to actually come in y'all's in janesville, you belong to the 77 percent to come. so i just got on 65 last last those top 5 years, 31115. we are here to help you make up your mind. we are here on please find your mind. so talk to you from trouble to fix the new culture. and in 15 minutes, that's part of our community life on the service. the research is now on the top. if you're from the city, you might not know that those loans improve the quality and structure of soil. and they also play a decisive role in el paso with climate change because they're responsible for storing huge amounts of c o 2 in the ground. but 1st,

let's focus on our memory. we start associated with the reports about remembering, followed by another about just guessing well come to tomorrow today to science program on dw, the . can you still remember your 1st cuz you 1st date the 1st time you've spent a lot to get to the moments like those get stored. they don't have to sell the memory. it's one of the various forms of memory that imagined different stages of life. so different functions, the, our 1st, the memory traces are formed in utero. the sound of its mother's voice is a fetus. is initial introduction to it's mother tongue. mind is right now. it's

very quiet place probably sleeping, very relaxed every other week. and right now it's very quiet, probably sleeping we develop inability to remember in infancy, babies can memorize the faces of their closest family members. although at 6 months they only remember what they've experienced in the last 24 hours. by the age of 9 months, babies are storing memories for several weeks and by 20 months, for a full year. the at 1st learning to walk is challenging. what's called procedural memory plays a vital role here. this is a type of implicit memory that age, the performance of particular tasks supported by the bodies sense of balance and sensory data. it controls actions that we do automatically into old age.

by the age of 2 or 3, we've developed and explicit memory enabling the conscious recollection of events. our earliest childhood memories, usually deep back to this time. the development of linguistic skills and memory are closely linked. language makes it easier to remember information. lice to this house lies is d h 2 is key gas t i lisp still says out between the ages of 3 and 5 children begin to plan ahead with the help of that prospective memory. it allows them to remember to do something at a particular time, the basis for planned future oriented behavior. the semantic memory develops when children start school, helping them to remember fact. when i submit,

is there a pap, illumination, ponce, and comes that tom's on the call to the what is the largest or something i'm going to learning goes hand in hand with a marked improvement in long term memory. our teenage years and early adulthood occupies a special place in our memory, the intensity and novelty of our 1st sexual experiences. for example, in short, these memories stay with us forever. memories have formed between the ages of 15 and 25 that account for what's known as the reminiscence bump nursing mothers often suffer from temporary memory loss for a long time. it was thought that there, but que your hormonal balance was responsible to the scientists attribute another cause to the memory loss. the mother's sleep deprivation, the episodic

memory allows us to go on a journey into the past. it's where very special personal experiences are stored. but starting at the age of 50, that capacity begins to dwindle and we start forgetting more often. in extreme old age, episodic memory can be badly damaged. but somehow memories from childhood and adolescence still remain intact. the in contrast to the short term memories of old people, which often aren't retained at all the we develop routines to give up range to break habits, determine 50 percent of all daily decisions means effectively going on also kind of freedom of time to make other more decisions

it's just as well, we don't have to walk out a new plan every morning for what to wear house and brush your teeth or tile shoelaces in that slave routine. habits come in handy. they enable us to drink a cup of tea or coffee while reading the paper. with so accustomed to these activities from requisition that the store in our subconscious and happened automatically, these unnoticed habits, a hard wired into our brain and it kind of energy conserving default. but we also have routines that govern perhaps less productive aspects of our lives . that's the often didn't a mode hitting the couch grabbing the tv remote and some candy and of the couch routine is also embedded. in all subconscious, it can be a tough habit to kick the jill tons can remember practically every single she's ever experience. she is one of the just

a few dozen people worldwide, who's been diagnosed with scientists on media. name is certain dates and they will recall the memories of that day and visit details. for all the personal pros and cons, the individuals involved could be a listing for scientists, developing medication in the fight against our time as an dimension for getting isn't about our brain failing for scientists like on to be as pop passing through, roper's remembering and forgetting are 2 sides of the same coin, much is known about the mechanisms of remembering, but he wants to better understand the process for getting the best to here is to help. brain is designed to forget things kind of believe it or not. forgetting actually uses energy. and i guess from that fact alone,

