c, d, w. so once takes all the inside every day the world crashes. i used to work for free comes all the we can take the different w call. the world unpack pops up on your info is and all the input your w story. now on to the, if your, from the switching you might not know that those loans improve the quality and structure of soil. and they also play a decisive role in el paso with climate change. because they're responsible for storing huge amounts of c, o. 2 in the ground. but 1st let's focus on our memory. we start associated with the reports about remembering, followed by another about just guessing well come to tomorrow today to

science program on dw, the . can you still remember your 1st kiss? your 1st day? the 1st time you spend a lot to get simple moments like those get stored. they don't that just so they can remember it's one of the various forms of memory that imagined different stages of life. so different functions. our 1st the memory traces are formed in utah row. the sound of it to mother's voice is a fetus, is initial introduction to its mother tongue mind. this is right now. it's very quiet today. it's probably sleeping very relaxed every other week. right now it says quiet,

probably sleeping we develop inability to remember in infancy, babies can memorize the faces of their closest family members. although at 6 months they only remember what they've experienced in the last 24 hours. by the age of 9 months, babies are storing memories for several weeks and by 20 months, for a full year. the at 1st learning to walk is challenging. what's called procedural memory plays a vital role here. this is a type of implicit memory that age, the performance of particular tasks supported by the bodies sense of balance and sensory data. it controls actions that we do automatically into old age. by the age of 2 or 3, we've developed an explicit memory, enabling the conscious recollection of events. our earliest childhood memories,

usually date back to this time. the development of linguistic skills and a memory are closely linked language makes it easier to remember information. lice to this house lies in d. h 2 is the gas i lisp still says out between the ages of 3 and 5 children begin to plan ahead with the help of that perspective memory. it allows them to remember to do something at a particular time. the basis for planned future oriented behavior, the semantic memory develops when children start school, helping them to remember fact i submitted, is there a pep, illinois just fonts, and comes that phones on the call to walk me these mazda,

so it's nothing i'm going to learning goes hand in hand with a marked improvement in long term memory. our teenage years and early adulthood occupies a special place in our memory, the intensity and novelty of our 1st sexual experiences. for example, in short, these memories stay with us forever. memories of formed between the ages of 15 and 25, and that account for what's known as the reminiscence bump nursing mothers often suffer from temporary memory loss for a long time. it was thought that there, but que your hormonal balance was responsible to the scientist, to attribute another cause to the memory loss, the mother sleep deprivation. the episodic memory allows us to go on a journey into the past. it's where very special personal experiences are stored.

but starting at the age of 50, that capacity begins to dwindle and we start forgetting more often. in extreme old age, episodic memory can be badly damaged. but somehow memories from childhood and adolescence still remain intact. the in contrast to the short term memories of old people, which often aren't retained at all the we develop routines to give up range of break habits, determine 50 percent of all daily decisions means effectively going on. also kind of freeing up time to make other more lots of decisions. it's just as well, we don't have to walk out a new plan every morning for or to wes house and brush your teeth or tile shoelaces

. that's why routine habits come in handy. they enable us to drink a cup of tea or coffee while reading the paper with so a custom to these activities from requisition that the store in our subconscious and happened automatically. these unnoticed habits, a hard wired into our brain, in a kind of energy conserving default. but we also have routines that govern perhaps less productive aspects of our lives. let's be off to dinner mode. it's a couch grabbing the tv remote and some candy. and of the couch or teen is also embedded in all subconscious, it can be a tough habit to kick the jill tons can remember practically every single she's ever experienced. she is one of just a few dozen people worldwide who's been diagnosed with scientists on media. name is

certain dates and they will recall the memories of that day and visit details. for all the personal pros and cons, the individuals involved could be a listing for sciences, developing medication in the fight against out time as an dimension for getting isn't about our brain failing for scientists like on to be as pop past with 0 pals remembering and forgetting are 2 sides of the same coin. much is known about the mechanisms of remembering, but he wants to better understand the process for getting the task here is to help. brain is designed to forget things, kind of believe it or not, if forgetting actually use this energy, i guess from that fact alone, we can tell the process for getting a cause very important. these to go put says our brain can

