a, you'll basically flying home early, and this is durham my niece, earliest of an exit at a woman's was to comp i. lima will talk you reporting that from, from the brisbin and that's it from me. and then it was seen finality called fluids will keep you updated for the next couple of months. i've got a bill in front of me as it is. see here, that's what the german winning offer is available. and for every language learning german has ever been simpler german to go the we live in

a well surrounded by and take lance of gases and want to make up the onsite must be a shielding us from the deadly vacuum of space. and these lands on teeming with life insects seats, poland, and bacteria, floats in the atmosphere. similar to the tanks on the drink with ocean currents, the tiny organisms dancing in the wind, a cold arrow plank. and for several decades, ero biology is focused on these organisms. the, it's a branch of biology that's long been under appreciated era biologists study the movement of life in the atmosphere, whether the tiny organisms in a cloud, the rain dropped or in the cost of a desert wind. learning about these and born organisms is becoming increasing the

relevant things to concerns about bio diversity health and the climate. understanding how they influence is our lives and the global animal and plant wealth is increasing the importance swelling all around us is a valuable and still launch. the mysterious ecology is to be a full of discoveries just waiting to be discovered. the office on the, to the one to, to receive up here. you have the feeling you're far away from everything that's presented to them. but that's exactly the point we want to find out if there's life at this altitude and what type of music all of you there can when you have a book in there circling the subject on the wind is blowing at about 20 kilometers per hour on. so a particle travel is a remarkable tony kilometers per hour to sounds like you to minutes. let's click on

see the on. yeah, i'm a to at the institute of chemistry oakland mall fell in central. france wants to learn more about micro organisms in the atmosphere. today he's on this time it's up to predict them as an altitude of almost 1500 meters. he's setting up time. tom trump set the observatory traps on essentially vacuum cleaners. the capture dice, select the tiny apple and travelers when p i'm a to looks into the skies. he knows that anything but empty the atmosphere around this is bustling with life. to skate on it unless 5th, the under. so now almost everything in the atmosphere comes from the earth surface . okay, and so it's a mirror image of the ground festival. so not unless it's all very dynamic to do that, it's moving, it makes things so mean all day of today wins.

sweep over all of a surfaces staring apple types of particles, lifeless, and living there in feasible to the naked eye. but it constantly around us. these particles float up to 5000 meters high and reflect the different type of tax on the ground. the aerosols, brian's about forests. they can contain leaf dunst, poland, moans, and bacteria. the see the volume, so phone, imagine beyond cubic center when it's windy mixed together to form a clinical footprints of this forest the which spreads across the whole. over a meadow, there might be grass clippings, small insects, and minuscule traces of sheets for over

a highway. a cloud might form of tie and particles, oil and droplets and fine dunst. high altitude wins mix the air, results, and transport them far away. the this into mixing happens continuously as it does a variety of life forms in the arrow penton sweat to long body ad conference. the place del boucher and manuela paula shay welk at the national research institute about agriculture of food and environment in midland, in west and fronds collecting samples from this on the line. splunk just positioned in the middle of the fields. it's essentially a joint insect vacuum cleaner. there's a strong acid, so from the trap,

the position in uh was made through it though, if it by exact ammonia in a good 12 meters high, they don't get or 40 feet to be exact as well because it's an english models was met and invested the deputy only we don't want to use it to catch insects that fly 2 meters above the ground them. but rather organisms that were swept into the air goes and travel greater distance to the point. they will turn that into the, into so long since that that reveals more about the arrow pointing of the whole region for your website on the 13th those keywords. once you do it on some of the items on wednesday, who is very good. do the newsletter or even lifeline wrote, this is the nice weather amount of will take it to the land, the insane. so the largest organisms in arrow painted and they can stay in the for a few hours or several days and float up to 1500 meters depending on the size and the wind speed. the dr. song saying everything that policy is by,