we can tell the process forgetting, because very important, these to go put says our brain can process the huge amount of input that we see to every 2nd of every day. it perceives every thing but doesn't save it all. it completely forgets many things automatic when we're out and about, our brain absorbs impressions of everything. people, treaties, house, street, cars, everything the if these impressions are retained as memories. nerve cells that take part in the memory process have to be connected by the student abscess. but not all impressions, images and memories remain. the majority of st options are blocked by a certain protein. then they can't find any more. this results and these

impressions not being saved. we don't retain memories from the majority of these impressions which balances out the state of remembering and forgetting. so here's puzzle to wrote this once to find out whether a newly discovered gene found in people with hyper site mystic syndrome acts like a switch that regulates or inhibits for getting these guys. when we can take this step on nima towed helps them in the process. it's smaller than a centimeter long and an optimal research subject for the scientists. it's a model organism, the intent to introduce the gene to the name of the road that prevents memories from being forgotten. if they're successful, they can test how it works. the

form has no brain and eyes, but it has 302 nerve cells. that's enough to allow it to engage in complex behavior excess for how many totes can learn. and forget seconds we know for exam will suffice that these nerve cells here that these in particular are very important for learning processes. other nerve cells are important for motor and move mach process and, and that's why we use the name and to thing that isn't for them. what effect will the gene have on the name? it towed? so yeah. here we have the now we can adjust the plasma tvs the scientists injects the worms with the human gene that prevents forgetting the gene was discovered. and people with hyper side mastic syndrome. the gene transfer should produce worms that can't forget. the fluorescent material indicates the name

of drugs we've been injected with the gene the. now the question is whether or not these worms can forget these are straight to service. this is a very important step because we can now research this for him. it's nervous system and what characteristics they have after they've been injected with the gene. that's how we get to know how these human genes work through these. as mentioned again from the scientists hypothesis is that the gene that hinders forgetting, sends out proteins that become active in this, in absence of the brain. that's where the normal process of automatically forgetting is blocked. that has the consequences that all of the impressions and memories don't disappear, put or permanently saved in the brain. the,

the researchers work with 2 groups of worms, the so called and treated wild types. and the glowing ones that have been injected with genes. their behavior should show if an towels a and genes impacts the process for getting gain is enough to adopt genes, are there to produce protein these, this and this is gene is obviously producing a protein that leads to for getting to for guessing. now we can inhibit this protein, put it in payment. we can do that with various methods including discovering substances that bind to it and inhibited so hopefully we'll also be able to inhibit forgetting here. how can we help this for guessing? having the discovery could bring researchers closer to tearing alzheimer's dementia and other diseases. that cool kind of in 5 our discovery can contribute to treating alzheimer's disease. how do we get an image on this?

most often, hopefully we've now discovered a mechanism that's related to forgetfulness. the one that leads us to forgetting useful because now that we know that and if we can identify substance, elizabeth influence this gene. so will forget less untruthful. so that's the advantage of, i guess, a huge step for scientists and researchers now on to the humble us when it's much larger than the tiny nematode in the last report . but it's just as blind in depth. the biggest populations of s williams live in europe. the northeastern united states, new zealand, children in those places, not early on that the terrestrial invertebrates are extremely beneficial. they keep soil a rated and, and show that it has a healthy caribbean, which in turn benefits the climate to what impacts does, increasing drug tubs on our forest,