process the huge amount of input that it receives every 2nd of every day. it perceives everything but doesn't save it all. completely forgets many things automatic when we're out and about, our brain absorbs impressions of everything. people, treaties, house street cars, everything the if these impressions are retained is memories. nerve cells that take part in the memory process have to be connected by this synopsis. but not all impressions, images and memories remain. the majority of synopsis are blocked by a certain protein. then they can't find any more. this results in these impressions not being saved. we don't retain memories from the majority of these impressions

which balances out the state of remembering and forgetting andrea's purpose. so t wrote this once to find out whether a newly discovered gene found in people with hyper, if i mystic syndrome acts like a switch that regulates or inhibits for getting these guys. and then we can take this step a name it showed helps them in the process. it's smaller than a centimeter long and an optimal research subject for the scientists. it's a model organism. the intent to introduce the gene to the name of the road that prevents memories from being forgotten. if they're successful, they can test how it works. their forms have to kind of form has no brain, but it has 302 nerve cells. that's enough to allow it to engage in complex behavior . this has name adults can learned and forget. because we know, for example,

somebody that these nerve cells here, these in particular, are very important for learning processes. other nerve cells are important for motor and movement processes. and that's why we use the name until the thing to then there isn't for them. what effect will the gene have on the name? it towed? so yeah. here we have the now we can adjust the plasma names of the scientists inject the worms with the human gene that prevents forgetting the gene was discovered in people with hyper sy mester syndrome. the gene transfer should produce worms that can't forget. the fluorescent material indicates the name of drugs we've been injected with the gene the. now the

question is whether or not these worms can forget these are straight to service. this is a very important step because we can now research this for him. it's nervous system and what characteristics they have after they've been injected with the gene. that's how we get to know how these human genes work through these. as mentioned again from the scientists hypothesis is that the gene that hinders forgetting, sends out proteins that become active in the sense of the brain. that's where the normal process of automatically forgetting is blocked. that has the consequences that all of the impressions and memories don't disappear, but are permanently saved in the brain. the researches work with 2 groups of worms, the so called and treated wild types. and the glowing ones that have been injected with g and their behavior should show isn't how the human gene impacts the process

of for getting gain isn't through the genes are there to produce protein. these this and this is gene is obviously producing a protein that leads to forgetting to forget. so now we can inhibit this protein powder in payment. we can do that with various methods including discovering substances that bind to it and inhibited vendor. so hopefully we'll also be able to inhibit forgetting here. how can we help us for guessing him? and the discovery could bring researchers closer to tearing alzheimer's dementia and other diseases once a day. and that goal is kind of in 5, our discovery can contribute to treating alzheimer's disease. how do we get to them? and it's most often, hopefully we've now discovered a mechanism that's related to forgetfulness. the one that leads us to forgetting

useful because now that we know that, and if we can identify substances that influence this gene, so we'll forget less unfruitful. that has to be of any guess, i guess what kind of a huge step for scientists and researchers now on to the humble us when it's much larger than the tiny nematode in the last report. but it's just as blind in depth. the biggest populations of us williams live in europe, the northeastern united states, new zealand, children in those places learn early on that the terrestrial invertebrates are extremely beneficial. they keep social error rates it and, and show that it has a healthy calibree of which in ton benefits the climate to what impact does increasing drugs have on our forest, especially on their ability to store carbon. it's a question that researchers in switzerland i've been investigating for almost 2

decades. the irrigate parts of a forest and compare them with dryer sections. to their surprise, significant differences became apparent after just a few contains a lot of carbon vehicle in so so it, so now let's look at the soil on the dry surface to see how is it less carbon than the irrigated soil of a co install. i think it moves up lots of the importance of forest soils and soaking up c o 2 had been underestimated until real distort carbon for the, for the experiment. take centuries to lenny for the carbon reservoir to change significantly . yeah. here we have 50 percent more carbon in the top soil in the year a gated area when stuff researchers have learned that cycles store up to 5 times as much carbon as the vegetation above drained. but the question is, what leads to such a significant carbon increase in the grow and over such a short time period?