agricultural scientists use the results to warn the farmers of clouds of a fade. so the past, the trap operates. oh yeah, around the clock. this is really a lot to get to because it's a sunny day is going up. i mean, i'm m as in a say, okay, and another one is heidi velasquez. right? yeah. and another a beat leaf. a 5th, the beatles and flies fonts, even spiders. a tremendous variety of species play a role in the invisible ariel by swelling above us. the comes on medium uh what about just as the count myself as an allergy and small presentations in the see the cubic meter of air above our heads. it contains so many different organisms of that,

that includes the board on an all in bacteria preventive but also small insect spiders. like daily news, we'll see that she's on sag design. you took down the organisms right, the wins like flying compet the and gives them a chance to be nourished, to reproduce. and to so find the we've known about the existence of arrow paint on to nearly 200 years. which is

naturalized charles darwin noted in his journal during his expedition to the galapagos in 18. 35. the spiders were entangled in the ships rigging many miles from shaw. and in the 2nd half of the 19th century, french scientist louis past due proved through a series of experiments. the particles were continuously suspended in the yeah, he called them organized coal puzzles, as to is remembered, is one of the fathers of modern micro biology. tobacco sits, strikes meningitis around that time. scientists discover diseases could be caused by such and bacteria. a new branch of science was born and wrote biology. scientists began comparing measurements in the same amount of that $55000.00 bacteria were found in the bustling, dilute any valley in paris. but only $7600.00 were found among the trees in

a box. in the swiss alps the hotel even advertised with assign the claimed only $25.00 bacteria. the then it was the work of legendary pilot charles lindbergh. in the 19 searches he attached and it the soup divines to his plane and then flew over the icy landscapes of northern canada. collecting a variety of bundles, phones, poland, and micro l. g. the samples supported the pieces that living things can survive long distance and travel with high altitudes. but in the years that followed ero biology descended into op security and the organism suspended in yeah, was somewhat so gotten the ingredients in satellite imagery. we kindled interest in the late 20th century. a

scientist discovered unbelievable amounts of suspended micro organisms or she was so good the push the also i'm of the way down to when you blow the dust off a piece of furniture. you see that it's carried away with the air flow executive. it's the same in the atmosphere. now. the mass of these particles is so small, the ones that are born, they stay there and follow the air. so how is the feasible? oh, cool. now, a fond smile to lack researches, the inter continental transport of desert task. he says roughly 2000000000 tons of sewing or dust rise from the laundries deserts every year and circulate in the atmosphere. these gigantic tasks around swift scene via satellite images in the 19 ages. aero biologists then realized the true extent of circulating aero pine tone.

no, but suddenly i met you on, you know, i don't know what it contains, not only mineral matter, but in some cases, also living organic material to give you micro organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fung dyer mutual. as soon as the test is kicked out, it carries this array of living micro organisms to completely new place this, which will be the, it's easy for a bacterium, fungal, small, all virus to attach to a tiny speck of dust and take flight. the pretended winds does upgrades of sand blasting of tiny granules of clay on impact tons of dust and micro organisms sucked into boom and columns, reaching a height of 3 to 4 kilometers the move up to west street. or we can

track this dust over long distances. also the supers you satellite images can help visualize the formation of such a cloud over this. the hard desk that within several hours the cloud grows and starts moving to the area. i will say, don't we don't, i'll fast forward. there's what you're telling me what goes set to close mazda pursue days later, you can see these huge dust masses reaching the atlantic ocean here. this was a few days later, they're already over western france. it will cuz they'll likely to send over the british ios or even scandinavia a propulsion was showing us coordinated ex, weather conditions high and low pressure areas. boom and cold and current. either pull the task booms in or blow them away, they foam and highways that circle the, the

kilometers take tasks out loud can cross the atlantic within a week the, the atmosphere is a true transpose of life. the book to do them at yale and up the matter contains chemical elements and in some instances, nutrients, the touch police desert does transports help balance eco systems on the earth surface. this increases the sofas of that tail. the tiny organisms and arrow pine tone travel incredibly long distance is that high altitudes. but how do they travel and how do they affect the ground?

