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treasure. nowhere is the crypto currency value more highly than here. the coin in latin america starts august 18th on d. w. we live in a well surrounded by the class of gases and want to make up the onsite must be shielding us from the deadly vacuum of space. and these lands on teeming with life insects, seats upon, and bacteria floats in the atmosphere. similar to the tanks on the drink with ocean currents, the tiny organisms dunn's thing in the wind, a cold arrow plank to impose several decades. ero biology is focused on these organisms, the, it's a branch of biology that's long been on or appreciated. error biology is starting

to move. months of life in the atmosphere, whether the time the organisms in a cloud, the rain drop or in the cost of a desert, wind. learning about these and born organisms is becoming increasing the relevant things to concerns about bio diversity health and the climate. understanding how they influence our lives and the global animal implant wealth is increasingly important. swelling all around us is a valuable and still launch. the mysterious ecology is to be a full of discoveries just waiting to be discovered. the one that i placed on the, to the one to, to receive up here, you have the feeling you're far away from everything that's presented to them. but that's exactly the point we want to find out if that's life at this altitude and

what type of music all of you either can when you have a book in there circling the subject on the wind is blowing at about 20 kilometers per hour on. so a particle travel is a remarkable tony kilometers per hour to sounds like you to minutes. let's click on see the on. yeah, i'm a to at the institute of chemistry oakland mall fell in central. france wants to learn more about micro organisms in the atmosphere. today he's on this time it's up to predict them as an altitude of almost 1500 meters. he's setting up time tom trunk, set the observatory traps on essentially vacuum cleaners. the capture dice, select the tiny apple and travelers when p i'm a to looks into the skies. he knows that anything bought empty. the atmosphere around this is bustling with life. to skate on it unless 5th, you understood now almost everything in the midst spear comes from the earth

surface. ok. and so it's a mirror image of the ground. specify. oh, so none of those 5th, all very dynamic. they do that. it's moving and mix things. so middle of the day of today wins sweep over all of a surfaces staring apple types of particles, lifeless, and living. they are in feasible to the naked eye, but a constant they around us. these particles float up to 5000 meters high and reflect the different type of tense on the ground. the aerosols rise above forests, they can contain leaf dust, poland, moans, and bacteria. the they mix together to form a kind of footprints of this forest which spreads across the whole. over a meadow,

there might be grass clippings, small insects, and minuscule traces of sheets for over a highway. a cloud might form of ty, at particles, we will, droplets, and fine dunst. high altitude winds mix the arizona and transport them far away. the this into mixing happens continuously as it does a variety of life forms and the arrow penton sweat to long body and conference. the place data boucher and manuela paula shay well cooked, the national research institute by agriculture, of food and environment in the plan. in west and fronds collecting samples from this on the line structure positions in the middle of the fields. it's essentially

a joint insect vacuum cleaner. there's a strong acid from the trap. the position in uh, was made through it though, if it, by exact ammonia in a good 12 meters high, they don't get or 40 feet to be exact as well because it's an english model. it was metal. and in this, at the depth too late, we don't want to use it to catch you. and next slide 2 meters above the ground though like rather oregon. and so that, that were swept into the air goes and travel greater distance to the point than alternating on that to do that, which is a long since that, that reveals more about the arrow pointing of the whole region for your website on this keyboard. let's, here's a little some of the items on wednesday who is very good. do the they're all even lifeline digital. this is the nice weather amount of will take it to the land on the inside. so the laundry is to organize an arrow painted and they can stay in the for

a few hours or several days and float up to 1500 meters, depending on their size and the wind speed. the trap sucks and everything. the policies by agricultural scientists use the results to warn the fall most of clouds of a fade. so the past, the trap operates. oh yeah. around the clock. this is really a lot to it's because it's a sunny day use. pull it up. i mean, i'm m as in a say, ok, another one is hiding last guess. you know, and another a beat leave face it, the beatles and flies, bonds. even spite is a tremendous variety of species play a role in the invisible ariel by swelling above us. the gum done medium uh what about just

