of the 60 minutes, dw. what secrets? why behind being discovered new adventures and 360 degrees and explore fascinating world heritage sites. d w world heritage 360. yeah. no definitely agree in fields in southern italy. could a super volcano sooner, rough tear, the ground is rising alarmingly. now the ground is increased all one number, the 10 centimeters. and the same though, because this is an ancient roman plaza in the city of pots, slowly traces of marine. how'd you show that the earth here has risen and fallen over the centuries?

some shifts have been sucking. i was in front of my store one morning opening everything up. when suddenly the earth dropped by 10 or 15 centimeters. this boss, it was a pretty busy experience, kind of like someone pulled the ground from beneath my feet. okay, no, that's the focus this week on tomorrow. today dw science program. welcome to the ship. 2 thirds of disagreeing fields are under water around a 3rd remain above the waves. parts of all it is at the center of the account era. the area covers around 150 square kilometers, and all the region is viewed as what's called a super volcano. that's not a scientific term, but is accepted by the research community, interruption known as the company and ignorant practice behind the designation to think of going to the regional and these are these great tactical,

whether they're not ele, uh, 7000 square feet of features. so particularly the companion nadia was uh, destroyed, but these by just that option. so it was a very easy for us to hit option in the label for for us to classify. volcano is researchers look at factors like how much material they jacked and how high, what's known as the volcanic exclusivity index rates, then between 0 and paid on that scale. the company and ignoring brightest thought to have been a 7, a massive volcanic eruption in the pacific helps illustrate just what that means. it was only rated a 5 or 6 in january of 2020 to an island in the south pacific came close to being wiped off the map. when a volcano exploded right underneath it. disruption is the highest intensity eruption we've ever recorded them of instruments. it's one of the highest themes. we've got a recorded night 55 kilometers punching right through our structure itself. and so

the off the list of the onset mechanisms by which we've never seen, it's the 1st time we've ever had a country. good. absolutely don't. russian. this is where and how in the archipelago of islands that make up the kingdom of tongue for the 1st time on record interruption unleashed. so nomics in 2 different oceans, 2 people died in the re uh so as a result of that. so you know me, it really showed that you can have interruption the other side of the well. and that shortwave was recorded in every single country. the accompanying sonic boon was heard over 9000 kilometers away in alaska. while the gigantic plume of ash was visible from outer space. when it descended, it devastated homes, roads, bridges, and fields and contaminated drinking water, satellite images to show how neighbouring islands were covered in

a carpet of volcanic ash. and this really made us realize that we were prepared for these kind of the even larger of all kind of corruption. so which will contend, or even a 100 times or even a 1000 times launch on that home to tongue. mike cassidy is a vulcan ologist at the university of birmingham in britain. his specialty is the causes of a rupture for him in fellow research or law romani from cambridge university. the erection, in from the was a wakeup call for the entire field of elk knology. they wrote an article urging their peers not to underestimate the risks they, we believe the risk of knowledge might me 2 directions around one in 6 this century, which is the role of the di volcanoes. often, former tectonic plates converge, their common in the ring of fire that rims the pacific around one and 10 people live in danger zone surrounding active volcanoes. risk that's greater than many think. an asteroid impact is far less likely. but it's the kind of danger that gets

a lot more media coverage. the faster immediate exploded over the russian city of chelsea being skin 2013 nasa and other space agencies pump of further wave of money into planetary defense systems. the dark mission alone costs around $320000000.00 us dollars. um yeah. okay. now is this not the same pin to the right estimate? so if i think label monitoring, i kind of system would cost around $370000000.00. and if you think we, for that sum of money, the very small sum of money, we could have the global monitoring system. ok. nice. it kind of back to the question why hasn't not already happened in 2010, the russian of iceland, a us yala, yoko was relatively weak, but its reverberations were felt around the world as ejected law, but was chilled by the ice around the crater. it fragmented and a tiny short particles. the resulting cloud of ash post such

a danger that europe's air space was closed. in total, over $100000.00 flights, were cancelled almost half of global air traffic. this was really interesting. it was significant enough in its scale in size to cause real life will disruption type of thing you really want to do. and not let's see a catastrophic impacts to just in time supply chains, the united mechanical pieces and perishable goods. and yeah, the global economic impacts were the largest ever recorded at that time, around 5 billions of the global economy. so anything that stops global trade, unvil kind of corruptions, can do that. and, but could spell kind of wide capital street and lots of different sectors. the uninhabited island of hunger tonga, hunger, hoppey, was itself only a few years old, formed in the aftermath of a volcanic eruption. the explosion in 2022, also shredded and undersea cable separate communications between tonga and the rest