the countless micro organisms eventually touch down somewhere on of the body. the immediate cas emanuel is in catalonia and researching what is known as micro bill deposition and its connections to climate change. he's working on a major study of micro organisms in the atmosphere. the most test this with a key signed by his research is in the spanish baronies the to see the just see the i guess some of them out of the 2 dimensions of the metal. we're at an altitude of over 2000 meters,

where there's little interference from local air pollution numbers in pizza. we want to capture micro organisms that spread in the atmosphere and travel from continent to cutting it gas in the office. instead of going through them done a lot more so that you will be going to do this. we gathered rainwater in a collector for one week. the sample includes micro organisms in small particle and sequence. we collect these in a filter and bring it to the land and the one of them which, which, which, which, which the most part people us get the most i can hear. you can see the particle. so like, you know, what's the best part of the water is clear again, because all the particles got stuck in our filter and was talking to in the, in the particle as long as i, because there are organic particles like bacteria. it fund guy holland. and what do i need but also in organic ones like clay silicates can minerals that come from far

away is almost because he's been in for another. and with us, what are some of those take us about a year and could be just from africa, for example, the 3rd, which was transported them, yet my sphere system was washed out by the rain and the light. that's what we're capturing here. the water is probably running. there are thousands of millions of micro organisms in this building immediately means it's in the unit in griffin. these these continuous deliveries of micro organisms are a natural process that if a cod threw out us history once the particles lined again, the tiny travelers have a significant impact on ecosystems. some bacteria and help boost pond gross, by attaching to them and pulling nitrogen from the others, penetrate the soil, and recycled data organic matter. viruses and microscopic modes regulate animal

and plant life. so let me throw and these will stick one ok. and when these micro organisms land in, they can colonize new habitat and we went to the states an excellent dispersal system for bacteria that i'm the, allowing them to colonize the entire planet. they're small, reactive biological entities that land in a distant planet is whatever and create new life in be of another sort of a somebody that'll be the media cast them i yours team started micro organisms in rain want to the is and with the help of weather data trace the arrow pine tons, pathways the scientists were able to show which region ocean or continent the streams of arrow pine come came from. and they discovered some remarkable patterns of the in the summer arrow plant on tends to be local. it rises from the farmlands of spain and northern europe above cities,

rivers and lakes. but in the winter, the major streams of arrow pine till him come primarily from the atlantic ocean, bacteria and viruses cross the ocean within 3 days and to send over the mountains. already had left the middle resort, that was going to be un, what you better when we analyze the initial results of storm xavier and june, we noticed trends that recur annually. this was an amazing discovery. how is it possible that the st micro organisms will appear at the same time every year? they see those up, but it's gonna be moving. we know they travel over the sea or emerge from the nature. here are some plants growing. the spring of this growing the summer months and the cycles are mirrored in the atmosphere. so used to speak last time, you know, quarter and, and i'm with of the streams of arrow pine cones, a not some random mix of species drifting with no rhyme or reason. the microbial

mazda is the rise and settle at the own cycles and seasons, just like bands, flowers, and bumble bee, the but given that it is the transpose of life, the atmosphere kind of also poses a threat. among the multitude of microbes circling the skies a some to um say that humans can microscopic aero pine tone. make us sick the up clear who to fly need yes, move of the 234. used to talk about my as a medic. x relations when it came to airborne diseases. also the prevention wasn't possible back then. the method of transmission wasn't really unknown because that meant that all human afflictions, but generally attributed to the environment. you know, some of the, the failed to submit this on this old notion of

a noxious atmosphere that makes people sick, has some truth to it. we now know that all microbes and viruses floating indiana which can infect humans, animals, and plants, but flu and foot and mouth disease can spread from bomb to bomb. with the help of the wind over several kilometers, a dead condition is can release legionella which causes potentially fatal pneumonia . the many fungal spawns that enter the atmosphere before settling in the soil, a microscopic taking time, bombs, the shopping. you visited the visual, put those in as it would have done. there are some pretty dangerous pathogenic, fun guy. the credits to the hospitals are mindful of this because when soil in sand and move during construction workers and their adverse wins, this is ask for deal