the syria is that organisms in the soil, conduct the deputy or liquor layer on top to soto, carbon g, will color just different kinds of the one uses trucks containing food to identify those organisms. heights them, there are also would life and might civic sign on the other. they play a far smaller role in the process than earthworms. so you can go to the research, it wants to determine how many air forms are active and the soil here for this experiment. the applies to mixture of mustard water to a small section of dried out into the soil. the mustard water irritates the earth orbit and forces them to creep up to the surface where we can pick them. i couldn't do it on from the old population, hopefully isn't, isn't guns, because here we have a very small, newly hatched worm is a baby. and baby will come to a total of 50 swarms per square meter when projected to cover all forest cycles. that's an enormous bio mass. so the s williams must be quantity. the carbon content

has increased so much. and the irritated section of the forest, the chief scientist repeats the test and the parts of the forest that was noted we gated how many worms are working, the soil here off. and he discovered that s williams are no longer active with the want to continue to emissions from the soil. the mass on the measuring the c o 2 balance shows the dry soils bind much less c o 2. and then here again, and so i ordered the fuel and this is due to less carbon, being distributed by earth, worms in the top soil and stuff which we can go on. i don't live on until it does the large scale irrigation of conduct for his forest is not a viable solution. finding how good doing is looking for alternatives and nature delivers here to a comparison test he conducted showed that 20 times as many earthworms live into such as forest as in conduct for this one's result that suggests a change,

of course in forestry management choir increasing the proportion of hardwoods. so this would stimulate earthworm activity, meaning more carbon is stored in the organic soil area in the long term when soft, almost fiscally more organic soil or shoes could also increase the proportion of carbon installed in agriculture. scientists from the german center for integrative bio diversity and light sake fund that next to new ones are active intensively farm soils. it's a very different story with organic farming. when you have you got to of, when you break up the aggregates here in the ground. and that crumbling texture is characteristic of an earthworm activity. look this content assistance. there's being precious looking research candidates into the role of f forms in this research or get it just wants to find out how the convent dead plants matter. and

the sugar that contains in the process. storing carbon in the soil for centuries is discovered that in addition to secrete things stable carbon as forms and prove the carbon balance in the cycle via their skin. so we never come to this. what's less known for what was not known at all is that the mucus secreted buyers were indeed stimulates the microbes in this oil to such a degree that they grow and build up bio mass. and i'll be on my cell and this bio mass on that's ultimately stabilized into soil when the microbes die. the carbon has been bound in this oil and can no longer be emitted a c o 2, resulting in a cooler climate group instead of every year about 10 times more c o 2 escapes from cycles into the atmosphere. and it's produced by learning fossil fuels performs, and hybrid forrest and organic farming helped to store carbon over the long term.

the unlikely little helpers in the fight against climate change to. that's a nice specimen. climate change means that species traditionally at home in the south migrating further and further north the procession very most as native to southern and central europe, but is now also spreading to germany and sweden to the castle, put his vault, has can cause serious air taishan for human skin responses range from cutting down trees to assessing the mess and the host is on fire. the spraying of pesticides is also widespread, but that is a progressive solution even if it might not initially look like it. dennis a car use is pulling out the big guns to get rid of some little passed from a suitable distance the fires into the nest of the old procession every caterpillar's next to an outdoor swimming pool. the idea is to introduce