of the world for over a month. all that remains of the island now are 2 small common tories. we shouldn't be looking at to look like, oh well thank god that wasn't was, it should be like the actually target was really bad and we shouldn't be seeing anything like that. i'm certainly shouldn't be seeing the impact on not go again and ask for the wider impact of that cloud of volcanic ash. there's plenty of work ahead for climate scientists to let us read right now to your questions. if you have something you want to know from the world of science, just send us a video text or voice mail. if we feature your question on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as the thank you. this week's question, of course on volcanoes comes from new amy rosa. right, boy, you're franco in mexico. where does

carbon dioxide in volcanic eruptions come from port billions of years? volcanoes were among the largest sources of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide the c o. 2 emissions from volcano probably prevented the earth from permanent the turning into an ice planet. the carbon dioxide comes from inside the shell structure, rivers. added center is a solid iron corner with a liquid outer layer. above. this is the or expand jolaine which hot rock rises, cools and sinks back into the depths. volcanoes are found on the earth's outer shell, the so called crust. it does not form a rigid surface. instead, the crust consists of plate that float and move on the viscous mantle. where in oceanic place meets a continental one carbon which sediment,

terry rock from the ocean floor, sinks into the crevices where it is heated. inside the earth, the pressure and temperature are so high that volatile substances such as seo to dissolve into the liquid rock bound in hot magma, this dissolved c o 2 reaches volcanoes. when it rises through the vent, the pressure decreases and the gas is bound and the molten rock are released into the atmosphere. besides, water vapor and c o 2 volcanoes also emit other gases, such as sulfur dioxide, hydro, clark, acid, and methane via mountain mixture of gases depends on the chemical elements and minerals that make up the maxima. researchers have studied c o 2 emissions from volcanoes around the world, and found big differences between them. how

much c o 2 of our quino releases into the air depends not only on the volume of objected mac by. there are layers of rock under ground with a mental is heavily enriched with carbon. these reservoirs can also enrich rising back of my with carbon dioxide. this happens at mount etna in italy, for instance. it blows 9000 tons of c o 2 into the air every day, about 10 percent of the emissions of all volcanoes worldwide. a much larger amount of c o 2 then can be dissolved and it's molten rock. how this happens exactly is still unclear. the q way in hawaii on the other end, spews 4 times more, mag, much of the surface, but it only releases a 3rd is much carbon dioxide. meaning, it probably does not have a carbon rich reservoir underground like mount edna and easily

the, the threat of, of potentially huge or rupture and initial agree in fields is making headlines, bulk and ologist are alarmed by the changes in the areas, emissions, chemistry, and temperature. this is the reason for which most scientists took and developed a diesel k. no, because it does not list the indices induce volcano because it to disclose it is a lot jennifer fraser. so the credit is a very high one challenge for researchers is recognizing dangerous volcanic activity. at an early stage, we looked at a project in germany to see what they watch out for the, the greatest risk of a whole kind of corruption in germany slumbers. here, things have been explosive a lot like before. in some ways, like the hung

a tongue eruption. about 13000 years ago, the art spewed forth. it was a 6 and the volcanic explosive of the index. that sounds like it hadn't thought it was a really powerful interruption. uncomfortable to the hung a tongue rupture and in january of 2022 finds one second craters filled with boiling lava. there are no active volcanoes like this in germany, but there are volcanic fields, large areas prone to seismic activity. the east eiffel region sits on one with loc leggett center. the iphone is why didn't the apple region is still not really monitored, although there is the possibility that a russians will occur here again called of course, it would make sense to do more with the techniques we have today. we have to better monitor volcanoes globally. and also in specific regions such insights in the past, eruptions can be gained by looking at the chemical composition of volcanic rocks.