especially on their ability to store carbon. it's a question the receptors in switzerland i've been investigating for almost 2 decades. the irrigate parts of a forest and compare them with dry up there just a few years. there was a here the so here is really black lock which means it contains a lot of carbon vehicle into so it, so now let's, let's, yeah, there's a and the soil is far lighter in color c. i think that means it stores less carbon than the irritated soil, the co installed. i think it moves up and it did until relatively recently. let's reset. just highlight the impact of drugs and the ability of cells to store carbon for them as we were talking to them before the experiment. we didn't expect to be able to measure any changes in carbon content because it usually takes centuries to linear for the carbon reservoir to change significantly. yeah. here we have 50 percent more carbon in the top soil in the year. a gated area when stuff in the

researches have learned that cycles store up to 5 times as much carbon as the vegetation above drained. the big question is what leads to such a significant carbon increase in the grow and over such a short time period? the serious that organisms in the soil combat the deputy or liquor layer on top to solve carbon fuel, ecologist, frank, how do i use this trucks containing foods to identify those organisms? the help so that's the main de composers are earth forms, anything besides them, there are also would life and mites epic sign, although they play up there wants to determine how many as to what i'm sorry, active and the soil here for this experiment has filtered down into the soil, the mustard water irritates the earth worms and forces them to creep up to the surface where we can pick them up printed on from the old population. hopefully, using guns clear. we have a very small, newly hatched. we're missing a baby when projected to cover all forest soils. that's an enormous bio mass. so

the s williams must be why the carbon content has increased so much. in the educated section of the forest, the chief of scientists repeats the test and the part of the forest that was not federal gated. how many worms are working, the soil here? dell not, wait, wait an ages without seeing a single worm of. he discovered that s williams are no longer active with the one measures c, o 2 emissions from the soil. the mass on the measuring the c o 2 balance shows the dry soils bind much less c o 2. and then here again and soil 3rd, the fuel. and this is due to less carbon, being distributed by earth, worms in the top soil and stuff which we can build on domino valuable than civic. but as the large scale irrigation of conduct for this forest is not a viable solution, finding how good dog is looking for alternatives. and nature delivers here to

a comparison test he conducted showed that 20 times as many earthworms live in the sensuous forest. as in conduct for this one's a result that suggests a change. of course, in forestry management apartment would require increasing the proportion of hardwoods. so this would stimulate earthworm activity, meaning more carbon is stored in the organic soil area in the long term width of the ocean. of carbon and soil and agriculture. scientists from the german center for integrative bio diversity and light sake fund that next new 2 arms are active and intensively funded soils. it's a very different story with organic farming. when you have you got to off, when you break up the aggregates here in the ground, you can see that despite the soil being so dry, there's still a little bit of water. okay, cool. and that crumbling texture is characteristic of a group form activity. look, this kind of decisions. so things i'm opting tend to most is the largest carbon

reservoir online vac dead plants matter and the sugar contains in the process storing carbon in the soil for centuries. you've discovered that in addition to sick treating, stable carbon as forms improve the carbon balance in the cycle via their skin. so we never kind of have what's less known 5. so what was not known at all is that then you don't get secreted. buyers were indeed stimulates to microbes in this oil to such a degree that they grow and build up bio mass. and this bio mass on that's ultimately stabilized into soil when the microbes die out of carbon has been bound in this oil and can no longer be emitted as c. o 2, resulting in a cooler climate. crude, $50.00 every year, about 10 times more c o. 2 escapes from soil's into the atmosphere, and it's produced by the learning fossil fuels performs in hybrid forest and

organic farming. helped to store carbon over the long term. the unlikely little helpers in the fight against climate change. climate change means that species traditionally at home in the south migrating further and further north, the procession very most as native just as vault has can cause serious invitation for human skin. responses range from cutting down trees to assessing the mess and the host is on fire. the spraying of pesticides is also widespread, but this is a progressive solution even if it might not additionally look like it's dennis a car use is pulling out the big guns to get rid of some little passed from a suitable distance the fires into the nest of the oak procession every caterpillar's next to an outdoor swimming pool. the idea is to introduce a deadly fungus to the nest via these reg gelatin balls. they were created by scientists from the university of applied sciences engaging in and are being tested