a sports and other harmful molds can enter clinics and cause epidemic loading and unloading for you. what is it to them? you don't need to be sees of the genus as for dealers are found everywhere. you're including in the atmosphere acute or if they appear in large amount. they're dangerous to him. you know, compromise that the girls with a degree of always keep switching to manage the science as shown. pathogens can spread of a medium distances. droplet infection of a very short distance is of up to one meter, such as the influenza virus or the virus that causes cobit 19 is also being proven . the font that isn't solid evidence to show that transmission happens over a long distances of several 100 kilometers. the reason for them to those very easy to few pathogens dangerous to humans can travel

very long distance is so question deals that the corona virus was studied in the laboratory for its vulnerability and it turned out it's very sensitive to alex to yeah, a cause does uv radiation and dryness quickly kill and render a virus harmless when it's suspended in the air that's i have no way to treat. if i didn't think of the atmosphere is even more dangerous. but viruses than insects. only one in a 1000000 microbes survives. it's trying to see by google and hold on to the activity, but there's a large numbers of bacteria and seemingly really some pathogens are not get a cause for concern because they're mostly dead. the only most we're talking about traces of genetic material. so spiral bacterial occurs acidic, but not live viruses. this is the views of people. the men say look, yeah,

it's very rare for individual viruses or bacteria to make you sick. a lot. it takes a substantial viral load to become infected because luckily i bodies have strong defense and most likely to always low level who the follows the organs, immune systems, vigilant. now for the last most infectious diseases today, transmitted by a different kind of and pump the way through our planes. passengers on board spread micro organisms all over the planet. in spring time, poland takes its ton on this giant at carousel pollen grains produced themselves. they often travel far and wide, and reproduce with the female gummy of other trees. this is beneficial to many living beings. the

med johnny, the poland grains couldn't break releasing irritants, but make poland allergy is a widespread problem. of the, at the university of little in france, you called all visa and now the usual on studying poland. they've captured from the yeah. they're examining whether poland grains breakout more easily when they encounter at pollutants. and this guy that i knew before. let me adjust this the live. what else did they put on the x to is

this, this poland has truly exploded on the national to credit. they know this is the sample from the books pulled and sees it could help cause that's where you can float the pole in this cracked and some of this, right? or what is it? it's a subset, so not long that it's deflated. the, their protective membrane is really shredded. if they how long they should get this web and put in that key, see, it's near, we see the broken pollen which lost its original reproductive function. you can also see the release of these small particles, which are dangerous for people with as minus. that's the clock is it's immeasurable because on to become friends, of course, not all pollen greens in the atmosphere are shown here, just to mall. our job is to count them difficulty. what's the percentage of damage, grand, designing swan drive they harmful to how it's curious cuz he's interested. see for

us on the dates, the researchers want to better understand what happens between a poland grain and a pollutant in the atmosphere. so that recreating this interaction in the power train, the poland is intentionally damaged. when do you think so, feeling about the final confidence interval roles are falling, must suffer. this is the revenge of people with allergies. if i start with a stream of ozone that arrives here and then i dropped the fallen into outlook into this makes the ozone molecules reacted with the surface of the following graham. but that's what interests me in this experimental ethics styles. logic off of bundles and movie it was on. sometimes we talk about good and bad always on. the ozone in the upper atmosphere protects us from certain ultraviolet rays, if you and does, therefore in good assistance, you will not now find out like ground level. oh so it's in the lower layers of air where we live, which is a pollutant location exposing. we'll put in and uh, now expose the poland to a slightly higher dose of ozone. it's equivalent to

a peak exposure that happens in the summer time when there's a lot of air pollution as the bodies he subjects the polluted fall into a series of test. an intact pollen grain cannot enter longs, it's too large into stopped by on nasal has. however, if the grain breaks it releases particles containing allergenic proteins. these can enter the brown kill tubes and triggered outages. all asthma the researchers are subjecting the pollen to the kinds of stress may experience out in the wild. one example these rain, which typically causes the grains to explode. this problem that's purposefully polluted in the lab rupture more easily and want to unhealthy poland. now the issue out especially is how much of the poland is damaged. ringback