as the account myself as an allergy and small frustrations in the see that the cubic meter of air above our heads, it contains many different organisms. so that, that includes support on your call and bacteria preventative. but also small insect spider is like daily basis and it is on say, design you to tell the organisms, right, the winds like flying compet the and gives them a chance to be nourished, to reproduce. and to so find the

we've known about the existence of arrow painted him for nearly 200 years, which is naturalist charles darwin noted in his journal during his expedition to the galapagos in 18. 75 that spiders were entangled in the ships reeking many miles from shaw and in the 2nd ta for the 19th century, french scientist louis past due proved through a series of experiments. the particles were continuously suspended in the yeah, he called them organized coal puzzles, as to is remembered as one of the fathers of modern micro biology. tobacco sits and strikes meningitis around that time. scientists discover diseases could be caused by such and bacteria. a new branch of science was born and wrote biology. scientists began comparing measurements in the same amount of that $55000.00

bacteria were found in the bustling pollute as a by lee and parents. but on the $7600.00 were found among the trees in a box in the swiss alps, the hotel even advertised with assign the claimed only $25.00 bacteria. the then there was the work of legendary pilot charles lindbergh. in the 19 searches, he attached n a d c, defiance to his plane, and then flew over the icy landscapes of northern canada, collecting a variety of fungal, expose, poland, and micro l. g. the samples supported the pieces that living things can survive long distance and travel at high altitudes. but in the years that followed aero biology descended into op security to the organism suspended in the somewhat forgotten the

ingredients in satellite imagery. we kindled interest in the late 20th century. a scientist discovered unbelievable amounts of suspended micro organisms. she was supposed to push the also i'm of the way down to when you blow the dust off a piece of furniture. you see that it's carried away with the air flow effective. it's the same in the atmosphere. now. the mass of these particles is so small, the ones that are born, they stay there and follow the air. so how is the feasible? oh, cool down. a fond smile to lack researches, the inter continental transport of desert task. he says roughly 2000000000 tons of sewing old dust rise from the laundries deserts every year. and circulate in the atmosphere. these gigantic dusk gown swift, uh, seen via satellite images in the 19 ages. aero biologist spend realized the

true extent of circulating aero pine tone. no, but certainly i met you on, you know, i don't know just contains not only mineral matters, but in some cases also living organic material to give you micro organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. let me know. as soon as the dust is kicked out, it carries this array of living micro organisms to completely new place this, which will be the, it's easy for a bacterium, fungal, small, all virus to attach to a tiny speck of dust and take flight the the desert wins does upgrades of sand blasting of tiny granules of clay on impact tons of dust and micro organisms. a sucked into boom and columns, reaching

a height of 3 to 4 kilometers. will go up well street, or we can track this task over long distances. also, the supers you satellite images can help visualize the formation of such a cloud over. that's a hard death that within several hours the cloud grows and starts moving to the area. i will say, don't we don't a fast forward, and there's what you're telling me what goes set to close mazda pursue days later, you can see these huge dust masses reaching the atlantic ocean. he of us, with a few days later, they're already over western france. it will cuz they'll likely to send over the british ios or even scandinavia, a precaution was showing us coordinated ex, weather conditions high and low pressure areas. boom and cold and current. either

pull the task booms in or blow them away, they foam and highways that circle the, the a kilometer. if they task cloud can cross the atlantic within a week the, the atmosphere is a true transpose of life. the book to the jail, no matter contains chemical elements, and in some instances, nutrients, the touch police desert does transports help balance eco systems on the earth surface. this increases the sofas or the tail the tiny organisms, an arrow pointing tone,

travel incredibly long distance. they said high altitudes, but how do they travel and how do they affect the ground? the countless micro organisms eventually touch down somewhere on of the body. those immediate cas, i'm valuable, is in catalonia and researching what is known as micro bill deposition and its connections to climate change. he's working on a major study of micro organisms in the atmosphere. the most test this with a key science by his research is in the spanish baronies the

