to lose we are all set and we're watching closely. we all seem to bring you the story behind the news. we're rolling about unbiased information, all 3 months. the disagree in fields in southern italy could have super volcano sooner, rob tier, the ground is rising alarmingly. now the ground is to increase only one number, the 10 centimeters. and the same though, because this is an ancient roman plaza in the city of pots, slowly traces of marine. how'd you show that the earth here has risen and fallen over the centuries. sun shifts have been such as in front of my store one

morning opening everything up when suddenly the earth dropped by 10 or 15 centimeters. this advice, it was a pretty dizzy experience. kind of like someone pulled the ground from beneath my feet tall. okay. no, that's the focus this week on tomorrow to day dw science program. welcome to the ship. 2 thirds. this'll agree and fields are under water around a 3rd remain above the waves puffs of all the is at the center of the account era. the area covers around 150 square kilometers and all the region is viewed as what's called a super volcano. that's not a scientific term, but is accepted by the research community interruption known as the company and ignoring probably it is behind the designation to think of going to the regional.

these are these great tactical, whether they're not ill, the says in thousands is fuck you know, features so particularly, oh, the company i guess was destroyed. but these by just that option to somebody for us to hit option in the label for, for us to classify volcanoes, researchers looked at factors like how much material they jacked and how high, what's known as the volcanic exclusivity index rates. then between 0 and paid on that scale, the company and ignoring pride is thought to have been a 7, a massive volcanic eruption. and the pacific helps illustrate just what that means . it was only rated a 5 or 6 in january of 2020 to an island in the south pacific came close to being wiped off the map. when a volcano exploded right underneath that disruption is the highest intensity of rupture. and we've ever recorded them of instruments. it's one of the highest claims we've got a recorded note,

55 kilometers punching right through our structure itself. and so the last of the on this is a mechanism by which we've never seen. it's the 1st time we've ever had a country get absolutely don't rush. this is where and how in the archipelago of islands that make up the kingdom of tongue for the 1st time on record interruption unleashed. so nami, in 2 different oceans, 2 people died in the room as a result of that. so you know me, it really showed that you can have interruption the other side of the well. and that short wave was recorded in every single country via accompanying sonic boon was heard over 9000 kilometers away in alaska. while the gigantic plume of ash was visible from outer space. when it descended, it devastated homes, roads, bridges, and fields, and contaminated drinking water. satellite images show how neighboring islands were

covered in a carpet of volcanic ash. and this really made us realize that we weren't prepared for these kind of the even larger boat kind of corruption. so which will contend, or even a 100 times or we can have thousands 100 launch on that home to tongue. mike cassidy is a vocal knowledge just at the university of birmingham in britain. his specialty is the causes of a rupture for him in fellow research or in law romani from cambridge university. the erection, in from the was a wakeup call for the entire field of book analogy. they wrote an article urging their peers not to underestimate the risks they. we believe that the risk of knowledge might need to direction is around one in 6 this century, which is the role of the di volcanoes. often, former tectonic plates converge, their common in the ring of fire that rims the pacific around one and 10 people live in danger zone surrounding active volcanoes. a risk that's greater than many think, an asteroid impact is far less likely. but is the kind of danger that gets

a lot more media coverage. after immediate exploded over the russian city of tell yeah, big skin 2013 nasa and other space agencies pumped a further wave of money into planetary defense systems. the dark mission alone costs around $320000000.00 us dollars. um yeah. okay. now is this not the same pin to the right estimate? so if i think label monitoring kind of system would cost around $370000000.00. and if you think we, for the sum of money, the very small sum of money, we could have the global monitoring system. ok. nice it kind of back to the question why hasn't already happened in 2010, the russian of iceland, a yada yada, yada was relatively weak, but its reverberations were felt around the world. as ejected lava was chilled by the ice around the crater, it fragmented and a tiny, sharp particles. the resulting cloud of ash post such