loc lake is surrounded by a ring wall of rock debris earlier researchers proof of what's called a marvel aquino, where explosions form a kind of funnel shaped indentation that then fills with water. but because lock lake is very large for this type of coordination, recent research tends to classify it is a called darrell. for a long time, the volcano is considered extinct with future eruptions deemed unlikely or impossible. but is its peaceful face no more than a mask. the scientists are now taking a closer look at the eiffel region. let's hear from another skita since this is a special area here, it shows what's called distributed volcanism with country. that means the volcanic hazard should be assessed quite differently. thorsten dogs team wants to uncover volcanic activity by examining this cave. the eruption 13000 years ago, left behind but solved lava. the volcanic rock proved to be a desirable building material and was mind here for centuries. what remains as

a human out seller like space is concerning. the mind is also a great place for research for a different reason. the boss combines not, it's very quiet. there's no disturbing ambient noise, such a street noise or rain that makes it ideal for eaves dropping and what's going on below the surface people incline stay. we want to measure minute earthquake signals and that's best done when you're on bed rock such as here on the old, the salt, hello. it's list and other possible assignable canada activity comes from vents called more offense. does the carbon dioxide in them come from new rising magma? in addition to volcanic quakes that occur in great depths,

most debts are also indicators of molten rock deep beneath the surface. as this is an indication that we really do have molten rock here in the iphone in the upper mantle. the exciting question is, of course, whether this molten rock will escape, can't penetrate the crust. maybe even reach the surface because the for like 12 percent to find out a network of 350 measuring stations has been set up in the region. eruptions like that of hunger tongue are a reminder that volcanoes are still not well understood data from the measurement campaign and the eiffel region can lead us to per found new insights. today, for instance, we know that there isn't just one single magma chamber. it's spread over many levels. size has done gone. this man's life is no longer easy to say whether it's active or not, the included so that the area's greater depth may be multiple while the upper areas

may have hardened but could be reactivated. we assume that we may have a good example of such a system here. and then it could provide an example for how to study one device. these are almost always in kind on remind us how does open come 1st. however, the measurement data from the campaign and the eiffel region have to be evaluated, disagree and sealed sits on top of and especially large magnet chambers that also feeds nearby mount vesuvius. the chamber is around 10 kilometers beneath the surface, magnet is largely made up of silicates gases and suspended crystals, depending on its makeup and surrounding pressure gradient, the molten rock and heat up to between 71250 degrees celsius. one lab is studying magma dynamics using an unconventional model. lorenzo meant alone, he is cooking something up at the german research center for geosciences and post

them. it's a volcano made of gelatin, club oil. it'd be the cook is also part of the research here. i never mind that being both fully enjoyed cooking and these notes will satisfy actually gelatine like it's things to beats, is quite speaking. lorenzo direct liquid gelatin into a transparent container in the fridge. wearable firm up into a model for volcanic activity. lorenzo will then use the gelatin volcano to study path that magna can take beneath the earth. we. let's look at the rest in the fridge for 20 hours and is this enough to, for a 2. so if i add this at the bottom, these black paper dots help visualize how the gelatin substrate rises. as magma pushes through it. i am missourians, a quantity for ometer, that gives the idea of how much pressure you have to ex,

search on the grid. i think to obtain a certain deformation, all the genetic lorenzo mental moni has added clove oil to the gelatin that leads to the formation of a lens shaped magna chamber in the model. magma can't be observed to attract in real time, and little is known about as movement center ground. but this transparent model, at least provides a glimpse of how molten rock can make its way to the surface. what is going to happen now is that i am going to inject some here. we, with this new deal, we air bubbles imitate new magma rising from the depths. what you see up there is a mega machine per. so there was already some maxima down there, maybe it's cooling down, and it's been there for a long time. but somehow, for some reason, a new batch of mamma is rising up from the dental this and it's feeding the chamber

. at 1st, the magnet chamber just swells, causing the gelatin, which represents the earth around it to be formed until the pressure rises high enough. it has to be released to something that is happening on one side, the your options as of course, the rocks tremors, hold what you see on the surface. the other thing shaking those are analogs for quakes by measuring how the surface deforms before interruption. the research team hopes to deduce where underground magnet chambers are located in the real world. after the model interruption, lorenzo pumps in water containing red died. it's distribution reveals the whole

system of tunnels and magnet chambers. the gelatin volcanoes, architecture, so distress field within the thing is going to dictate the pathway of incoming my mac, my dykes, we call them dykes, these are dense these things but, but, but through the spray dollars, correct. and so this is quite important because we, if we have a model that can, you know, we predict the trajectory that one will take for the crossed. then we do have a way to forecast where future options for the core. and we are striving to find a or if you will, pills that will allow us to predict where the spot wasteful and off the surface. in the real world maxima would have to push through different layers of rock. but the gelatin model helps researchers better understand its movements in the ground beneath our feet. except for green fields do erupt in