to see the just see you the gift almost amount of the 2 dimensions of the metal. we're at an altitude of over 2000 meters, where there's little interference from local air pollution. i'm using pizza. we want to capture micro organisms that spread in the atmosphere and travel from continent to cutting it gas in the office. instead of going through them done a lot more so that you will be going to do this. we gathered rainwater in a collector for one week and the sample includes micro organisms in small particle and sequence. we collect these in a filter and bring it to the land and i don't know one of them which, which, which, which, which the most part people us get the most i can hear. you can see the particle. so like, you know, what's not, that's part of the water is clear again, because all the particles got stuck in our filter and most of you to are there any

particular sort of that because there are organic particles like bacteria, it fund guy holland. and what do i need, but also in organic ones like clay silicates can minerals that come from far away is almost because he's been in front of them with us. what are some of those take us well here and could be just from africa, for example, the 3rd, which was transported them, yet most fear the system was washed out by the rain and the light. that's what we're capturing here. the water is probably running. there are thousands of millions of micro organisms in this filter immediately means that the media doesn't provide these these continuous deliveries of micro organisms are a natural process that if a cod threw out us history once the particles land again, the tiny travelers have a significant impact on ecosystems some bacteria and help boost pond gross, by attaching to them and pulling nitrogen from the others,

penetrate the soil, and recycled dead organic matter. viruses and microscopic modes regulate animal and plant life. so let me throw and these will stick window gain when these micro organisms land in. they can colonize new habitat. we, when she spends an excellent dispersal system for bacteria that i'm allowing them to colonize the entire planet. they're small, reactive biological entities that land in a distant planet is whatever and create new life in some of these are the subway. that'll be the media. cast them i yours team started micro organisms in rain. walter, the is and with the help of weather data trace, the arrow pine comes pathways. the scientists were able to show which region ocean all continent the streams of arrow pine come came from. and they

discovered some remarkable patterns of the in the summer ero plank. tom tends to be local, it rises from the farmlands of spain and northern europe. above the city is rivers and lakes. but in the winter, the major streams of arrow pine to him come primarily from the atlantic ocean. bacteria and viruses cross the ocean within 3 days and to send over the mountains. if i left the middle resort, that was going to be you, i might you better when we analyze the initial results of storm xavier in june, we noticed trends that recur annually. this was an amazing discovery. how is it possible that the st micro organisms will appear at the same time every year either, but it's going to be moving. we know they travel over the sea or emerge from the nature here are some plants grow in the spring of this growing the summer months, and these cycles are mirrored in the atmosphere. so used to speak last, i'm going to court in, and i'm with of the streams of arrow,

pine cones, a not some random mix of species drifting with no rhyme or reason. the microbial mazda is the rise and settle have the own cycles and seasons. just like bands, flowers and bumble bee the but given that it is the transpose of life, the atmosphere kind also poses a threat. among the multitude of microbes circling the skies a some to um say that humans can microscopic ero pint on. make us sick. the on the planet food for flood need. yes, ma, bobby. the people used to talk about my as a medic exhalations when it came to airborne diseases or prevention was impossible . back then. the method of transmission wasn't really yet known. because that meant

that all human afflictions, but generally attributed to the environment, you know, some of the, the feel to some of this you these old notion of a noxious atmosphere that makes people sick, has some truth to it. we now know that all microbes and viruses floating into yeah, which can infect humans, animals and plants, but flu and foot and mouth disease can spread from bomb to bomb. with the help of the wind over several kilometers, a dead condition is can release legionella which causes potentially faithful pneumonia. the many sandals phones that enter the atmosphere before settling in the soil. a microscopic ticking time, bombs, the your something you visited, the visual, put those in a symbol. there are some pretty dangerous pathogenic fun guy. kind is to look