a danger that europe's air space was closed. in total, over $100000.00 flights, were cancelled almost half of global air traffic. this was really interesting, it was significant enough in its scale in size to cause real life will disruption type of thing you really want to do. i'm not, let's see. catastrophic impacts to just in time supply chains, the united mechanical pieces and perishable goods. um, yeah, the global economic impacts are with the largest ever recorded that last time around 5 billions of the global economy. so anything that stops global trade, unvil kind of corruptions, can do that. and that could spell kind of wide capital survey in lots of different sectors. the uninhabited island of hunger tonga, hunger, hoppey, was itself only a few years old, formed in the aftermath of a volcanic eruption. the explosion in 2022, also shredded and undersea cable separate communications between tonga and the rest

of the world for over a month. all that remains of the island now are 2 small common tories. we shouldn't be looking at total good like oh well thank god that wasn't was, it should be like actually told was really bad and we shouldn't be seeing anything like them. certain shouldn't be seeing the impact on us go again and ask for the wider impact of that cloud of volcanic ash. there's plenty of work ahead for climate scientists to let us read right now to your questions. if you have something you want to know from the world of science, just send us a video text or voice mail. if we feature your question on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. this week's question, of course on volcanoes comes from new amy rosa. right, boy, you're franco in mexico. where does

carbon dioxide in volcanic eruptions come from port billions of years? volcanoes were among the largest sources of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide the c o. 2 emissions from volcano is probably prevented the earth from permanent the turning into an ice planet. the carbon dioxide comes from inside the shell structure, rivers added center is a solid iron corner with a liquid outer layer. above. this is the, are expand, jolaine, which hot rock rises, cools and sinks back into the dense. volcanoes are found on the earth's outer shell, the so called crust. it does not form a rigid surface. instead, the crust consists of plate that float and move on the viscous mantle. where in oceanic place meets the continental one carbon which sediment,

terry rock from the ocean floor, sinks into the crevices where it is heated. inside the yours, the pressure and temperature are so high that volatiles substances such as c o 2, dissolved into the liquid rock bound in hoc magma this dissolved c. o. 2 reaches volcanoes. when it rises through the event, the pressure decreases. and the gas is bound in the molten rock are released into the atmosphere. besides, water vapor and c, o 2 volcanos also emit other gases, such as sulfur dioxide, hydro, clark, acid, and methane via mountain mixture of gases depends on the chemical elements and minerals that make up the maxima. researchers have studied c o 2 emissions from volcanoes around the world, and found big differences between them. how

much c o 2 of our quino releases into the air depends not only on the volume of objected mac by. there are layers of rock under ground with a mental is heavily enriched with carbon. these reservoirs can also enrich rising back of my with carbon dioxide. this happens at mount etna in italy, for instance. it blows 9000 tons of c o 2 into the air every day, about 10 percent of the emissions of all volcanoes worldwide. a much larger amount of c o 2 then can be dissolved and it's molten rock. how this happens exactly is still unclear. the q way in hawaii on the other end, use 4 times more magnet to the surface, but it's only releases a 3rd is much carbon dioxide. meaning it probably does not have a carbon rich reservoir underground like mount etna in italy.

the threat of, of potentially huge or rupture. and then this, like green fields is making headlines, bulk and all logistics are alarmed by the changes in the areas, emissions, chemistry, and temperature. this is the reason for which most scientists took and developed a diesel k. no, because it does not list the indices of induce volcano because it is this policy is a large and for fraser. so the country is a very high one challenge for researchers is recognizing dangerous volcanic activity. at an early stage, we looked at a project in germany to see what they watch out for the, the greatest risk of a whole kind of corruption in germany slumbers. here, things have been explosive a lot like before. in some ways, like the hung

a tongue eruption. about 13000 years ago, the art spewed forth. it was a 6 and the volcanic explosive of the index. that's not okay. and in fact, it was a really powerful eruption uncomfortable to the younger tongue. corruption, in january of 2022 finds one. the craters filled with boiling lava. there are no active volcanoes like this in germany. but there are volcanic fields, large areas prone to seismic activity. the east eiffel region sits on one with loc lake at its center. the iphone is why didn't because the apple region is still not really monitored, although there is the possibility that directions will occur here again. when, of course, it would make sense to do more with the techniques we have to day to better monitor volcanoes globally. and also in specific regions such by insights in the past, eruptions can be gained by looking at the chemical composition of volcanic rocks.