a deadly fungus to the nest via these reg gelatin balls. they were created by scientists from the university of applied sciences, engaging and are being tested in the field today. of course we can meet on the way from 30 meters away. the focus of spreads out about the size of las vegas. i guess the nets are bigger than that, so we need one or 2 shots to cover the whole mess with this. like we 1st look at the tips of the leaves and use up and once we found areas that have been eaten, we tracked down and asked by following them towards the trunk. the red balls contain bavaria bussey on a fungus that spreads inside the insect and kills them. when the professor was gone, who has spent years researching the various methods of combating the pesky oak procession. every caterpillar is favorite is firing the deadly fungus directly into the nest. that goes to any sport is on, and it's a naturally occurring animal, pathogenic fungus, which is a fancy way of saying that it kills insects and have the ocean,

we extracted the fungus from this oil. i packed it into a ball and shot it into the nest. of the old procession area. and then within the 8 hours, it killed the caterpillar students into that to hold off year in germany, the oak procession every month. and it has become a real summer plague and recent years it has few natural enemies. local authorities have been spending tens of thousands of bureaus on combining the caterpillars and even vacuuming them up, dice, and put the search to noise. the real danger from the old procession every month is that it goes through several different life cycle. so during the 1st 2, they don't yet have any pretzels or set to once they start developing the 3rd larval stage. at that point, they're very small and fine and wouldn't bother and adult human. but as of the 4th stage, they can cause caterpillar dermatitis, all homes get mentioned. in some cases it can lead to an end of electric shock. them a reading of the i some what and even lung problems with me because the hair is getting

stuck there. but in the, in the lucas, that's another substance being sprayed on trees, contained specialist, the re, gm's us or b t. it's considered a buyer's side because the bacteria does ables and kills the procession every month . but it also kills other beneficial insects. was going to and his team did some tests on how the substance works. the shocking results prompted him to advise against any large scale deployment. it turns out that the bt spray also kills the few remaining natural predators of the month, such as which newman wasps and certain types of bands allotted for safari, stressful things. but the problem is that we're killing their enemies at the same time. so in the long run, we may even be strengthening the oak recessionary population to last year is test

showed that for every 2 dead oh procession every months one beneficial insect guides as well the. they included beetles, various bugs and, and it newman, it was great. so is the rifle method more sustainable with less collateral damage? experts from various authorities are curious to see the 1st results. this is what the next looks like. after just 8 hours, the caterpillars are completely invested and dead. and where a short, that's a fungus is also dead and won't spread outside the nest. that piece is van fungus is heat sensitive. at 25 degrees celsius locks, its growth starts slowing down, and it stops completely at 28 degrees, right? so if it comes into contact with a warm blooded body, it stops growing very quickly and even dies christmas and progressive vertebrates separate. it's completely harmless, as great ones. yep. a toyota, you said, furnish doors. the pellets are shrunk directly into the nest,

so that the fungus doesn't impact any insects outside of the affected area. they couldn't discount you, and that's kind, we can't guarantee you that even a few unintended organisms could be effected either. but only it's very small numbers of when say, i think that's on the wrong people. it seems like one visitor asks what happens afterwards to the projectile is launched in the trees and beyond from hoping things for me to buy a minus 5 that's tested out. that's why they dissolve and disappear, that they go ugly and completely mailed the way we've already done tests. of course, we have turn. i was supposed to get an opportunity to read. munition is made out of gelatin, and not plastic arborist and project collaborator, dennis at congress, takes things a step further and wraps the areas around the nations with glue. and otherwise, we're going to unfold some normally they go out to find food in the evening, and starting at the tips of eat up the skeletons of the lease. in the morning, they return to the nestle. so you'd expect to find

a line of mazda caterpillars on the glue. but since we can't see that, it means that the fungus work live from the only real drawback is the red tape. german regulation stipulate that most garden, those 1st need a permit to be able to use the suit up air rifle in public that's what this suggestion of tomorrow today. d w's, science magazine. thanks for watching em. see you next time until then say curious . the,

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