hospitals are mindful of this because when soil and sand and move during construction workers and there are adverse wins. this is ask for a deal of sports and other harmful molds can enter clinics and cause epidemic. oh no, no need for you. well, does it to them you don't need to be sees of the genus as forgiveness are found everywhere. you're including in the atmosphere acute or if they appear in large amount. they're dangerous to him. you know, compromise that the gross, me, the degree of what we escaped to manage the science as shown. pathogens can spread of a medium distances droplet infection of a very short distance is of up to one meter, such as the influenza virus or the virus that causes cobit 19 is also being proven . the font that isn't solid evidence to show that transmission happens over a long distances of several 100 kilometers

the filters in for them to those few pathogens. dangerous to humans can travel very long distance is a function of deals at the corona virus was studied in the laboratory, but it's vulnerability and it turned out it's very sensitive to alex to yeah, according to uv radiation and drain as quickly kill and render a virus harmless when it's suspended in the air upside up? no, they to the truth. if i didn't think of it, the atmosphere is even more dangerous, but viruses than insects. only one in a 1000000 microbes survives. it's fine to see the google cool and hold on to the activity, but there's a large numbers of bacteria and seemingly with some pathogens are not get a cause for concern because they're mostly dead. the only most we're talking about traces of genetic material. so spiral bacterial, a parasitic,

but not live viruses. this is the views of people. the men say, look, you know, it's very rare for individual viruses or bacteria to make you sick. a lot. it takes a substantial viral load to become infected because luckily i bodies have strong defense and most likely to is 11 level who follows the organs, immune systems, vigilant, never the last, most infectious diseases today are transmitted by a different kind of and pomp way through our planes, passengers on board spread micro organisms all over the planet. in spring time, poland takes its ton on this giant and carousel pollen grains produce themselves. they often travel far and wide and reproduce with the female gummy of other trees.

this is beneficial to many living beings. the little med johnny, the poland grains can break, releasing irritants that make poland. ology is a widespread problem of the, at the university of little in from you called all visa. and now the usual on studying poland. they've captured from the yeah, they're examining whether poland grains breakout more easily when they encounter pollutants in the sky. for let me adjust this the

live. what else did they put on the x to? is this, this poland has truly exploded on the national to credited this is the samples from the books pulled and sees it. they could help coordinate the room for, you know, the polling this crying, not just through a well what is it and stuff. it's so mock line that it's deflated their, to their protective membrane is really shredded. if they're how long they should get this one for the energy, see it, will you receive it? broken tall enough which lost its original reproductive function? you can also see the release of the small particles, civil, which are dangerous for people with as minus. that's the clock is it's immeasurable because all totally confident, of course, not all pollen greens in the atmosphere are shown here. just to mall. our job is to

count them difficulty. what's the percentage of damaged, grand design? excellent. are they harmful to how it's curious cuz they seem to get to for us on the date the researchers want to better understand what happens between a pole and grain and a pollutant in the atmosphere. so that recreating this interaction in the power train, the poland is intentionally damaged when, if it's a feeling about trauma, confidence interval roles or colon must suffer. this is the revenge of people with allergies is i start with a stream of ozone pulled in that arrives here and then i dropped the fallen into outlook into this makes the ozone. molecules reacted with the surface of the following graham, but that's with interest to me. in this experimental ethics styles logic off of bundles and movie it was on, sometimes we talk about good and bad always on. the ozone in the upper atmosphere protects us from certain ultraviolet rays, if you and does, therefore good people in the mail find out what ground level. oh,

so it's in the lower layers of air where we live. this is a pollutant location exposing we'll put in a little now expose the pole into a slightly higher dose of ozone. it's equivalent to a peak exposure that happens in the summer time when there's a lot of air pollution as the bodies he subjects the polluted poland to a series of tests. an intact appalling grain cannot enter longs. it's to law changes stopped by on nasal has. however, if the grain breaks, it releases particles containing allergenic proteins. these can enter the brown kill tubes and trick outages. all asthma the researchers are subjecting the pollen to the kinds of stress may experience out in the wild want exam please rain, which typically causes the grains to explode. this problem that's purposefully