the want you to introduce followed by a mechanical shock test pulling that sweat dumped by the wind. can collide with buildings and windshields, especially in cities, and then what happens if he's a sense, healthy and polluted, poland, crashing against the stuff is in a pond to go measuring device. then he calculates the number of grains that have been ruptured sold to that party. so there, there we found that air pollution, we can see the pollen grain, so it's making it pro interruption. poly today is more likely to trigger asthma attacks is because it breaks more easily in the atmosphere a present to suggest the goal at seeing measurement with us. we don't pretend that or fix our footprint on a micro scale, future clark or i think our human activities have altered and polluted everything, even on small scale. so what do we use as a shadow, actually on the goals that cling onto all the not released from human

activities. so deposit goals are released from com traffic, and oxide is inc. and manganese particles are released through industrial processes scientists. so just beginning to understand the significance of arrow plant on to of the systems and its inhabitants and all the while humans continue to pollute the must be in the book. we do compete to force, you know, tomorrow we burn lots of fossil fuels for transportation. proceed. do it for industry to, to discuss the, the food, a sofa sort of, to ality for to i today. large buyers can be seen from space, for example, and also a functional. this is all new c o nice, you know, manage all g for us to buy or is there a common phenomenon triggered by global warming or short walk? you mentioned to, to see call these fires or at least gas as an particles into the atmosphere. the

sky is above us, inhospitable. we're essentially burning down our planet as we burn cold oil and wood residential areas and daily activities generate huge amounts of particles and gases such as carbon dioxide, me say, and nitrogen oxides or the atmosphere as composition is radically changing. and that impacts aero plant on major and currents even at risk. and then the system that most of the atmosphere ex circulation includes several car doors or flo highways and that are influenced by low and high pressure areas. typical names, they determine the movement of air currents and because they didn't give an exam to

this level, the use of, i don't know, it's a game. we now know that this circulation could be changed by climate change or something or be monday. so the next few minutes, the certain winds and currents that have been stable for hundreds or thousands of years can change and the tendonitis wouldn't impact ecosystem for and how organisms are destroyed. you simply have to another effect though it was the stainless or least the knowledge of arrow biology is progressing. new research questions that constantly explode scientists as long as him that micro organisms were passive during the journey through the atmosphere. the theory was that they effectively entered a sort of high donation by doing that time until returning to the ground mounted at piers. some do manage to remain active, but walk in, they do in such a hostile surroundings. that's one of the questions p. i'm

a to is exploring on the pleated on, you know, val now was all the menu system on the new as of the cloudy weather today is great for cloud sampling. it's not yet freezing, but it almost feels like it don't call me. it says this is a nice big cloud that will give us lots of samples on us. come on, envelope enable the at all. no thunder. no, that's clearly we were installing a droplet separator. it's essentially a cloud vacuum cleaner that we can use to collect the particle of these little cloud droplets better suspended in the air. to do that, then you guys also also know the push them against the surface so that they trickle down. because then we can position the bile underneath and collect them till the party collected all the 2nd floor visits and else pounds of floating water systems,

the covers some 67 percent of the surface for arrow painted on clouds of an oasis. there are source of water as well as food, thanks to plant debris in the water droplets. and when it rains, the arrow punk don't get a ride back down to the ground. so inventive isn't bacteria, ecommerce specific to the or doesn't i want to know how it bacteria lives in such a cloud. and i know you have huge amounts of droplets here, and there's roughly one bacterium, and every 10000 over him is the bacteria may be isolated from each other. do they interact with each other? and if so, how, what does it like for them to be all alone? and are they all alone? or all they all gathered in one droplets in the surrounding space is bigger than we think it's in golf, is going to cost it also. so i'll come on a, i want to know how this life sustains itself because that's exactly what it does, that it's not just up to 50 percent of bacteria and

a cloud can be alive. they spend $3.00 to $10.00 days suspended in that, which means there's plenty of time for something to happen. like old living things, bacteria are constantly making different proteins to cling to adults to bond, to go to protect themselves from uv radiation or to produce digestive enzymes, researches, uh, looking at around one to to detect these tiny traces of life. it seems like the foundation is on and you guys are the call to new a as even some bacteria continue living in cloud. so they absorb nutrients like carbon. and i told you this new transistor seal. do you also have a released c o 2 when they expire, the more that also molecules like sugars to better stick to surface. and she'll 1st don't, shep occlusal to the deluxe. hopefully, i'll see, you know, there are many possible interactions on somebody pointed out between the micro organism and its environment. the water droplets listed as to