lock lake is surrounded by a ring wall of rock debris earlier researchers proof of what's called a marvel aquino, where explosions form a kind of funnel shaped indentation that then fills with water. but because lock lake is very large for this type of formation, recent research tends to classify it. is it called darrell for a long time the volcano was considered extinct was due to a russians deemed unlikely or impossible. it is its peaceful face, no more than a mask. the scientists are now taking a closer look at the eiffel region. let's hear from another skita since this is a special area here, it shows what's called distributed volcanism with country. that means the volcanic hazard should be assessed quite differently. thorsten dogs team wants to uncover volcanic activity by examining this cave. the eruption 13000 years ago, left behind but solved lava. the volcanic rock proved to be a desirable building material and was mind here for centuries. what remains as

a human out seller like space is concerning. the mine is also a great place for research for a different reason. the combined smaller, it's very quiet. there's no disturbing ambient noise, such a street noise or rain that makes it ideal for eaves dropping. and what's going on below the surface, yvonne clients that we want to measure minute earthquake signals and that's best done when you're on bed rock such as here on the old, the salt flow, i thought it was another possible assignable canada activity comes from vents called more offense, does the carbon dioxide in them come from new rising magma? in addition to volcanic quakes that occur in great depths,

most thoughts are also indicators of molten rock deep beneath the surface. this is an indication that we really do have molten rock here in the iphone, in the upper mantle. the exciting question is, of course, whether this molten rock will escape. can it penetrate the crust? maybe even reach the surface because the, like the website to find out a network of 350 measuring stations has been set up in the region. eruptions like that of hunger tongue, a r, a reminder that volcanoes are still not well understood data from the measurement campaign. and the eiffel region can lead us to per found new insights. today, for instance, we know that there isn't just one single magma chamber. it's spread over many levels. size has done gone. this man's life is no longer easy to say whether it's active or not the employer so that the areas

a greater depth maybe multiple while the upper areas may have hardened but could be reactivated. we assume that we may have a good example of such a system here. and then it could provide an example for how to study one minute advice. these are almost always in kind of remind us often does open con 1st. however, the measurement data from the campaign and the eiffel region have to be evaluated. this agree and sealed sits on top of and especially large magnet chambers that also feeds nearby mount vesuvius. the chamber is around 10 kilometers beneath the surface, magnet is largely made up of silicates gases and suspended crystals, depending on its makeup and surrounding pressure gradient, the molten rock and heat up to between 71250 degrees celsius. one lab is studying magma dynamics using an unconventional model. lorenzo meant alone, he is cooking something up at the german research center for geosciences and post

them. it's a volcano made of gelatin and closed oil. it'd be the cook is also part of the research here. i never mind that being both fully enjoyed cooking and there's not so satisfying actually gelatine like it's things to beats is quite speaking. lorenzo direct liquid gelatin into a transparent container in the fridge. where will firm up into a model for volcanic activity? lorenzo will then use the gelatin volcano to study path that magna can take beneath the earth. when i try to think of rest in the fridge for 20 hours and is this enough to for a to solidify and to single bond. these black paper dots help visualize how the gelatin substrate rises as mag not pushes through it. i am missourians a quantity for ometer that gives the idea of how much pressure you have to ex,

search on the grid. i think to obtain a certain deformation of the genetic brands or mental moni has added clove oil to the gelatin that leads to the formation of a lens shaped magna chamber in the model. magma can't be observe to attract in real time, and little is known about as movement center ground. but this transparent model, at least provides a glimpse of how molten rock can make its way to the surface. what is going to happen now is that i am going to inject some here. we, with this new deal, we air bubbles imitate new magma rising from the depths. what you see up there is a mega machine per. so there was already some maxima down there, maybe it's cold environment, it's been there for a long time. but somehow, for some reason, a new batch of mamma is rising up from the dental. it's and it's feeding the