polluted in the lab rupture more easily and want to unhealthy poland. now the issue out assessors how much of the opponent is damaged. ringback the want you to introduce followed by a mechanical shock test. pulling that sweat dumped by the wind. can collide with buildings and windshields, especially in cities? and then what happens if he's a sense, healthy and polluted, poland, crashing against the surface in a pond to go measuring device. then he calculates the number of grains that have been ruptured sold to lot 40 show their, their fish found that air pollution week into the pollen grain. so it's making it pro, interruption, palm and today is more likely to trigger asthma attacks is because it breaks more easily in the atmosphere of cause up to suggest the same. imagine i'm with us. little bits that effects our footprint on a micro scale, future clark or uh, i think our human activities have altered and polluted everything,

even on small scale. so do we compare us as a share actually on the topic was that cling onto all the not released from human activities? so deposit goals are released from com traffic by an oxide is inc. and manganese particles are released through industrial processes scientists. so just beginning to understand the significance of arrow blanked on to of the systems and its inhabitants. and all the while schumann continue to pollute the must be in the book. we do convert to force, you know, tomorrow we burn lots of fossil fuels for transportation, proceed do it for industry to to discuss the, the for us officer at the alley for to i today. large buyers can be seen from space, for example, and also a functional. this is all new c o nice, you know, manage all the forest virus or

a common phenomenon triggered by global warming or should walk. you mentioned to, to see call these fires or at least gases in particles, into the atmosphere above. the sky is above us, inhospitable. we're essentially burning down our planet as we burn, cold oil and would the residential areas and daily activities generate huge amounts of particles and gases such as carbon dioxide, me say, and nitrogen oxides or the atmosphere as composition is radically changing. and that impacts aero pine tone major and conference even at risk. and then the system that most of the atmosphere ex circulation includes several car

doors or flo highways that are influenced by low and high pressure areas. big lemmings. they determine the movement of air currents and because they didn't get any filters platinum use, i don't know. it's ok. we now know that this circulation can be changed by climate change, you know, something or be monday. so the next 2 littles be certain winds and currents that have been stable for hundreds or thousands of years can change the tendonitis wouldn't impact ecosystem for and how organisms are distribute simpler than that. i think the single stainless, or least the knowledge of arrow biology is progressing new research questions that constantly explode. the scientists of long assume that micro organisms were passive during that journey through the atmosphere. the theory was that they effectively entered a sort of high donation by doing that time until returning to the ground mounted,

it appears. some do manage to remain active, but walk in, they do in such a hostile surroundings. that's one of the questions p. i'm a to is exploring on the police. don't you know, val, now, who's on the menu system on the new as of the cloudy weather today is great for cloud sampling. it's not yet freezing, but it almost feels like it here. you said, don't call me it says this is a nice big cloud that will give us lots of samples on us from on envelope enable the, at all. no thunder. no, that's clearly we were installing a droplet separator. it's essentially a cloud vacuum cleaner that we can use to collect the particle of these little cloud droplets better suspended in the air. to do that, then you guys also also know the push them against the surface so that they trickle down because then we can position the bile underneath and collect them till the

party collected on the 2nd floor for this and else pounds of floating water systems. the covers some 67 percent of the surface for ero paint on clouts, all i know waste is there a source of want to as well as food, things to plant every in the water droplets. and when it rains, the arrow punk, don't get a ride back down to the ground. so inventive isn't back, take on my specific the heat or doesn't i want to know how it bacteria lives in such a cloud. and i know you have huge amounts of droplets here, and there's roughly one bacterium, and every $10000.00 over him is that curia may be isolated from each other is do they interact with each other and just so powerful? what does it like for them to be all alone? and are they all alone? or all they all gathered in one droplet in the surrounding space is bigger than we think it's in the office on the golf also. so ask them on

