when the temperature reaches 80 degrees celsius, the petroleum sol rock begins to transform the loan chain hydrocarbons that make it up. but he can to show it to chains. this process is known as cracking the fine grains digested sludge transforms into viscous crude oil. what are the most complex organic compounds on our planet? extreme pressure force is the oil out of the rock. it migrate spotwood and collect any impaired people that use that salt mostly defined plate, creating an oil deposit. today about 15000000 liters of black gold are extracted from deposits every day. new crude oil is still forming all the time. as long as there is clinton, the substances needed to form petroleum, but it wouldn't be ready for millions if you use

the petroleum has been powering industry for the past 150 years and driving climate change to electricity is one alternative. but electric cars, for example, need rechargeable batteries, and they're still full of precious raw materials. so scientists are looking into how to recycle them efficiently. the black box engine side chunks of old batteries. they might not look like it, but they're very valuable. inside are lots of rare metals, including the much sought after lithium the company are correct and they said germany has been recycling old batteries from across europe for more than 20 years. engineer. i know so like a is a battery recycling probably in here. he thinks battery recycling has an attempt to

potential and not fix the market is used right now, but relatively few batteries are being returned because many countries still don't have the collection infrastructure. it's the contacts cause the awareness of how batteries are collected for recycling is not very pronounced here in germany. either this is within the best so some other countries have higher collection rates . seated by lots of batteries getting mixed in with electronic waste or they are exported in such a way that we're not able to trace their route so that so the overall return rates are pretty bad. decent or in fact, less than half of all batteries get recycled, that causes big problems for recyclers. there's not enough demand to build the recycling machines needed to carry out the process. in this pilot plant depleted lithium batteries are being heated to 550 degree celsius design, not ones. i said,

we develop this treasure here ourselves and it's a pilot plant, a larger one that will go into operation. in a few weeks. we've plants like this one don't exist anywhere on earth to get this means the batteries have only been on the market for 5 to 10 years. since this team demand for them went up quickly and now they're being recycled to the recycling itself is still very young. and that's why pilot plans like this one are enormously important. if you want to recycle on a large scale in cost and last up to visit so large amounts of lithium ion batteries will be ready for recycling. these gold colored crumbs are clay minerals used to safely store lithium ion batteries, which are prone to catching on fire. sorting batteries is still laborious. manual work, their components are very different. but from the outside, they're virtually indiscernible. there is no description of which chemicals are inside, so each battery is

a unique surprise. right next door recyclers are working on a destroyed car battery. it might still have some residual charging it. that's why special high voltage electricians are at work here. engineer diagnose so like a says it's worth the effort due to the value of the coveted contents. been a lot of this, if we just focus on the metal lithium, it's one of the metals that's most available on the planet, but it's very finely distributed across the earth's crust. find a tie it in the costa. here we get the material for free. inside the lithium batteries, concentration of the 234 or 5 percent flight life puts in one testing. so these are of course and easily accessible source of a home, often not too wide, distracted, very laboriously from nature. when i can get it free of charge when recycling fly,

it can be fun. lithium recycling may soon become big business. but at the moment it's still in the pioneering phase 2, but to the increments of steps that we use of the batteries have just come out of paralysis where we've removed the plastics and if he's it was coming to him and of i'm not so yeah, we're left with the material mix of metals like steel aluminum, copper, and black matched meaning. we now have to separate those metals as fonts, muscle to be. we're working closely together with our w t. h often on there to see how i'd often susan r w t. age often is one of the leading institutes in germany when it comes to recycling use batteries. scientists like powers up on i develop recycling concepts for all types of use batteries, including this use, the ion battery. the coveted raw material is in the black dust between the thing copper foils. the 1st step is grinding it all into

a fine powder. thoughts is the black part wouldn't be active mass, also known as black mask, contains all the valuable materials that make up a battery from lithium to nickel cobalt to ratified the all of which are extremely rare, but critical according to european standards. i think that's why it's very, very important that we can extract the individual elements out of the black mass and a meant that is currently 16, ph. d c's are being written the simultaneously on lithium recycling. lead me on to reach had specialized and what is known as hydro metallurgy. in this process, the black masses skirt into a water the lithium dissolves into the water. but the other metals do not, which makes them easy to filter out. liliana reese transforms the black broth into a clear solution around 90 percent of the lithium contains and the black mask gets recovered. this way it's laboratory work on the verge of becoming an industrial

process. you want me to see them in the go to here it's. i own and then we can recover it from the solution using environmentally friendly process is like membrane technology. your ion exchange is when we do that the, let's see, and we get looks like this. you see a white powder, which is lithium carbonate, a products that can be sold in this form. it can then be used in the production of new batteries. scientists and industry are predicting that that will be the case in the coming years. extracting elements like graphite, copper, iron, nickel, and cobalt, some old batteries is way past the laboratory phase. now the focus is on extracting lithium industrially. the white gold of the green energy transition

of blood is red. why do you have a science question? send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprises the thank you. so come on just at the pencil for this week's edition of tomorrow today. joining us again next week for more science stories until then state curious by the the, the, the

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