chamber. at 1st, the magnet chamber just swells, causing the gelatin, which represents the earth around it to be formed until the pressure rises high enough. it has to be released to something that is happening on one side, the your options as of course, the rocks tremors, hold what you see on the surface. the gelatin shaking. those are analogs for quakes by measuring how the surface deforms before interruption. the research team hopes to reduce where underground magnet chambers are located in the real world. after the modeling, right, if the for green fields do erupt in a big way, there are evacuation scenarios for the population, but they're largely based on,

on, tried plans for me. oh, what these like, what can we can improve? so to present, but the people because people as to as know what to do in case on that option. another active volcano is the very kind shooting it's erupt at around 50 times in the last 500 years. because the volcano erupt, the animals in nature always noticed 1st, they start to war. i'm a, yeah, my father taught me that it's a warning video. the code 1971, a powerful interruption that they had, or long code of the indigenous not put j people can still remember in his village vegas, scorched the earth and left its mark. nevertheless, manuel segundo ch in go live. pion remains here at the foot of the volcano. and

so that was the most that, that the unit during the 1971, a russian, the volcano exploded at midnight. it melted a lot of snow and a lot of water came pouring down in our direction. we got to the next day in the early morning hours, rocks also started coming down. so you know, a 100 of the violent mud flow is called lars set in motion by the volcano. one of the greatest hazards they can trigger the horse for him when hot lava and gas as milk. the snow with the crater sparking an avalanche of mud and debris, with temperatures of up to $100.00 degrees celsius and speeds of up to 180 kilometers per hour, a horse thunder down into lower elevations and can cover a great distance. they can destroy villages in a matter of minutes. jose luis pioneer wants to detect le hers earlier to warn people who live at the foot of the more quickly. he does this by recording the sounds the volcano makes to do so. he's installed a station, measuring in for

a sound at an altitude of around 1400 meters. well, it's in nevada. they say it's a little bit of this is a good place to install the sensors. because we are in a forest. and it helps us to filter out ambient noise and we, i'm going to be glad to, especially the wind office will know below good enough to minimize the wind and noise. replaced the sensors above the ground normally, but not too high and that, that, so the forest here, color is an additional natural filter. they'll say something to the, to the sounds. jose records are low frequency, about one her this if they are detectable to the human ear, but jose's microphones can detect to them. so what does it start with a network of 3 microphones so far the researcher has listened to how the mag, my inside the volcano behaves and can tell when it's on the bubbling in the lake of lava inside the cold air a but he's also recorded the sounds of lars,

when the recording is sped up, the volcanoes sound also grows audible. the as i say, for most of the big tablo, we slipped this way and we can detect the la are as close to their source as they emerge. vanesso point and we can also estimate their speed, but i know it's not allows us to give an earlier warning. you don't, we are able to send an alarm signal and plenty of time. i think one in potentially before the heart reaches a populated area that on this one up on that however, no one can predict exactly how much love of video rico will spew or whether mudslides or hot gas clouds will come racing down its slopes. ok, no is, don't seem to follow any rules when i saw it and i said to him, what we thought historically russians of via rico always occurred in different ways

or so on. the last one back in 2015 was different than the ones that happened and 84 or, and 85. and they were different from the one and 1971. it went through, cut the on. that's what the indigenous my puts a called the viet eco volcano. house of the spirit their own traditional houses are called root. you'll see on the other level, i get up at night with them, but midnight or one to look at the volcano. i can see it well from one of our windows when the sky is clear and some nights i see it spitting fire. the. the, the, you know is a really great thing because it's the rest of the earth. a hot brass and no one can predict via it goes next. great acceleration the

time to wrap up this week, special episode of tamora today on volcanic research. but if you still have a question about the field or the science involved, make sure to drop us a line. thanks for watching and don't forget to stay curious, bye for now the,

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