a i want to know how does life sustains itself? because that's exactly what it does. that it's just about just up to 50 percent of bacteria in a cloud can be alive. they spend $3.00 to $10.00 days suspended in that. which means there's plenty of time for something to happen. like old living things, bacteria are constantly making different proteins to cling to adults to bond, to go to protect themselves from uv radiation or to produce digestive enzymes, researches all looking account, want to to detect these tiny traces of life. it seems like duty foundations on you as an adult in you as even subject curio continue living in cloud. so they absorb nutrients like carbon and nitrogen as nutrients you see. or do you also as a released c o 2 when they expire, the more that also molecules like sugars to better stick to surface. and she'll 1st

don't, shep occlusal to the that's x. hopefully i'll see, you know, there are many possible interactions on this. um, we pointed out between the micro organism and its environment, the water droplets listed as to the, the incredible diversity of bacteria and phone guy in p. i'm a toes experiments reflects microtubules, lights in the pounds, but life in yeah, is not easy. experts now believe that the atmosphere is not a habitat in the conventional sense. rapids via remains a transit station, a tiny organisms the

some years ago. an astonishing discovery caused quietest among arrow biologists, a bacterium known to be abundant in nature, ending clowns was set to be capable of producing right. bio precipitation was going to describe the rain making bacteria. a stunning revelation for people in the field of aero biology, meteorology, and agricultural science. as a most all day in southern france, cindy morris is researching the curious ability of these bacteria. its name sued them on us so we can get the

set amount of 73, engage and live on the surface of plums enclosed disease. ok, the melodies, julie, i conducted a little experiment to show you what this bacteria does to prolong pro fair. are they pumped cindy morris spray the outer leaves of days while light is with a solution containing the bacteria, the leaves in the middle. when not, then the plant was placed in a freezer at a temperature of minus 6 degrees for a few minutes. all was good, you can see the prolong tissue that was to bacteria has frozen and then dried out this a shape but the tissue was out. the bacteria isn't 1st as all pseudo minus the ring gay bands bonds by freezing them. a gene in the bacterium makes

a protein that can create ice crystals. it uses the crystals to destroy the palm samples and feed on them as it's believed the when found in pounds these ice nucleation active bacteria speed up the formation of ice crystals which are essential for precipitation. it works in a test tube, at least to me on say so on on the coupon on barco shows that everyone knows you come prepared, the ice cube trays for a policy at the last minute because it takes time. okay, you need an excessive rates. it's a for used falls, so coco shows key. don't i don't have to incite this to you. i have a suspension that was bacteria of to speech these 2 to minus 3 for malta testing, but i'll show you what happens when i add some of it. is it just builds darrow, we'll just normally tube the low,

low display stereo. the way, as you can see, it's friday the how does this phenomenon walk in the outside? well, is it possible for ice nucleation active bacteria to rise into the app from plants make contact with a cloud? and to activate this gene to phone range from the buyer,

precipitation seems promising scientists to getting a better understanding of how the founded sapp. ms. bay are connected through the rain cycle. and micro organisms like suit amount us a ring gay on that they measure heat, sushi, a measurement suggest that they can drive requirements rainy cycles, depend that rain today will affect the rain full of the future cost through interaction address we have in class multi. yeah. the lawn, alt, i'm micro organisms are using 5 y and they say it's most about the amount of reality to top the frequency of rain. they pass through like quantitative painting told me so that's why qualitative and a small frequent rainfall with the help of plans that provide the right bacteria to the atmosphere. cindy morris is part of an international team of researchers who

are imagining a new form of agriculture. they envision growing fond species in special fields designed to encourage the growth of ice nucleation active bacteria. perhaps one day, the special ero pants on organisms could even find droughts in certain areas. that's just one idea of how we could transform the weld. if we pay more attention to these mysterious organisms in the yeah, the

of the dream about the future and the machines of yesterday and the german economy is changing the new tech energy efficient smart factories. and the resource reprocessing, as part of a circular economy, is the answer to the climates and energy crisis. made in germany.

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