in the field today. those causes meet me, let's play from 30 meters away. the fungus spreads out about the size of a face. i could do this, the nets are bigger than that. so we need one or 2 shots to cover the whole mess with this. like we 1st look at the tips of the leaves and use up and once we found areas that have been eaten, we tracked down and asked by following them towards the trunk. the red balls contain bavaria bussey on a fungus that spreads inside the insect and kills them. when the professor was gone, who has spent years researching the various methods of combating the pesky oak procession. every caterpillar is favorite is firing the deadly fungus directly into the nest. that goes to any sport is on, and it's a naturally occurring animal, pathogenic fungus, which is a fancy way of saying that it kills insects and have the we extracted the fungus from this oil. i packed it into a ball and shot it into the nest of the hope recessionary. and then within the 8

hours, it killed the caterpillar students into, to hold them up year in germany, the oak procession every month. and it has become a real summer plague and recent years it has few natural enemies. local authorities have been spending tens of thousands of bureaus on combining the caterpillars and even vacuuming them up, dice and put the 0 to the noise. the real danger from the old procession every month is that it goes through several different life cycle. so during the 1st 2, they don't yet have any pretzels or set to once they start developing that 3rd larval stage. at that point they're very small and fine and wouldn't bother and adult human. but as of the 4th stage, they can cause caterpillar dermatitis and what homes get ministries. in some cases, it can lead to an end of electric shock. them a reckoning of the i wouldn't even lung problems because the hair is getting stuck there. but in the, in the loop system, another substance being sprayed on trees contained specialist, the re, gm's us or

b t. it's considered a buyer's side because the bacteria disables and kills the o procession every month. but it also kills other beneficial insects. was gone, the boy and his team did some tests on how the substance works. the shocking results prompted him to advise against any large scale deployment. it turns out that the bt spray also kills the few remaining natural predators of the month, such as each newman wasps and certain types of bands. a lot of places are stressful, but the problem is that we're killing their enemies at the same time. so in the long run, we may even be strengthening the oak recessionary population to screen off last year as test showed that for every 2 dead oh procession every months, one beneficial insect guide as well the. they included beetles, various bugs,

ants and acumen. it was great. so is the rifle method more sustainable with less collateral damage? experts from various authorities are curious to see the 1st results. this is what the next looks like. after just 8 hours. the caterpillars are completely infested and dead and were assured that the fungus is also dead and won't spread outside the nest. that piece is, van fungus is heat sensitive at $25.00 degrees celsius, ok? it's growth. start slowing down and it stops completely at $28.00 degrees size. so if it comes into contact with a warm blooded body, it stops and growing very quickly and even dies christmas and progressive vertebrates separate. it's completely harmless, as great ones. yep. it to your, to you, sir, furnish doors. the pellets are shrunk directly into the nest, so that the fungus doesn't impact any insects outside of the affected area. they

couldn't just content, that's kind, we can't guarantee it that even a few uninsured in, in organisms, it could be effected. i think it but only it's very small numbers up and see. i think that's on one side. one visitor asks what happens afterwards to the projectile is launched in the trees and beyond from hoping since the minus 5 that's tested out. that's why they dissolve and disappear, that they go ugly and completely melt away. we've already done tests, of course of ever turn. i was supposed to get an opportunity to read. munition is made out of gelatine and not plastic arborist and project collaborator, dennis a congress, takes things a step further and wraps the areas around the nations with glue and the impulse. and normally they go out to find food in the evening, and starting at the tips, eat out the skeletons of the lease. in the morning, they return to the nestle. so you'd expect to find a line of mazda caterpillars on the glue. but since we can't see that, it means that the fungus work live from the only real drawback is the red tape.

german regulation stipulate that most gardeners 1st need a permit to be able to use the suit up air rifle in public nonsense. with this addition of tomorrow, today, d w's, science magazine. thanks for watching and see you next time until then say curious, [000:00:00;00]

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