a big way. there are evacuation scenarios for the population, but they're largely based on, on, tried plans for me. oh, what these like? what can we can improve? so to present, but the people, because people as to know what to do in case on that option. another active volcano is the very kind shooting. it's erupt at around 50 times in the last 500 years. because the volcano erupt, the animals in nature always noticed 1st they start to war. i'm a yeah, my father taught me that it's a warning video. thank god, 1971, a powerful erupt. sion that they had or long co of the indigenous not put j people can still remember in his village vegas, scorched the earth and left its mark. nevertheless, manuel, so gondo chink or live pion remains here at the foot of the volcano. so that

was the most at then, you know, during the 1971, a russian, the volcano exploded at midnight. it melted a lot of snow and a lot of water came pouring down in our direction the next day in the early morning hours rocks also started coming down. so you know a 100 that'd be a violent much flow is called lars set in motion by the volcano, one of the greatest hazards they can trigger the horse for him when hot lava and gas as milk, the snow with the crater sparking an avalanche of mud and debris, with temperatures of up to $100.00 grease celsius and speeds of up to 180 kilometers per hour. a horse thunder down into lower elevations and can cover a great distances. they can destroy the villages in a matter of minutes. jose luis pioneer wants to detect le hers earlier to warn people who live at the foot of the creek more quickly. he does this by recording

the sounds the volcano makes to do so. he's installed a station, measuring in for a sound at an altitude of around 1400 meters. well, you've got a se, so we'll look at it. this is a good place to install the sensors, because we are in a forest. and it helps us to filter out ambient noise and boom, boom stuff. but thinking that it was especially the wind office local to minimize the wind and noise, replaced the sensors above the ground, normally not too high end of that. so the forest here is an additional natural filter. they'll say something to the, to the sounds. jose records are low frequency, about one her this if they are detectable to the human ear, but jose's microphones can detect to them. so what are your thoughts with a network of 3 microphones so far the researcher has listened to how the mag, my inside the volcano behaves and can tell when it's bubbling in the lake of lava

inside the cold era. but he's also recorded the sounds of lars. when the recording is sped up, the volcanoes sound also grows audible. the, as i say, for most of the big battle, we said this way and we can detect the hard as close to their source as they emerge when i sold it. and we can also estimate their speed. but i know it's not allows us to give an earlier warning. you don't think we are able to send an alarm signal and plenty of time, i think one and potentially before the heart reaches a populated area, i don't wanna sign up on that. however, no one can predict exactly how much longer do you agree go will spew, or whether mudslides or hot gas clouds will come racing down it slopes. ok now is don't seem to follow any rules when i saw it most of time of because

historically, russian severe rico always occurred in different ways or so. and then the last one back in 2015 was different than the ones that happened and 84 or, and 85. and they were different from the one in 1971. it went through caught the on. that's what the indigenous my puts a call, the viet eco volcano. house of the spirit their own traditional houses are called root. you'll see the on the other level i get up at night at midnight or one to look it up. ok, now. i can see it well from one of our windows when the sky is clear. in some nights i see it spitting fire. oh yes. i the the, the you know is a really great thing because it's the rest of the earth. a hot brass and no

one can predict v at eco's. next great acceleration. the time to wrap up this week special episode of tamora today on volcanic research. but if you still have a question about the field or the science involved, make sure to drop us a line. thanks for watching. and don't forget to stay curious, bye for now, the

shift your guide to life in the digital world. to explore the latest online trying to navigate your way through the digital jungle. get a global perspective. i will be your guide and show you what's possible to decide what really matters to you. shift in 15 minutes

on dw, our specialties spiced with a luxury pleasure. flavored with a touch of art and culinary excellence. all the access europe to save your romance. 30 minutes on dw, the used to be 1st page. researchers and scientists all over the world. for you know, race against time,

they are peers and rivals with one daring goals to help smart nature, the more likes watching it on youtube, dw documentary list, questions about life, the universe and everything you've answer. well then give it, here's the answer to almost everything. we're documentary series with whoever, raising the ground, breaking questions, state after life or in our city, saving questions for the present and future. the heads filled with the ideas. so get ready for the brain. uptake 40 to the industry to almost everything. start

september 10th on dw, the . this is the daily news live from bartlet, fresh close into who is behind last year is a tap on the nord stream gas pipeline and the politics. the media reports in germany say evidence links be a legit, arbitrators to ukraine. a top german government minister says she hopes arrests will happen soon. we'll have more details on that. also on the program polling indicates donald trump remains the most popular republicans to get the parties

nomination for president. this despite being arrested on racketeering.