the, the incredible diversity of bacteria and phone guy in p. i'm a toes experiments, reflects micro bills life in the pounds, but life in yeah is not easy. experts now believe that the atmosphere is not a habitat in the conventional sense. all right, so it remains a transit station, a tiny organisms the some years ago. an astonishing discovery caused quietest among arrow biologists,

a bacterium known to be abundant in nature, ending clowns was set to be capable of producing right. bio precipitation was coined to describe the rain making bacteria. a stunning revelation for people in the field of arrow biology, meteorology, and agricultural science. as a most all day in southern france, cindy morris is researching the curious ability of these bacteria. its name, sued them on us so we can get the loaner ring. the can live on the surface of clothes, some clothes, disease the whole. okay, me nowadays. generally,

i can talk to the little experiment to show you what this bacteria does to prolong pro fair. are they pumped cindy morris spray the outer leaves of these wild glasses with a solution containing the bacteria the leaves in the middle. when not, then the pond was placed in a freezer at a temperature of minus 6 degrees for a few minutes. all was good. you can see the plumber tissue limits. the bacteria has pros, the, and then dried out, take this a shape, but the tissue without the bacteria isn't 1st as all the pseudo mono. so ring guy ben's bonds by freezing them a gene in the bacterium makes a protein that can create ice crystals. it uses the crystals to destroy the palm samples and feed on them as it's believed

the when found in pounds these ice nucleation active bacteria speed up the formation of ice crystals which are essential for precipitation. it works in a test tube, at least from on say so on, on the coupon on barco shows that everyone knows you come prepared, the ice cube trays for a policy at the last minute because it takes time. okay, you need an excessive rates. it's a for used falls, so cocoa shows key, don't i don't have to incite this to you. i have a suspension of this bacteria if the speed these 2 to minus 3 for malta testing, but i'll show you what happens when i add some of it. is it just builds. darrow, we'll just call the tube, the low, low display stereo. the

way, as you can see, it's really the how does this phenomenon walk in the outside? well, is it possible for ice nucleation active bacteria to rise into the air from plants make contact with a cloud? and to activate this gene to phone range from the fire precipitation seems promising. scientists are gaining a better understanding of how the founded sacraments. they are connected through

the rain cycle and micro organisms like suit amount us the ring gay on that they measure heat. sushi, a measurement suggest that they can drive requirements rainy cycles, depend that rain today will affect the rain full of the future, cost through interaction, natural, raw swing and then class will be at the clone. all micro organisms are using 5 y, and they say it's most about the amount of right yeah, these to top, the frequency of rain, a bus or like quantity to pick you told me sort of cycle space and then a small frequent rainfall with the help of plans that provide the right bacteria to the atmosphere. cindy morris is part of an international team of researches who are imagining a new phone most accurate account. yeah. they envision growing ponds. b shoes in special fields designed to encourage the growth of ice nucleation active bacteria.

perhaps one day, the special ero pants on organisms could even find droughts in certain areas. that's just one idea of how we could transform the world. if we pay more attention to these mysterious organisms in the yeah, the

the best star pcs conservation panda. but what about the animals that are list cuddly? they often find themselves on the side line. researchers want to change all that and call for more courage to be ugly, the sample size, and the 30 minutes on the

how many pushes start out in the world right now. the climate change. the story. this is much less the way from just one week. how much was going to really get we still have time to act. i'm going to subscribe for movies like the

is the state of lean, is life member, let and independent say in these there, but it's democratically elected president as attains as a general. now in charge of warren's neighbouring countries, of any intervention, rallies of crews of porters waved their national colors mixed with russian flagged as many shares, self appointed leader promises fresh elections. also coming up, donald trump arrived in washington to face his most serious criminal charges. yes, he's accused of using his power.